DHN chapters 5,6, & 7

9

there are a total of ----- essential amino acids and eleven nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

pancreatic lipase

the digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called

increase

the diuretic effect of alcohol is to ----- the excretion of body water

*trim fat *choose lean meats *steam meats

what are some things you can do to reduce fat intake?

amylose

a long, straight chain of glucose units

alcohol

a person with slow breathing, plea skin and who cannot be aroused might be suffering from ------- poisoning

only plant foods

a vegan...

*swollen or itchy lips *difficulty swallowing *skin flushing

signs of food allergies

monosaccharide, disaccharide

simple carbohydrates include -----, which contain only one sugar unit, and --------, which are compounds of two sugar units

hypoglycemia

symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called

endogenous

the body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from ---- sources

glucagon

the hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is

cholecystokinin

the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called

HDL

the lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissue and to the liver is

insoluble

the main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are ---- in water

nutrigenetics

the study of how a persons genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called -------

cholesterol and triglycerides

types of lipids

*electrodermal testing *diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practioner *hair analysis

unproven diagnostic methods for allergies

carrots and maple syrup

what are some natural food sources of sucrose?

*hypertension *sedentary *excess body fat

what are some risk factors for CVD?

it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

what doe sit mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

300 grams

when consuming a 2000 kcal diet, the Daily Value (DV) for carbohydrates is

*interfere with the absorption of nutrients *interfere with the storage of nutrients *increase the execration of magnesium

when consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can..

*slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood *delays alcohol absorption from the stomach

when you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal

sedentary life style

which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing diabetes?

45

you just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ----- kilocalories from fat.

alcohol

----- is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often binge drinking), can damage every system in the body

glucose

------ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar

amylopectin

a highly branched chain of glucose units

fat as triglycerides

adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of

protein

an allergen is a

*pervents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules *isolates individual fat droplets

an emulsifier

sweetness

both sugars and sugar alcohols provide

collagen

cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue

peptide bond

chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together

candy, donut, apple pie

choose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates

*use caution when interpreting their results *first consult their physician

consumers who utilize at home genetic test should

*decrease platelet stickiness *raise HDL cholesterol levels *reduce blood levels of fibrinogen

consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can:

saturated fatty acid

contains no carbon-argon double bonds

omega-3

decrease blood clotting and inflammation

insulin

decreases blood glucose

proteins

enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of

starch

examples of complex carbohydrates include

*elevated LDL cholesterol *elevated triglycerides

excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with

lipids

fats and cholesterol are -----, a class of nutrients

water

fats are not soluble in

monosaccharides

fiber is mostly made up of ------ and is connected by bonds that humans cannot digest

thrombus

fixed buch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow

soluble fiber

food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following?

keratin

hair, nails, and skin

certain cancers

soy beans may reduce the risk of

saturated fatty acid

structurally, a trans fat resembles a ------

fructose

sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and -----

*increased tolerance *shakiness

what are some signs of alcohol dependency?

converted into glucose or fat

what are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?

stevia

which alternative sweetener is derived from a south american shrub?

soda pop

which food is a source of refined carbohydrates?

*peanuts *olives

which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats?

fructose

which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

*meat *fish *poultry *eggs

which of the following are considered to have high-quality protein?

*substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories *includes sugar alcohols such as xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol

which of the following are true about alternative sweeteners?

None, all cells contain some protein

which of the following cells do not contain protein?

*complex carbohydrate *adds bulk to feces *substance found in plants

which statements about fiber are true?

high-protein

which type of diet poses an increased risk for dehydration

both contain a straight molecular structure

why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?

dietary fiber

according to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines, ----- is a nutrient of public health concern.

20, 35

according to the dietary guidelines for americans (acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range- AMDR) adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ----- to ------ % of their total calories

Trans fatty acid

hydrogens are found on the opposite sides of the carbon- carbon double bond

allows cells to take in glucose

insulin

peptides

small chains of amino acids

osteoporosis

some nutrition experts suspect that diets that supply a lot of animal protein are associated with ------ due to the increased calcium losses seen with these diets

nutritional genomics

the branch of science that studies the interactions between gene functioning, dietary choices and the environment is called ----- ------

carbohydrates

ketosis occurs when the diet is low in

lipids

maintaining cell membrane, insulating the body against clod temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?

true

phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion, which attract and repel water

*genetics *diabetes *tobacco use

possible risk factors for CVD

*Baked fish, pancakes made with milk, and soy milk *Shrimp salad, peanut butter, and fried egg *Chocolate milk, wine that contains sulfites, and fried crab cakes

Certain foods and beverages are likely to cause allergic responses in susceptible persons. Of the following lists of menu items, select the list that contains ingredients that have a high potential for causing allergic responses. More than one list may be selected.

dietary fiber

Compared to a traditional diet that is based on animal foods, a vegan diet is higher in

Cis fatty acid

Hydrogen found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

60 grams of protein per day

If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds).

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

*glycerol *fatty acids *monoglycerides

what are the end products of fat digestion?

protein vitamin calcium

what are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

*three attached fatty acids *glycerol backbone

what are the structural components of a triglyceride?

lactose

what disaccharide can be found in certain animals products?

a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitgrogen-containing base

what is the structure of a phosphoilpid molecule?

*linoleic acid *alpha-linolenic acid

which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

*made of 10 0r more monosaccharides bonded together *found chiefly in grains, vegetable, and fruits *sometimes called complex carbohydrates

which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

eggs

which of the following is the food with the highest quality protein because it is well digested and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that used by humans?

embolus

a blood clot or plague particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the blood stream

thrombus

a clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called

hypertension

a condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease

lactovegetarian

eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs

a buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells

edema refers to

protein contains nitrogen

how are proteins different from lipids and carbohydrates?

*omnivors *able to eat plants and animals

humans are considered...

omega-6

increase blood clotting and inflammation

lactose

milk and other dairy products are major food sources of----- (a disaccharide)

*age *family history of CVD

non modifiable risk factors for CVD include

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

energy

the primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide ------ for all cells

muscles

the primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. glycogen is stored in the liver and

*carbohydrates *fats

two primary sources of fuel for cells?

losing excess body fat and increasing physical activity

type 2 diabetes can be prevented or its onset delayed by

*softer stools *more regular bowel movements

when people consume adequate fiber they experience

*watermelon *vegetable oil *tofu

which of these foods will a vegan eat

glucose

major monosaccharide found in the body

shape

the ------ of a protein is a characteristic of its function

genetic and environmental factors

what are suspected causes of hyperactivity?

free fatty acid

absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

amino acids

the end product of digestion is:

increase

research shows that a high-protein diet may ------ calcium loss in urine

nutrigenomics

the study of how the nutrients and other components in food can affect gene expression is called

*triglycerides *blood pressure *fasting glucose

in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

insulin injections

in order to manage their blood glucose levels, type 1 diabetic patients always require

DNA

incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ------ code

glucagon

increases blood glucose

Nutrition facts

the total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol in most packaged foods can be determined by reading the ------ ----- panel

decay

when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acid that dissolve the tooth enamel this results in tooth

women are more prone to alcohol impairment when compared to men

which statement is true?

0.2-0.3%

at what blood alcohol concentration (BAC) does your brain lose the ability to process information?

muscles, liver

glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the------ and in the--------

undernutrtion

protein-energy malnutrition is an example of...

the storage form of carbohydrates in plants

what does starch mean?

lose excess body fat

what is the best way to reduce a persons risk of CVD?

True

Hemorrhoids are swollen rectal veins that cause itching, discomfort and bleeding

peptide

a ------ bond is an attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

lactoovovegetarian

a ------ diet is modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.

triglyceride

a ------ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol

false

dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials

gluten

if a person with celiac disease eats food that contain ----- , the body will mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys villi.

*protein *cholesterol *phospgolipids

lipids carry different amounts of

reactive hypoglycemia

low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refines carbohydrates is called

CVD

one in three adult americans suffer from some form of ---- disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.

amino acids

proteins are made up of smaller units called ---- ----

polypeptides

proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids

chylomicron remnant

removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

complex carbohydrates

what is another name for polysaccharides

45-65%

what percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

amino

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two------- acids(phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

can be used for energy

Excess dietary protein and amino acids

an essential fatty acid deficiency.

About a year ago, Monica decided to save money by feeding her 2 month-old baby a homemade formula prepared with fat-free milk, corn syrup, and a vitamin/mineral supplement. Within a few months, her baby lost its hair and developed scaly skin. According to the baby's physician, the child was not growing properly. Based on this information, Monica's baby probably has

All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.

Following a victory, Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says they are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?

increasing age

Heart disease has both preventable and non-preventable risk factors that contribute to its development. All of the following are lifestyle risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT:

*are chronically overweight *family history of type 2 diabetes *elevated blood pressure

Women are more likely to experience gestational diabetes during their pregnancy if

peptide

a ---- bond is a chemical bind formed between single amino acids in a protein

mixed

a ----- diet is best for getting high-quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids

vegan

a ----- is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes

legumes

a ----- is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.

positive

a ----- protein balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses

triglyceride

a ------ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

allergies

an immunologist is a physician who specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of --------

fatty acids

dietary fats in foods are often composed of -------

ovovegetarian

eats eggs but no other animal foods

*kwashiorkor *marasmus

forms of PEM include

levulose

fructose is known as a fruit sugar or ------

lactoovovegetarian

eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods

statins

------ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a persons elevated blood lipid levels

saturated

------ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

incomplete

------ proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential amino acids

atherosclerosis

------- , is a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart and brain

fatty

------- acids can be saturated or unsaturated

trans, saturated

------- fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ------ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

atherosclerosis

------- is the longest term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

maltose

--------, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

carbohydrate

(glycemic index x grams of ------) / 100=glycemic load

millions

how many americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion?

fiber

if you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high----- foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety

no more than 10% of total kilocalories

according to the dietary guidelines to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fats should contribute

dehydration

alcohol will contribute to ------ because it causes a person to lose fluid. this will result in impaired performance

true

alcohol's harmful effects may be amplified by certain medications

protein

amino acids are the building blocks of