bio final exam
if a person needs to consume 100 kcal of energy and she chooses to do so by eating chicken, how many kcal of grain would the chicken need to consume to make the 100kcal available for the human?
1,000
on average, what percentage of the energy from one trophic level of an energy pyramid is transferred to the next trophic level
10 percent
which letter in the figure below identifies a primary spermatocyte?
B
During blood clotting, a broken blood vessel triggers a cascade of factors that collectively reduce blood loss. In this example, the clotting factors are functioning as part of
a positive feedback loop
blackberry and cherry seeds and most likely dispersed far and wide because the seeds are encased in
a tasty sweet fruit that will be eaten by animals and the seeds dropped somewhere else later
after receiving a vaccination a person begins to produce antibodies. this demonstrates a _______ immune response
active
within the kingdom protista, the ______ are photosynthetic and may or may not be motile
algae
in cystic fibrosis, parts of the respiratory tract can become clogged with mucus, inhibiting gas exchange. the area of the the respiratory tract where gases are directly exchanged are the
alveoli
which of the following is NOT an easily testable hypothesis regarding net primary productivity?
an increase of water in a marine ecosystem will likely result in tastier products of NPP
worldwide, more than 80 percent of the calories consumed by humans come from
angiosperms
pollen is produced by the
anthers
Each T cell and each B cell binds only to one specific type of
antigen
a plant that is tipped on its side will bend to grow upward again because of the actions of
auxins
which of the following terms describes all living organisms on earth and their environments?
biosphere
at the site of a wound or cut, platelets combine with proteins in our blood to form
blood clots
osteocytes are specialized cells found in
bone
plant growth aboveground can be accomplished by adding new _______ units
bud-stem-leaf
which of the following could be biotic components of a desert ecosystem?
cacti, sagebrush, scorpions, and snakes
the blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are
capillaries
the function of the esophagus is to
carry food to the stomach
which tissue type is responsible for reducing friction within joints?
cartilage
the _______ of a neuron contains all of the structures, such as a nucleus, that are common to animal cells
cell body
which of the following statements MOST accurately describes a selectively permeable membrane?
certain solutes move freely across the membrane by simple diffusion, while others must be helped across by active or passive transport proteins; some substances are completely excluded from crossing the membrane
ADH is produced by the pituitary gland when the brain detects lower-than-optimum levels of water in the body. in the kidneys, ADH promotes the uptake of water, creating more concentrated urine. ADH travels from the pituitary gland to the kidneys through the
circulatory system
all of the living organisms present in an ecosystem comprise the ________ or biotic portion of the ecosystem
community
rabbits, foxes, tapeworms, and fungi are all examples of
consumers
some protists break down waste material by consuming other dead organisms and releasing nutrients into the environment to be reused by the producers and cycles back into the food chain. these protists are
decomposers
the branched structures on a nerve cell that receive information are called
dendrites
by the end of a normal first trimester, the zygote has
developed recognizable arms and legs
in the vertebrate immune system response to a pathogen, which of the following events would happen last?
development of memory cells
which of the following processes is not the function of nephrons?
diffusion of oxygen into the body cells
the subatomic particles that possess a single negative charge, surround the nucleus, and are lost or gained by atoms called ions are the
electrons
ecologists often define an ecosystem by describing how _______ and _______ are acquired and distributed by the biotic community
energy; nutrients
two genes control fur color in labrador retrievers. the first gene determines whether the pigment to be deposited in the hairs will be black or brown. the second gene determines whether the pigments will be put into the dogs hair at a all. A dog homozygous for the second allele of this second gene will be yellow because no pigment is deposited into its hairs. this is an example of
epistasis
in the vertebrate immune system response to a pathogen, which of the following would occur first?
external defenses
disruptions to the development of a zygote can happen at any time during pregnancy. the most vulnerable time period of a zygote/fetus/embryo is the _______ week
first
tuna are predatory fish that consume smaller, carnivorous fish that have fed on zooplankton. the zooplankton had fed on phytoplankton. when a person eats tuna, he or she is consuming the _______ trophic level of the food chain
fourth
which of the following plants is a monocot?
grass
vanessa has been lifting weights to increase strength in her arms. the muscles she is strengthening
have tendons that are connected to the bones
which of the following is a collection of organs?
heart, lungs, and liver
the number of chromosomes on secondary spermatocytes is fewer than in primary spermatocytes because _______ are separated during meiosis _______
homologous pairs; I
which of the following statements accurately describes hormone signaling? (picture)
hormones act on specific target cells
voluntary muscle that has a banded appearance would be expected to be found
in a muscle that bends the knee
once a hormone enters the bloodstream, it
is broken down after it has performed its function on the target cells
trachea
know location
when mendel proposed the law of segregation, which of the following pieces of information did he NOT have?
knowledge of the location of the alleles for flower color
Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?
large intestine
which of the following sensory receptor types is NOT found in humans?
magnetoreceptors
gamete formation in human males is different from gamete formation in human females in that human males
make sperm throughout their lifetime, whereas females are born with all the eggs that may be fertilized
males and females both produce estrogens, progestogens, and androgens. which of the following is accurate for typical males and females?
males have more androgens than estrogens, and females have more estrogens than androgens
If a drug attacked and destroyed involuntary muscle cells only the movement of _______ would be affected
materials throughout the digestive system
the term that is most closely associated with the secondary immune response is
memory
copper is an example of a _______ by plants
micronutrient needed
a genetic mutation has altered the shape of an enzyme found within cells. the altered shape prevents the enzyme from functioning normally because a small organic molecule called a _________ cannot bind to the enzyme
mineral
protists and other other organisms that use energy from carbon from a variety of sources to fuel their growth and reproduction are most appropriately referred to as
mixotrophs
a plant has a flower with three petals and leaves with parallel veins. this plant can be classified as a
monocot
which of the following statements about the growth patterns of plants and animals is true?
most plants have indeterminate growth, whereas most animals have determinate growth
cardiac, smooth, and skeletal are all types of _______ tissue that generate force to move structures within the body by contracting
muscle
which of the following is not a plant hormone?
nicotine
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C), are the ________ building blocks for DNA; they are organized in different combinations to code for all od the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does
nucleotide
in an ecosystem, energy differs from nutrients in that
nutrients are recycled, but energy eventually moves out of the system and is lost
serotonin, one of the hormones thought to be involved in depression, is a water-soluble molecule. receptors for this hormone would be expected _______ of the target cell
on the outside of the plasma membrane
a flower may be specialized to attract bat pollinators by
opening at night
which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?
organs consist of multiple tissue types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types
during the process of _______, water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane from an area where water is more concentrated to an area where water is less concentrated (it moves the water across a concentration gradient)
osmosis
which of the following sequences places the direction traveled by an egg in the correct order?
ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina
which of the following hormones is partially responsible for initiating labor contractions?
oxytocin
sperm that is ejaculated from the body would pass through the _______ last
penis
which of the following groups of organisms would NOT be considered consumers?
photosynthesizers
fiddlehead greens are the curled, young fronds of a fern. harvested very early and trimmed close to the ground, they provide a tasty addition to salads. these multicellular, photosynthetic, vascularized organisms that do not produce seeds belong to the kingdom
plantae
Living cells have an intact phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its external environment; this structure is commonly referred to as the
plasma membrane
the observation that individuals afflicted with albinism also have vision problems is an example of
pleiotropy
when humans consume rice, they occupy which trophic level of the food chain?
primary consumer
when certain hormones are added to the uterus, they induce the thickening of the cells lining its walls. which of the following hormones is likely to be responsible for this change?
progesterone
eukaryotic cells can complete tasks such as digesting2 and storing food and ridding the cell of waste products because they contain an elaborate system of internal membranes and compartments. this compartmentalization is lacking in
prokaryotes
DNA exists in a concentration of strands known as a nucleoid in _______ cells
prokaryotic
the primary contribution of decomposers to an ecosystem occurs when they
recycle nutrients sequestered in organisms back to the physical environment
muscle in control
refer to the figure below
minerals are
required by the human body in small amounts
water and nutrients are taken up from soil by
root hairs
which of the following would be abiotic components of an arctic, marine ecosystem?
salt water, ice, snow, sun, wind, rocks, and sand
if a bottle of perfume was spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. what phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air?
simple diffusion
another name for the "pacemaker" of the heart is the
sinoatrial (NA) node
negative feedback
slows down or shuts off a process when a set point is reached
the external signals and information that are received by an organism are called
stimuli
a component of the immune system's third line of defense are
t cells
cell-mediated immunity is regulated by the activities of
t cells
the graph below indicates that global temperatures have
tended to increase, especially in the past 100 years
as you take this exam, which part of your brain is helping you decide which answer is correct?
the cerebral cortex
by what mechanism do most hormones travel through the organism that produces them?
the circulatory system
oxytocin is secreted by
the fetus and the mother
which of the following organs coordinates communication between the endocrine system and the nervous system?
the hypothalamus
sensory neurons that contain specialized membrane channels activated by moderate temperatures are
thermoreceptors
significant weight gain and the growth of hair on the head are events that occur during which trimester of pregnancy?
third
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous are the four broad categories of animal body
tissue
during gestation, human development is divided into several stages called
trimesters
an allele is a
version of a gene
which of the following is a characteristic of an organ used for gas exchange?
very thin tissues
some fruits may produce low density seeds that float on water because plants that produce those type of seeds live near or in
water; producing seeds that can float on the water gives them an advantage at dispersing their seeds in distant locations
what is the mechanism of seed dispersal for the dandelion?
wind