DHN chapters 5,6, & 7
9
there are a total of ----- essential amino acids and eleven nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.
pancreatic lipase
the digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called
increase
the diuretic effect of alcohol is to ----- the excretion of body water
*trim fat *choose lean meats *steam meats
what are some things you can do to reduce fat intake?
amylose
a long, straight chain of glucose units
alcohol
a person with slow breathing, plea skin and who cannot be aroused might be suffering from ------- poisoning
only plant foods
a vegan...
*swollen or itchy lips *difficulty swallowing *skin flushing
signs of food allergies
monosaccharide, disaccharide
simple carbohydrates include -----, which contain only one sugar unit, and --------, which are compounds of two sugar units
hypoglycemia
symptoms that include irritability, restlessness, shaking, sweating, and confusion are often observed during periods of low blood sugar called
endogenous
the body obtains about two-thirds of its amino acid supply from ---- sources
glucagon
the hormone secreted by the pancreas when your blood sugar is low and which causes your blood sugar levels to rise is
cholecystokinin
the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called
HDL
the lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissue and to the liver is
insoluble
the main characteristic that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are ---- in water
nutrigenetics
the study of how a persons genetic makeup influences the way their body reacts to food is called -------
cholesterol and triglycerides
types of lipids
*electrodermal testing *diagnosis performed by an alternative medical practioner *hair analysis
unproven diagnostic methods for allergies
carrots and maple syrup
what are some natural food sources of sucrose?
*hypertension *sedentary *excess body fat
what are some risk factors for CVD?
it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health
what doe sit mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
300 grams
when consuming a 2000 kcal diet, the Daily Value (DV) for carbohydrates is
*interfere with the absorption of nutrients *interfere with the storage of nutrients *increase the execration of magnesium
when consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can..
*slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood *delays alcohol absorption from the stomach
when you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal
sedentary life style
which behavior is most likely to increase the risk of developing diabetes?
45
you just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ----- kilocalories from fat.
alcohol
----- is a drug that, when consumed in excess (often binge drinking), can damage every system in the body
glucose
------ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar
amylopectin
a highly branched chain of glucose units
fat as triglycerides
adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of
protein
an allergen is a
*pervents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules *isolates individual fat droplets
an emulsifier
sweetness
both sugars and sugar alcohols provide
collagen
cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue
peptide bond
chemical attraction that connects two amino acids together
candy, donut, apple pie
choose all of the following foods that are sources of refined carbohydrates
*use caution when interpreting their results *first consult their physician
consumers who utilize at home genetic test should
*decrease platelet stickiness *raise HDL cholesterol levels *reduce blood levels of fibrinogen
consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol can:
saturated fatty acid
contains no carbon-argon double bonds
omega-3
decrease blood clotting and inflammation
insulin
decreases blood glucose
proteins
enzymes, antibodies, and clotting compounds are made of
starch
examples of complex carbohydrates include
*elevated LDL cholesterol *elevated triglycerides
excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with
lipids
fats and cholesterol are -----, a class of nutrients
water
fats are not soluble in
monosaccharides
fiber is mostly made up of ------ and is connected by bonds that humans cannot digest
thrombus
fixed buch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
soluble fiber
food labels are not required to provide information about which of the following?
keratin
hair, nails, and skin
certain cancers
soy beans may reduce the risk of
saturated fatty acid
structurally, a trans fat resembles a ------
fructose
sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and -----
*increased tolerance *shakiness
what are some signs of alcohol dependency?
converted into glucose or fat
what are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?
stevia
which alternative sweetener is derived from a south american shrub?
soda pop
which food is a source of refined carbohydrates?
*peanuts *olives
which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats?
fructose
which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?
*meat *fish *poultry *eggs
which of the following are considered to have high-quality protein?
*substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories *includes sugar alcohols such as xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol
which of the following are true about alternative sweeteners?
None, all cells contain some protein
which of the following cells do not contain protein?
*complex carbohydrate *adds bulk to feces *substance found in plants
which statements about fiber are true?
high-protein
which type of diet poses an increased risk for dehydration
both contain a straight molecular structure
why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
dietary fiber
according to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines, ----- is a nutrient of public health concern.
20, 35
according to the dietary guidelines for americans (acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range- AMDR) adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between ----- to ------ % of their total calories
Trans fatty acid
hydrogens are found on the opposite sides of the carbon- carbon double bond
allows cells to take in glucose
insulin
peptides
small chains of amino acids
osteoporosis
some nutrition experts suspect that diets that supply a lot of animal protein are associated with ------ due to the increased calcium losses seen with these diets
nutritional genomics
the branch of science that studies the interactions between gene functioning, dietary choices and the environment is called ----- ------
carbohydrates
ketosis occurs when the diet is low in
lipids
maintaining cell membrane, insulating the body against clod temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?
true
phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portion, which attract and repel water
*genetics *diabetes *tobacco use
possible risk factors for CVD
*Baked fish, pancakes made with milk, and soy milk *Shrimp salad, peanut butter, and fried egg *Chocolate milk, wine that contains sulfites, and fried crab cakes
Certain foods and beverages are likely to cause allergic responses in susceptible persons. Of the following lists of menu items, select the list that contains ingredients that have a high potential for causing allergic responses. More than one list may be selected.
dietary fiber
Compared to a traditional diet that is based on animal foods, a vegan diet is higher in
Cis fatty acid
Hydrogen found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond
60 grams of protein per day
If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, approximately how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium and meet the RDA for protein for a healthy adult? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds).
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
*glycerol *fatty acids *monoglycerides
what are the end products of fat digestion?
protein vitamin calcium
what are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?
*three attached fatty acids *glycerol backbone
what are the structural components of a triglyceride?
lactose
what disaccharide can be found in certain animals products?
a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitgrogen-containing base
what is the structure of a phosphoilpid molecule?
*linoleic acid *alpha-linolenic acid
which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
*made of 10 0r more monosaccharides bonded together *found chiefly in grains, vegetable, and fruits *sometimes called complex carbohydrates
which of the following are true of polysaccharides?
eggs
which of the following is the food with the highest quality protein because it is well digested and has a pattern of essential amino acids that closely resembles that used by humans?
embolus
a blood clot or plague particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the blood stream
thrombus
a clot that remains in place and disrupts blood flow is called
hypertension
a condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease
lactovegetarian
eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs
a buildup of fluid in the spaces between cells
edema refers to
protein contains nitrogen
how are proteins different from lipids and carbohydrates?
*omnivors *able to eat plants and animals
humans are considered...
omega-6
increase blood clotting and inflammation
lactose
milk and other dairy products are major food sources of----- (a disaccharide)
*age *family history of CVD
non modifiable risk factors for CVD include
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
energy
the primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide ------ for all cells
muscles
the primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. glycogen is stored in the liver and
*carbohydrates *fats
two primary sources of fuel for cells?
losing excess body fat and increasing physical activity
type 2 diabetes can be prevented or its onset delayed by
*softer stools *more regular bowel movements
when people consume adequate fiber they experience
*watermelon *vegetable oil *tofu
which of these foods will a vegan eat
glucose
major monosaccharide found in the body
shape
the ------ of a protein is a characteristic of its function
genetic and environmental factors
what are suspected causes of hyperactivity?
free fatty acid
absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use
amino acids
the end product of digestion is:
increase
research shows that a high-protein diet may ------ calcium loss in urine
nutrigenomics
the study of how the nutrients and other components in food can affect gene expression is called
*triglycerides *blood pressure *fasting glucose
in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?
insulin injections
in order to manage their blood glucose levels, type 1 diabetic patients always require
DNA
incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ------ code
glucagon
increases blood glucose
Nutrition facts
the total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol in most packaged foods can be determined by reading the ------ ----- panel
decay
when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized by bacteria into acid that dissolve the tooth enamel this results in tooth
women are more prone to alcohol impairment when compared to men
which statement is true?
0.2-0.3%
at what blood alcohol concentration (BAC) does your brain lose the ability to process information?
muscles, liver
glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the------ and in the--------
undernutrtion
protein-energy malnutrition is an example of...
the storage form of carbohydrates in plants
what does starch mean?
lose excess body fat
what is the best way to reduce a persons risk of CVD?
True
Hemorrhoids are swollen rectal veins that cause itching, discomfort and bleeding
peptide
a ------ bond is an attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
lactoovovegetarian
a ------ diet is modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs.
triglyceride
a ------ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol
false
dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials
gluten
if a person with celiac disease eats food that contain ----- , the body will mount an immune response in the small intestine that inflames or destroys villi.
*protein *cholesterol *phospgolipids
lipids carry different amounts of
reactive hypoglycemia
low blood sugar that occurs after a meal containing high amounts of refines carbohydrates is called
CVD
one in three adult americans suffer from some form of ---- disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
amino acids
proteins are made up of smaller units called ---- ----
polypeptides
proteins comprised of 2 or more amino acids
chylomicron remnant
removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
complex carbohydrates
what is another name for polysaccharides
45-65%
what percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?
amino
Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two------- acids(phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.
can be used for energy
Excess dietary protein and amino acids
an essential fatty acid deficiency.
About a year ago, Monica decided to save money by feeding her 2 month-old baby a homemade formula prepared with fat-free milk, corn syrup, and a vitamin/mineral supplement. Within a few months, her baby lost its hair and developed scaly skin. According to the baby's physician, the child was not growing properly. Based on this information, Monica's baby probably has
All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.
Following a victory, Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says they are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?
increasing age
Heart disease has both preventable and non-preventable risk factors that contribute to its development. All of the following are lifestyle risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT:
*are chronically overweight *family history of type 2 diabetes *elevated blood pressure
Women are more likely to experience gestational diabetes during their pregnancy if
peptide
a ---- bond is a chemical bind formed between single amino acids in a protein
mixed
a ----- diet is best for getting high-quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids
vegan
a ----- is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes
legumes
a ----- is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.
positive
a ----- protein balance occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses
triglyceride
a ------ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol
allergies
an immunologist is a physician who specializes in the treatment and diagnosis of --------
fatty acids
dietary fats in foods are often composed of -------
ovovegetarian
eats eggs but no other animal foods
*kwashiorkor *marasmus
forms of PEM include
levulose
fructose is known as a fruit sugar or ------
lactoovovegetarian
eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal foods
statins
------ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a persons elevated blood lipid levels
saturated
------ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
incomplete
------ proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential amino acids
atherosclerosis
------- , is a condition that can inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, heart and brain
fatty
------- acids can be saturated or unsaturated
trans, saturated
------- fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ------ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
atherosclerosis
------- is the longest term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
maltose
--------, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together
carbohydrate
(glycemic index x grams of ------) / 100=glycemic load
millions
how many americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion?
fiber
if you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high----- foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety
no more than 10% of total kilocalories
according to the dietary guidelines to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fats should contribute
dehydration
alcohol will contribute to ------ because it causes a person to lose fluid. this will result in impaired performance
true
alcohol's harmful effects may be amplified by certain medications
protein
amino acids are the building blocks of