Bio - Final Exam

Your lab group is presented with an unknown mollusk. Your task is to assign it to one of the major taxonomic classes. Which characteristic would allow you to say definitively that it belongs to the Class Cephalopoda? Multiple Choice - Mantle. - Gills. -Nephridia. - A closed circulatory system.

- A closed circulatory system.

All animal species have general characteristics in common. Check all of the characteristics that would apply all animals. - Animal cells possess a cell wall and are quite rigid - Animals have the capacity to move at some point in their life cycle. -Most animals use sexual reproduction where a small mobile sperm cell unites with a larger egg cell to produce a zygote. -Not all animals are multicellular. - All animals produce diploid spores.

- Animals have the capacity to move at some point in their life cycle. -Most animals use sexual reproduction where a small mobile sperm cell unites with a larger egg cell to produce a zygote. - All animals are heterotrophs.

Your partner asks you to support the concept that "animals have a unique body plan" with factual statements concerning an animal's body plan that set the animals apart from other groups of living creatures. Which of the following would be appropriate to include in your response? - Animals have unique attributes that often arise through their development. - Animals with determinate cleavage and indeterminate cleavage differ because one type undergoes cleavage divisions (determinate) and the other does not (indeterminate). - Animals can be acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or coelomates which influences how they move about in their environment. - Protostome and deuterostome animals differ in their symmetry and level of segmentation but utilize the blastopore similarly.

- Animals have unique attributes that often arise through their development. - - Animals can be acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or coelomates which influences how they move about in their environment.

You asked each of the attendees to submit a statement concerning animals and the characteristics that define them as a group. Which of the statements below is most likely to classify a creature specifically as an animal and to exclude non-animals from inclusion in the group? - Animal development requires the use of collagen genes but not Hox genes. Additionally, specific rRNA molecules, similar among all animals, are required. - Animals do not have unique rRNA or developmental genes. The unique features of animals center on their use of a nervous system for movement and reproduction. - Animals can produce their own food and their cells contain cell junctions. Additionally, they contain specific rRNA molecules, similar among all animals. - Animals require the use of Hox genes during development, have collagen genes, and have specific rRNA molecules that are similar among all animals.

- Animals require the use of Hox genes during development, have collagen genes, and have specific rRNA molecules that are similar among all animals.

- How does the intensity of fire impact the ability of prairie to rebound? - Why do hummingbirds expend energy defending a backyard bird feeder when there is more than enough 'nectar' in the feeder for multiple hummingbirds? - Medium and Large Ground Finches do not differ in bill size in areas of allopatry, but they have significantly different bills sizes on an island where they are sympatric. Why are the relative bill sizes different in areas of allopatry vs. areas of sympatry? - Will the human population continue to grow exponentially for the foreseeable future?

- Community Ecologist -Community Ecologist - Community Ecologist - Population Ecologist

- How does the encroachment of Phragmites, an invasive plant, threaten the organisms within a newly established wetland? - How does deforestation influence the nutrient content of the soil and nearby water source?

- Community Ecologist -Ecosystem Ecologist

What is true of exponential growth? Check All That Apply - It produces an S-shaped curve when plotted over time. - It can be seen in nature when a population arrives in a new area without natural enemies. - It occurs when competition, disease, and predation are high. - It occurs when r ≤ 0 . - A population's resources must be unlimited for it to occur.

- It can be seen in nature when a population arrives in a new area without natural enemies. - A population's resources must be unlimited for it to occur.

Imagine a Poriferan that has lost its ability to produce spicules. What do you predict would happen to this sponge? Check all that apply. - It would be less able to avoid predatory attacks. - Its canals would be more vulnerable to collapse. - It would be less able to pass chemical messages from cell to cell. - Its ability to move would decrease.

- It would be less able to avoid predatory attacks. - Its canals would be more vulnerable to collapse.

Select the reasons why choanoflagellates are thought to be the closest living relatives to animals. Check all that apply. - They are simple multicellular organisms similar to simple animals. - Molecular comparisons between choanoflagellates and simple animals are similar. - They are similar to the cells of simple animals. - They have specialized functions as animal cells do.

- Molecular comparisons between choanoflagellates and simple animals are similar. - They are similar to the cells of simple animals.

Which of the following statements about using molecular data for phylogenetic trees are correct? Check all that apply. - Molecular data provide a greater degree of accuracy than morphological data when building phylogenetic trees. - Both Hox genes and rRNA genes are useful in determining animal relationships. - Because all animals have Hox and rRNA genes their utility in determining animal relationships is quite limited. - When using molecular data to build animal phylogenetic trees, the evaluation of multiple, different genes is preferred.

- Molecular data provide a greater degree of accuracy than morphological data when building phylogenetic trees. - Both Hox genes and rRNA genes are useful in determining animal relationships. - When using molecular data to build animal phylogenetic trees, the evaluation of multiple, different genes is preferred.

You are being asked to design a hypothetical animal that has an excellent chance of surviving in a marine environment. Because you know that mollusks are very successful, you opt to borrow characteristics from this large group. Which of the following traits are found in at least some mollusks and would make sense to include in your hypothetical animal? Check all that apply. - Mollusks often possess a shell composed of calcium carbonate that is secreted by a structure called the mantle. - Mollusks often possess a shell composed of calcium phosphate that is secreted by the visceral mass. - Mollusks often have a rasping structure that is appendage-like and used in reproduction. - Mollusks often have a rasping structure that is tongue-like and used in feeding

- Mollusks often possess a shell composed of calcium carbonate that is secreted by a structure called the mantle. - Mollusks often have a rasping structure that is tongue-like and used in feeding

Within cnidarians, some characteristics and some species are strongly associated with the polyp body form while others are associated primarily with the medusa form. Select all the items below that are primarily associated with the Polyp form and leave blank those primarily associated with the Medusa form. Check All That Apply - Moving about through the water.Moving about through the water. Correct - Mostly stationary with just tentacles moving to capture food. - Corals. - Jellyfish/sea jellies - Tentacles above the body

- Mostly stationary with just tentacles moving to capture food. - Corals. - Tentacles above the body

Which pair of biogeographic regions is the most likely to have species that show convergent evolution? - Oriental and Australian - Nearctic and Palearctic - Neotropical and Nearctic - Ethiopian and Palearctic

- Nearctic and Palearctic

Ecologists approach the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment from many different levels. Categorize each of the following questions according to whether it would most likely be posed by an organismal, population, community, or ecosystem ecologist. - What enables a penguin to stay underwater for so long during a dive? - How do Blue Jays learn to avoid eating poisonous Monarch butterflies? - Beavers build a dam in a creek, and after heavy rain, a nearby neighborhood becomes flooded as the water is prevented from flowing downstream. What would be the impact on local wildlife of the removal of the beaver dam?

- Organismal Ecologist - Organismal Ecologist - Community Ecologist

- Why does a Belding's Ground Squirrel give an alarm call in the presence of a predator instead of just hiding or protecting itself? - How do food shortages during the winter vs. the summer affect the population density of the Gray Wolf? - How much carbon is tied up within the biomass of the trees of tropical rainforest and how does that impact the availability of carbon for new growth in the area? -How many Northern Sawwhet Owls are migrating through the Midwest as compared to the Northeast?

- Organismal Ecologist - Population Ecologist - Ecosystem Ecologist - Population Ecologist

Molecular data suggests that the Lophotrochozoa is a new clade of bilaterally symmetric animals that originally included phyla separated by differences in body plan (those lacking a coelom, possessing a pseudocoelom, or possessing a true coelom). Check all of the phyla that are included under this new taxonomic classification. - Chordata - Platyhelminthes - Echinodermata - Mollusca - Annelida - Ctenophora

- Platyhelminthes - Mollusca - Annelida

Chordates possess several distinguishing characteristics that separate them from other animal groups. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum. Check All That Apply - Postanal tail. - Cranium. - Pharyngeal slits. - Notochord. - Dorsal hollow nerve cord.

- Postanal tail. - Pharyngeal slits. - Notochord. - Dorsal hollow nerve cord.

Which of the following statements is correct? Check all that apply. - Hox genes determine the characteristics of positions or locations in an embryo and the blastopore becomes the coelom. - The processes of determinate and indeterminate cleavage help to define animals as sponges and diploblasts respectively. - Radial symmetry is common in cnidarians and bilateral symmetry is common in protostomes and deuterostomes. - Diploblasts have endo- and ectoderm that is separated by acellular mesoglea whereas triploblasts have endo- and ectoderm separated by cellular mesoderm.

- Radial symmetry is common in cnidarians and bilateral symmetry is common in protostomes and deuterostomes. - Diploblasts have endo- and ectoderm that is separated by acellular mesoglea whereas triploblasts have endo- and ectoderm separated by cellular mesoderm.

In your aquatic biology course, you have been given the opportunity to sample multiple local ponds. Your class has decided to sample water from both the bottom of the pond and the surface of the pond. In your water samples, you expect to find rotifers for which of the following reasons? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply - Rotifers are expected because most rotifers live in freshwater and there are numerous species (2000+). - Rotifers are expected because even though they are primarily marine organisms a small number have been noted in freshwater ecosystems similar to those you are sampling. - Rotifers are expected to be more plentiful in the samples from the surface of the pond because rotifers rely on light to run their photosynthetic machinery. - Rotifers are expected to be more plentiful in the samples from the bottom of the pond because rotifers generally feed on decaying organic matter.

- Rotifers are expected because most rotifers live in freshwater and there are numerous species (2000+). - Rotifers are expected to be more plentiful in the samples from the bottom of the pond because rotifers generally feed on decaying organic matter.

Many coastal farmers need to irrigate the plants that they are growing. They cannot use seawater, however, even though it is plentiful and freshwater often is not. Pick all the accurate statements from these choices about seawater and plants. Check All That Apply - Plants contain high levels of salts, ions, and other naturally occurring chemicals. Seawater is very dilute; it does not bring enough of these chemicals to the roots of the plant. - Salt can accumulate in the soil to high levels when water evaporates year after year. - Adding seawater to the soil would add more salts to the soil than most plant roots can tolerate. - Seawater is salty because of evaporation. - Halophytes are the name for ocean-living fish that can drink seawater.

- Salt can accumulate in the soil to high levels when water evaporates year after year. - Adding seawater to the soil would add more salts to the soil than most plant roots can tolerate. - Seawater is salty because of evaporation.

Organisms are adapted to the environmental conditions to which they are exposed. The diversity of organisms that are found in any particular area is largely determined by the limiting abiotic factors of that region. Match the following adaptation, habitat characteristic, and distribution characteristic with the limiting abiotic factor that is most directly responsible for it. - Reptiles, which are ectothermic, are more common and diverse in the southern U.S. than in the northern U.S. and Canada. ________________ - Acid rain has caused large die offs of trees in the northeastern U.S. due to the interaction of pollutants with natural atmospheric gases. _______________ - Wave action along the coast of California has led to the evolution of bivalves and other tidal creatures with a means of anchoring themselves to a surface prevent the waves from washing them out to sea. ___________

- Temperature - pH - Wind

The distribution of organisms is affected by temperature. Which of these statements are accurate about temperature and organismal distribution? (Check all that apply) - Low temperature can freeze organisms and kill them; high temperature just changes behavior. - Studying how temperature affects how many individuals live in an area (or if they can live there at all) would be studying population ecology. - The areas in which a species can live can often be defined, in part, by how cold or how hot those areas are. - Cold temperatures can limit what species live in an area, but even if the organisms can survive colder temperatures, they might not live there because it is too hard to get enough food to stay warm enough.

- The areas in which a species can live can often be defined, in part, by how cold or how hot those areas are. - Cold temperatures can limit what species live in an area, but even if the organisms can survive colder temperatures, they might not live there because it is too hard to get enough food to stay warm enough.

During your studies, you stumbled upon a creature that is unfamiliar to you and does not allow for easy classification. As you grapple with whether or not this creature is an animal you must reconsider the characteristics of animals. Which of the following statements supports that your novel creature is an animal? - The creature is a multicellular autotroph that reproduces either sexually or asexually depending on the environment. There is strong evidence for cell walls. - The creature is a multicellular autotroph that reproduces asexually. There is strong evidence for cell walls but not for a nervous system. - The creature is a multicellular heterotroph that reproduces sexually, appears to move, and lacks collagen-producing genes. - The creature is a multicellular heterotroph that reproduces sexually, appears to have a basic nervous system, and has collagen-producing genes.

- The creature is a multicellular heterotroph that reproduces sexually, appears to have a basic nervous system, and has collagen-producing genes.

What factors are examined by the field of demography? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply - birth and death rates in a population - population size - predator-prey interactions - distribution of ages in a population

- birth and death rates in a population - population size - distribution of ages in a population

The arthropods are the most successful group of animals; several key features explain their success. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum. - growth takes place through ecdysis - a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin -closed circulatory systems - jointed appendages - They contain toxins used for hunting or defense. - Have compound eyes (called ommatidia) allowing effective vision (although different from mammal eyes).

- growth takes place through ecdysis - a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin - jointed appendages - Have compound eyes (called ommatidia) allowing effective vision (although different from mammal eyes).

In the graph below, the population represented by the orange (top) line. - has the fastest growth rate early, but slows down sooner. - has the same growth rate at all time points. - must reproduce at a younger age. - overshoots the carrying capacity. - has the highest carrying capacity.

- has the fastest growth rate early, but slows down sooner.

Demonstrate your understanding of how scientists can increase the validity of their studies by filling in the blanks with the correct terms. - Scientists usually repeat their experiments multiple times, a practice known as ______________-. - Analysis of data allows scientists to accept or reject their ____________. - Statistical significance indicates that the probability of a relationship between variables arising by ___________ alone is very unlikely. - The data gathered from experimental groups can then be compared to data from a ______________.

- replication - hypotheses - random chance - control group

Most cnidarians possess two distinct body forms: the polyp, which is _________, and the medusa, which is ___________. - sessile; motile. - asymmetric; radially symmetric. - poisonous; nonpoisonous. - diplobastic; triploblastic.

- sessile; motile.

For each of the following, indicate the idealized survivorship curve being described

-Type 1 survivorship curve: Asian elephants, which exhibit the highest death rate late in life, primate species that have few offspring and high levels of parental care. - Type 2 survivorship curve: a songbird species for which the chance of death is approximately equal throughout its lifespan.- Type 3 survivorship curve: a plant for which the majority of seedlings do not survive more than a few days, a frog species that lays massive numbers of eggs in the water , most of which will not survive sexual maturity.

Cnidarians possess several unifying characteristics. Evaluate the following statements about cnidarian structure and determine if they are true or false. 1) The epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis layers show that cnidarians are triploblastic. 2) Cnidarians can exhibit one of two life forms: a sessile polyp and/or a free-swimming medusa form. 3) Adult cnidarians move slowly through the water seeking prey to sting and then digest. 4) Cnidarians are able to capture prey by stinging them with microscopic harpoon-like projectiles released by special cells called cnidocytes. 5) Cnidarians can detect and react to prey using a centralized nervous system directed by a brain.

1) False 2) True 3) False 4) True 5) False

Segmentation in the annelid worms has facilitated locomotion and specialization of different parts of these animals. Evaluate the following statements about segmentation in the annelids and determine if they are true or false. 1) Excretion is accomplished by paired protonephridia with flame cells in every segment of the body. 2) If the organs in one segment fail, the organs of another segment will still function. 3) Annelids possess both circular and longitudinal muscles that produce waves of contraction that are propagated down through the series of segments. 4) Segmentation has allowed for specialization in the anterior of the annelid body, which has provided for a more sophisticated nervous system. 5) The circulatory system found in annelids is usually open.

1) False 2) True 3) True 4) True 5) False

Sponges are comprised of several cell types that are similar to those found in other animals but they also display a unique degree of flexibility. Complete each sentence to correctly describe these cell types as they relate to the sponges. 1) Sponges are truly _____________ organisms. 2) Sponges have flagellated cells called ______________ that line internal cavities and are responsible for pumping water and small particles into the sponge. 3) The exterior of a sponge is comprised of flattened cells that form an outer __________________. 4) The inner layer of a sponge, the mesohyl, contains several types of __________ cells, which secrete materials to form a skeleton-like structure for support.

1) Multicellular 2) choanocytes 3) epithelium 4) amoeboid

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1) Warm air rises. True Correct 2) Cold air holds more moisture than warm air. False Correct 3) As air rises in the atmosphere it cools down. True Correct 4) When air cools down it releases moisture in the form of precipitation. True Correct 5) Warm, wet air circulates away from the equator as dry cool air comes up behind it. False Correct 6) As the air descends it cools down and picks up moisture, making the air more humid. False Correct 7) Sunlight is more direct and intense at the equator than at the poles. True Correct 8) Tropical rainforests near the equator are characterized by high levels of annual rainfall and relatively constant annual temperatures. True Correct 9) At 30° latitude there is ample precipitation in all seasons, with extreme seasonal variation in temperatures. False

1) True 2)False 3) True 4) True 5) False 6) False 7) True 8) True 9) False

Insects - of the subphylum Hexapoda - are remarkable for how successful they have been and for their diversity. Which of these are key traits that help the insects, in particular, be so widespread, diverse, and in so many ecological roles? 1) Most insects have wings. 2) Most insects molt their hard exoskeleton. 3) Insect mouthparts are specialized in many different forms. 4) Insects are parasites so they benefit from the work and nutrition of other animals. 5) The diets of insects, overall, are extremely varied, so different insects can specialize in almost any food source.

1) True 2) False 3) True 4) False 5) True

There are advantages and disadvantages to having an exoskeleton. Complete the following sentences selecting from the terms provided. 1) The exoskeleton is made of ______________, which is extremely strong and flexible. 2) The exoskeleton provides _______________ for muscles. 3) The exoskeleton protects against ____________ loss. 4) As the arthropod grows, the ________________ shed(s) completely. 5) To grow the arthropod must undergo ___________ , during which time they are extremely vulnerable to predators.

1) chitin 2) attachment 3) water 4) exoskeleton 5) ecdysis Correct

Most of the major body plans arose early in the history of animal life. Complete the following sentences discussing the possible reasons for this increased diversification and increased number of species. 1. Many of the major animal body plans we see today had their origin during the _________ explosion. 2. This profusion of animal phyla occurred ___________ million years ago. 3. One of the reasons proposed for this explosion was that the Earth's environment was favorable, being ________________. 4. A second reason has been linked to the evolution of the ______________, which may have permitted an increase in morphological variation. 5. Finally, some scientists hypothesize the variety of body plans were in direct response to selective pressures brought about by ____________.

1. Cambrian 2. 533-525 3. warm and wet 4. Hox gene 5. predation

There are numerous instances where traditional and molecular approaches to animal classification have yielded similar and/or different results. Indicate if the following statements are true or false. 1. Genetic analyses now suggest that animal groups arose independently from multiple clades. 2. The annelid worms are now considered less closely related to arthropods than formerly thought because annelids and arthropods have no DNA in common. 3. The molecular approach to animal classification supports the theory that the protostomes are divided into two major groups: the Lophotrochozoa and the Ecdysozoa. 4. The traditional way of doing classification named a huge group of animals as the Protostomia; molecular methods got rid of that classification entirely because those animals were not related to each other.

1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False

Ecologists approach the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment from many different levels. Categorize each of the following questions according to whether it would most likely be posed by an organismal, population, community, or ecosystem ecologist. 1. What enables a penguin to stay underwater for so long during a dive? 2. How do Blue Jays learn to avoid eating poisonous Monarch butterflies? 3. Beavers build a dam in a creek, and after heavy rain, a nearby neighborhood becomes flooded as the water is prevented from flowing downstream. What would be the impact on local wildlife of the removal of the beaver dam? 4. Why does a Belding's Ground Squirrel give an alarm call in the presence of a predator instead of just hiding or protecting itself? Organismal Ecologist Correct 5. How do food shortages during the winter vs. the summer affect the population density of the Gray Wolf?

1. Organismal Ecologist 2. Organismal Ecologist 3. Community Ecologist 4. Organismal Ecologist 5. Population Ecologist

Analyze the following statements regarding animal symmetry and indicate whether each is true or false. 1. Animals displaying bilateral symmetry can be divided into no more than one vertical plane at midline, where each half creates a mirror image of the other. 2. A jellyfish displaying radial symmetry can be divided into no more than three lines of symmetry. 3. Animals with radial symmetry include the phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora. 4. All animals that do not display radial symmetry, including the sponges, display bilateral symmetry.

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False

The development of segmentation in animals has led to several adaptive advantages. Use your knowledge of animals to evaluate if these statements about segmentation are true or false. 1. Locomotion is more efficient in segmented animals because individual segments can move semi-independently. 2. Segments are just copies of each other, so when they expand or contract they do so at the same time and in the same way. 3. Segmented species can evolve different shapes without having to invent new genes. 4. Redundancy of body parts is not an advantage that segmentation provides.

1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False

Before the development of molecular techniques, scientists classified animals based on shared morphological and embryological characters. Complete the sentences discussing the bases for traditional animal classification. 1. Animals possess specialized _____________. 2. The Bilateria are divided into three major classifications based upon the structure of the ____________. 3. The classification of animals as radial or bilateral is based on each group's body________________. 4. A coelom is important because it allows organs to be cushioned by ___________ that is relatively incompressible. 5. Animals can be classified by the way their zygotes subsequently divide to form a multicellular individual; the embryological pathway can proceed by either ____________________ cleavage.

1. tissues 2. body cavity 3. symmetry 4. fluid 5. radial or spiral

The west coast of Scotland has a warmer and more stable climate than areas at equal latitudes but further inland. It is also much warmer than areas of equal latitude in Canada. What can account for these temperature differences at equal latitudes? Check all that apply. 1) The greenhouse effect is stronger in coastal regions than inland regions.The greenhouse effect is stronger in coastal regions than inland regions. 2) The North Atlantic drift results in a warmer climate for Europe relative to similar latitudes in Canada or Greenland.The North Atlantic drift results in a warmer climate for Europe relative to similar latitudes in Canada or Greenland.

2) The North Atlantic drift results in a warmer climate for Europe relative to similar latitudes in Canada or Greenland.The North Atlantic drift results in a warmer climate for Europe relative to similar latitudes in Canada or Greenland.

The west coast of Scotland has a warmer and more stable climate than areas at equal latitudes but further inland. It is also much warmer than areas of equal latitude in Canada. What can account for these temperature differences at equal latitudes? Check all that apply. 3) The ocean's high specific heat has a moderating effect on coastal climates relative to inland regions of similar latitudes.The ocean's high specific heat has a moderating effect on coastal climates relative to inland regions of similar latitudes. 4) The areas of similar latitude in Canada are at a lower elevation than those in Scotland.The areas of similar latitude in Canada are at a lower elevation than those in Scotland.

3) The ocean's high specific heat has a moderating effect on coastal climates relative to inland regions of similar latitudes.The ocean's high specific heat has a moderating effect on coastal climates relative to inland regions of similar latitudes.

Identify the major germ layers and body cavities for the three body plans shown.

A. Coelom B. Pseudocoelom C. Ectodermally derived tissue D. Mesenchyme E. Endodermally derived tissue F. Mesodermally derived tissue

The mollusks constitute a large phylum with many different types of organisms. Associate the following attributes with the four different groups of mollusks.

Cephalopoda-jet propulsion via siphon-closed circulatory system-tentacles surrounding the mouth Gastropoda-aquatic or terrestrial-coiled shell Bivalvia-marine or freshwater-shell with two halves-filter feeders with siphons Polyplacophora-eight-plated shel

Although ctenophorans appear somewhat similar to cnidarian medusae, the two phyla are structurally very different. Associate the following characteristics as being cnidarian or ctenophoran.

Ctenophora:comb jelly-separate mouth and anus-bioluminescence-cilia for locomotion Cnidaria: corals-has polyp-nematocyst-contractile fibers

Your lab group is charged with the identification of an unknown creature. Your lab partners believe that is a small annelid because of its wormlike appearance. You argue it is a nematode. To convince your lab partners, you point out certain distinguishing characteristics. Check the characteristics that are associated with the nematodes.

Nematodes secrete a cuticle, which is made primarily of collagen;Internal fertilization;Their pseudocoelom functions both as a circulatory system and a hydrostatic skeleton

The progression from multicellularity without distinct tissues to the development of germ layers that give rise to specialized tissues can be seen by comparing the Porifera (sponges), radiate animals (phylum Cnidaria), and the Lophotrochozoa. Associate the following attributes of multicellularity correctly to each of the three groups of animals.

Porifera: lack distinct tissues, Amoeboid cells using intracellular digestion to feed Radiate animals: diploblastica mesoglea is used to connect germ layers Lophotrochozoa:triploblasticpossesses mesodermal germ layer

Classify the types of data as being found in a survivorship curve, a life table, or both. Labels may be used more than once.

Survivor Curve: 1).Number of individuals that survive to a particular age class. 2).Graphical pattern of survival over time. Life Table: 1).Net reproductive rate. 2).Age specific fertility. 3).Number of individuals that survive to a particular age class.

It is possible to find fossils of subtropical plant species in Antarctica. True or False

True

- Plant growth proliferates after heavy rain in the desert southwest. _____________ - In order to maintain osmotic balance, freshwater protists must actively pump water out of their bodies into the surrounding water. ______________ - Red algae, which grow in deeper water than most green algae, utilize the blue-green end of the visual electromagnetic spectrum for photosynthesis. ______________

Water availability Salinity Light availability

Which of these choices is not true about the importance of light on plant and algae growth. Multiple Choice a) All plants grow better with more sunlight. b) Aquatic plants can only grow in certain areas where enough light makes it through the water. c) Some aquatic algae are not green so they can photosynthesize with green light. d) Some plants grow fine in the shade of others, while some need lots of light to survive.

a) All plants grow better with more sunlight.

Fiorito and Scotto demonstrated that octopuses were capable of learning from each other, even though they are invertebrates and are not social animals. What was their evidence that octopuses can learn from each other, not just from direct experience? Multiple Choice a) An untrained observer octopus reacted to the same color balls as the trained octopus. b) The observer octopus attacked the red balls about 90% of the time. c) The trained octopus repeatedly showed the observer octopus its favorite ball until the observer octopus showed that it had developed a preference. d) Two octopuses that were trained to prefer different balls observed each others' behavior and eventually came to both favor each others' color equally.

a) An untrained observer octopus reacted to the same color balls as the trained octopus.

Associate the following characteristics to the arthropod subphyla. a) Spider (8 legs + fangs) Chelicerata b) Millipede (legs on each segment) Myriapoda c) Ant (six legs) Hexapoda d) Cockroach (six legs) Hexapoda e) Centipede (many segments, predatory) Myriapoda f) Mosquito (mouthparts are a tube) Hexapoda g) Huntsman (8 legs + fangs) Chelicerata h) Crab (claws, carapace) Crustacea i) Locust (has wings) Hexapoda j) Prawn (marine, many segmented) Crustacea

a) Chelicerata b) Myriapoda c) Hexapoda d) Hexapoda e) Myriapoda f) Hexapoda g) Chelicerata h) Crustacea i) Hexapoda j) Crustacea

Identify the phylum that the Portuguese man-of-war belongs to and the correct defining characters. a) Cnidaria: presence of nematocysts and radial symmetry. b) Ctenophora: presence of colloblasts and fused cilia. c) Cnidaria: presence of colloblasts and radial symmetry. d) Ctenophora: presence of nematocysts and fused cillia.

a) Cnidaria: presence of nematocysts and radial symmetry.

What is the simplest method to measure population density in a given area? Multiple Choice a) Count the number of organisms. b) Perform a line transect.Look for random dispersion patterns. c) Count the number of reproductive adults d) .Calculate a survivorship curve.

a) Count the number of organisms.

An organism in your lab has issues with a malformed central nervous system that can be traced all the way back to the embryonic stage. To further investigate this issue, which germ layer would you want to examine closely to get an idea of exactly how the malformation occurred? Multiple Choice a) Ectoderm. b) Endoderm. c) Mesoderm. d) Ectoderm and endoderm.

a) Ectoderm.

A number of nematode species are parasites and are human health concerns. Match the nematode species name with the correct common name for the parasite or the disease it causes. a) Wuchereria bancrofti b) Ascaris lumbricoides c) Enterobius vermicularis d) Necator americanus

a) Elephantiasis b) Large roundworm c) Pinworm d) Hookworm

Coral is used as an example in the textbook to discuss temperature effects on organisms. Which of these statements is most accurate about the effect of temperature? Multiple Choice a) Like basically all organisms, corals have a minimum and maximum temperature for growing well. b) Corals have a minimum temperature at which they grow, but the maximum temperature does not matter because they live in the ocean, not on land, and the ocean keeps them from getting too hot. c) Corals were used by the book as examples of temperature effects because they change color as the temperature of the water changes, making it easy to study how varying temperatures affect them. d) Similar to other animals, corals have a maximum temperature at which they can live, but they can survive in cold temperatures they just need to eat more to stay warm.

a) Like basically all organisms, corals have a minimum and maximum temperature for growing well.

Ecologists approach the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment from many different levels. Categorize each of the following questions according to whether it would most likely be posed by an organismal, population, community, or ecosystem ecologist. a) What enables a penguin to stay underwater for so long during a dive? b) How do Blue Jays learn to avoid eating poisonous Monarch butterflies? c) Beavers build a dam in a creek, and after heavy rain, a nearby neighborhood becomes flooded as the water is prevented from flowing downstream. What would be the impact on local wildlife of the removal of the beaver dam? d ) Why does a Belding's Ground Squirrel give an alarm call in the presence of a predator instead of just hiding or protecting itself? e) How do food shortages during the winter vs. the summer affect the population density of the Gray Wolf?

a) Organismal Ecologist b) Organismal Ecologist c) Community Ecologist d Organismal Ecologist e) Population Ecologist

White-tailed deer are common throughout much of the United States and Canada. They have one young per year, generally. Some predators will eat a few young deer, but adult deer are definitely food for predators, as well as dying from disease, collisions with cars and hunters. They exhibit which type of survivorship curve? Multiple Choice a) Type I b) Type II c) Type III

a) Type I

Adult echinoderms display _________blank symmetry; however, their larvae display _________blank symmetry. Multiple Choice a) radial; bilateral. b) biradial; bilateral, as all deuterostomes do. c) bilateral; radial. d) a lack of; radial

a) radial; bilateral.

Good science can take a long time to get reliable results. One of the reasons it takes so much work is that reliable science takes a lot of _________blank or doing the same thing multiple times. Multiple Choice a) replication b) statistics c) correlation d) planning

a) replication

During the Cambrian Explosion, many types of animal bodies evolved with different shapes, a number of limbs, and many other variations. The evolution of Hox genes is thought to have been very important to generating all this diversity because _________blank changes in the expression of Hox genes lead to _________blank variation among body parts and shapes. a) simple; large. b) complex; large. c) simple; small. d) complex; small.

a) simple; large.

Species distributions are evidence of the history and impact of continental drift because Multiple Choice a) Continents that are closest to each other today share the most similar species. b) Continents that have been isolated from each other longer share fewer species in common. c) Species with the most convergent evolution come from continents that are located furthest from each other. d) Convergent evolution occurred most on continents that were part of Gondwana.

b) Continents that have been isolated from each other longer share fewer species in common.

In the 5 step process for testing hypotheses, discussed in chapters 1 and 54, forming hypotheses comes before Multiple Choice a) Making observations. b) Experimentation. c) Correlation. d) Forming a hypothesis is the last step; it doesn't come before anything.

b) Experimentation.

Jellyfish sting through specialized cells on their tentacles. Which of these has the most similar function to the sting of a jellyfish: Multiple Choice a) The sting of a bee is because it injects venom to defend itself when threatened. b) The bite of a snake because it injects venom to immobilize prey to eat. c) The thorn of a cactus makes it too pointy to chew up. d) The irritating oils of poison ivy or poison oak that rub onto animals that come in contact with it.

b) The bite of a snake because it injects venom to immobilize prey to eat.

The logistic growth model predicts that the growth rate of a population will decrease as the population size approaches the environment's carrying capacity. Under what circumstances would you predict that a population would increase in size over and above its carrying capacity? Multiple Choice a) When competition is high and there is a high frequency of disease and parasites b) When resources are declining more rapidly than reproduction is declining c) When high predation leads to diminished competition for food resources d) None—by definition, a population can never exceed its carrying capacity

b) When resources are declining more rapidly than reproduction is declining

You are studying a population of Aplysia dactylomela (spotted sea hares) and you want to make predictions about their reproductive strategy. The population lives in seagrass beds in a region of the Caribbean that is relatively unpolluted, shallow, and has a year round temperature of around 25°C. What reproductive strategy is most likely found in this population? Multiple Choice a) seasonal iteroparity b) semelparity c) Type III d) Type I e) continuous iteroparity

b) semelparity

The change in population size over any time period can be written ΔNΔt=rN If a starting population size is 200 individuals and there are 20 births and 10 deaths per year, the per capita growth rate (r) is _________ and the new population size after one year will be _________ a) -0.10; 180 b) 10; 210 c) 0.05; 210 d) 0.10; 220 e) -0.05; 190

c) 0.05; 210

How do Ctenophora (comb jellies) get their food: Multiple Choice a) They are photosynthetic, so convert sunlight into food energy. b) They stab it with their combs, then remove it from their combs with their mouth. c) Food particles stick to tentacles which are then cleaned by the mouth. d) They are filter-feeders, straining the water through combs lining their mouth-opening.

c) Food particles stick to tentacles which are then cleaned by the mouth.

For some species, there are relatively few adults that lay a lot of eggs. If the population is stable, not growing, which type of survivorship curve is most likely? Multiple Choice a) Type I b) Type II c) Type III

c) Type III

When sea urchins reproduce, they release massive amounts of either eggs or sperm into the ocean water. The sperm and eggs mix to develop into larvae. The larvae float around the ocean and only a very few survive and find a good place to anchor and grow into a mature urchin. They exhibit which type of survivorship curve? Multiple Choice a) Type I b) Type II c) Type III

c) Type III

Organisms that reproduce repeatedly are said to be Multiple Choice a) semelparous. b) cohorts. c) iteroparous. d) r-selected e) K-selected

c) iteroparous.

Dispersion is Multiple Choice a) the ability of an individual to move. b) the rate of movement of a population.the spatial distribution of abiotic factors. c) the spatial distribution of individuals. d) the timing of reproduction.

c) the spatial distribution of individuals.

The arthropods are perhaps the most successful phylum on Earth. Associate the following attributes with the four subphyla of arthropods.

chelicerata-cephalothorax and abdomen-six pairs of appendages-fangs and pedipalps - myriapoda-highly segmented trunk-some have one pair of walking legs per segment-some have two pair of walking legs per segment - hexapoda-three pairs of legs-mouth parts modified for different types of feeding-head, thorax, abdomen -crustacea-body of two to three parts-chewing mouthparts-usually marine

Many insects undergo some degree of change in their body form during development. Associate the following characteristics to complete or incomplete metamorphosis.

complete- has 4 stages, includes a pupa stage, immatures and adults use different food sources incomplete- immatures look like mini adults, has 3 stages, immatures are called nymphs

The optimal pH range for most freshwater fishes and invertebrates is Multiple Choice a) 2-6. b) 2-4. c) 4-6. d) 6-9. e) 8-11.

d) 6-9.

A scientist is studying several areas along an elevation gradient. She compares the type and abundance of organisms that colonize them prescribed burns (purposefully set, low-intensity fires) in the different areas along the change in elevation. What scale best describes her study? Multiple Choice a) Physiological ecology b) Ecosystem ecology c) Organismal ecology d) Community ecology e) Population ecology

d) Community ecology

In arid terrestrial environments, salt can accumulate in the soil because of Multiple Choice a) the selective uptake of water by plants. b) the activities of grazing animals. c) the precipitation of salt from dry air. d) the secretion of salt by plants. e) the settling and evaporation of water.

e) the settling and evaporation of water.