Bio Final Exam Review

108) The mantle, foot, and visceral mass are all parts of a(n) A) annelid. B) mollusc. C) planarian. D) tunicate. E) arthropod.

108) B These are the three main parts of the mollusc body.

111) The name Echinodermata literally means A) spiny skin. B) soft skin. C) circulation of water. D) skinless. E) ability to store water.

111) A Echinoderm comes from the Greek echin(spiny) and derm(skin),so the name literally means "spiny skin."

114) The main reason reptiles are so well-adapted to land environment is their method of A) respiration. B) vocalization. C) reproduction. D) predation. E) temperature regulation.

114) C Reptiles have internal fertilization and females lay amniote eggs; these reproductive methods enable reptiles to reproduce in a land environment.

115) Birds are A) reptiles. B) amniotes. C) chordates and amniotes. D) deuterostomes and reptiles. E) reptiles, amniotes, chordates and deuterostomes.

115) E Birds are reptiles, amniotes, chordates and deuterostomes.

117) Which of these is mismatched? A) tunicate - hasall chordate characteristics as an adult B) ray-finned fish -has a swim bladder C) lamprey - lacksjaws D) cartilaginousfish - has jaws E) lobe-finned fish- has a lung

117) A Tunicates have all four chordate characteristics as larvae, but the adults bear little resemblance to other chordates.

120) Which of these diseases is caused by a flatworm? A) hookworm infection B) pinworm infection C) trichinosis D) schistosomiasis E) elephantiasis

120) D Schistosomiasis is a blood fluke infection; flukes are flatworms. All of the other diseases listed are caused by roundworms.

121) All of the following are features of echinoderms except A) a water vascular system. B) a coelom. C) a larval stage. D) skin gills. E) nephridium.

121) E Nephridia are excretory structures found in certain protostomes. Echinoderms do not have complex excretory structures; instead, wastes pass from the coelomic fluid and across the body wall by diffusion.

125) If you remove all of the terminal buds from a plant, what is the most likely outcome? A) Branching would occur, and the plant would become bushier as all new growth would originate from the lateral buds. B) All of the plant's leaves would die and photosynthesis would cease. C) The plant would continue to grow taller but would be unable to produce lateral growth. D) There would be more root growth which would allow for a greater nutrient uptake. E) Additional stems would develop and grow upward.

125) A The terminal (or apical) bud is responsible for the main growth of a stem and for making the plant taller. If the terminal bud is damaged or removed, the lateral buds would be the only source of growth. This would make the plant bushier but not taller.

14) In order for cells in multicellular organisms to exchange gases, a circulatory system must be present. ⊚ true ⊚ false

14) FALSE Multicellular organisms, such as the hydra and planarian, have body plans that allow for the use of diffusion to exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes with the environment as well as throughout their bodies. Echinoderms and nematodes accomplish this through fluid in their coelom.

144) Which of the following plant hormones promotes cell division and prevents senescence? A) cytokinins B) auxin C) gibberellins D) abscisic acid E) ethylene

144) A Cytokinins promote cell division in plants and prevent senescence.

156) Plants undergo an alternation of generations. This means that the diploid _____ produces spores, which develop into the haploid _____. A) sporophyte; gametophyte B) gametophyte; sporophyte C) sporophyte; seeds D) flowers; gametophyte E) sporophyte; flowers

156) A The diploid sporophyte is the predominant form of a plant (except in bryophytes), and produces spores via meiosis that develop into the haploid gametophyte.

157) Plants with both female and male flowers on the same plant are called A) complete. B) incomplete. C) monoecious. D) dioecious. E) bisexual.

157) C The term monoecious means "one house." This implies that flowers of both sexes are located on the same plant.

158) A plant that is dioecious is incapable of which of the following? A) cross-pollination B) double fertilization C) self-pollination D) gametophyte production E) pollen production

158) C Dioecious plants have male and female flowers on separate plants. Thus, the pollen needed to fertilize a female flower must come from a different plant, so self-pollination is not possible. The plant must be cross-pollinated.

159) A flower that is bisexual contains A) only carpels. B) only stamens. C) extra sepals. D) both stamens and carpels. E) anthers but no filaments.

159) D A bisexual flower is one that contains both carpels and stamens.

16) Cholesterol can be synthesized by the body and is found in certain foods. ⊚ true ⊚ false

16) TRUE Cholesterol is produced by the human body and it is ingested in foods. There are low-density lipoproteins (which transport cholesterol in the blood) and high-density lipoproteins (which transport if out of the body).

160) Which of the following is an advantage of genetically engineered plants? A) increased yield B) herbicide resistance C) drought tolerance D) disease protection E) All of the above are advantages of genetically engineered plants.

160) E All of the above have been engineered into transgenic plants.

17) A person's total daily intake of water must be obtained through drinking liquids. ⊚ true ⊚ false

17) FALSE It is important to have the appropriate intake of water. However, it does not all need to be obtained through drinking liquids. Many foods are sources of a significant amount of water as well.

22) Habitat destruction is the largest cause of the loss in biodiversity worldwide. ⊚ true ⊚ false

22) TRUE Researchers have shown that habitat destruction is the leading cause of plant and animal extinctions, leading to losses in biodiversity.

23) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are damaging to the world's freshwater supply. ⊚ true ⊚ false

23) FALSE CFCs are released into the atmosphere, where they have been linked to ozone depletion.

25) If half of a population is homozygous recessive, what is p? A) 0.5 B) 0.707 C) 0.25 D) 0.293 E) 0.1

25) D The homozygous recessive genotype= q 2. So, if q 2 = 0.5, then q = 0.707. p + q = 1, and therefore p = 0.293.

29) Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following? A) any evolution at any scale B) large-scale changes over a long period of time C) small-scale changes over a long period of time D) small-scale changes over a short period of time E) changes of any scale within microorganisms

29) D Microevolution is the term applied to small changes in a population over relatively short periods of time.

35) The figure shown here represents stabilizing selection. What happens when an individual is produced that possesses a trait far away from the mean value? A) That extreme individual likely will not survive and reproduce. B) That extreme individual will be more likely to survive and reproduce. C) That extreme individual will have neither an advantage nor a disadvantage over other individuals. D) All phenotypes have equal likelihood of surviving and reproducing. E) The average phenotype is less likely to survive and reproduce.

35) A Stabilizing selection selects against individuals that are far from the mean value of a given trait.

36) If a population recovers to its original population size after experiencing a bottleneck, which statement is correct regarding this population? A) The recovered population is as likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck. B) The bottleneck subjected the population to directional selection. C) The recovered population shows less genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck. D) The recovered population shows more genetic diversity than the population prior to the bottleneck. E) The recovered population is more likely to go extinct as is the population prior to the bottleneck.

36) C A bottleneck decreases a population's genetic diversity.

48) Pinus strobus is the scientific name for the white pine. Pinus is the A) specificepithet. B) genus. C) binomial name. D) family name. E) order name.

48) B The binomial nomenclature used by systematists includes the organism's genus and specific epithet.

52) Which of the following correctly reflects the division of the history of life on Earth, from most inclusive to least inclusive? A) era - period - epoch B) epoch - period - era C) era - epoch - period D) epoch - era - period E) period - epoch - era

52) A An era is composed of two or more periods, and a period is composed of two or more epochs.

59) Retroviruses A) contain DNA. B) contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase. C) produce RNA fromDNA. D) only invadeplants. E) produce proteindirectly from DNA.

59) B A retrovirus is an animal virus that contains the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The enzyme transcribes the RNA genome of the virus into DNA, which is integrated into the genome of the host cell.

60) Viroids and prions are alike in that both are infectious A) cell types. B) proteins. C) molecules. D) DNA. E) RNA.

60) C Both viroids and prions are infectious molecules. Viroids are naked strands of RNA, and prions are misshapen proteins.

61) What would you most likely call a long chain of bacterial cells that are spherical in shape? A) Streptococcus B) Staphylococcus C) Streptobacillus D) Diplococcus E) Streptospirillum

61) A Cocci are sphere-shaped cells, and when they occur in a chain, the arrangement is called a Streptococcus.

62) Which means of genetic recombination in bacteria is facilitated by use of a pilus? A) transformation B) transduction C) conjugation D) both transformation and transduction E) translocation

62) C Conjugation often involves the use of specialized pili (conjugation pili) to link donor and recipient cells.

63) Cyanobacteria are important producers, more specifically called A) photoautotrophs. B) saprotrophs. C) chemoautotrophs. D) saproautotrophs. E) photoheterotrophs.

63) A Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs that produce organic molecules via photosynthesis, much as plants do.

7) Micronutrients that are needed by plants as enzyme cofactors are also needed by humans for the same reason. ⊚ true ⊚ false

7) TRUE Micronutrients, like zinc and manganese, are cofactors for enzymes. Humans can obtain these nutrients by consuming plants.

70) Which statement about bacteria is incorrect? A) All bacteria are pathogenic to humans. B) Bacteria are prokaryotes. C) Most bacteria are chemoheterotrophs. D) Bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission. E) A bacterial cell has one chromosome.

70) A Most bacteria are not pathogenic to humans.

71) The _____of a virus is enclosed by a _____capsid. A) nucleic acid; protein B) membrane; protein C) nucleic acid; membrane D) protein; nucleic acid E) RNA; DNA

71) A The nucleic acid of a virus is enclosed by a protein capsid.

100) What is the defining feature of the lophotrochozoans? A) tentacle-likefeeding structure B) filter feeding C) multicellularity D) bilateralsymmetry E) exoskeleton

100) A The defining feature of lophotrochozoans is the lopho (tentacle-like feeding structure).

101) Which is an example of a parazoa? A) sponges B) cnidarians C) flatworms D) annelids E) echinoderms

101) A Parazoa are organisms that lack true tissues. Sponges are the only group that is classified as parazoans.

104) Which of these is mismatched? A) cnidarian -nematocyst B) planarian -ladderlike nervous system C) sponge - collarcell D) fluke - bodycavity E) roundworm -complete digestive tract

104) D Flukes are flatworms, which are acoelomates.

123) Which of the following is part of the root system? A) pericycle B) terminal bud C) stomata D) flower E) lateral bud

123) A The pericycle is responsible for formation of branch roots. All of the other answers are part of the shoot system.

130) Which of the following structures is found within the interior a leaf? A) cuticle B) spongy mesophyll C) stoma D) guard cells E) leaf hairs

130) B The spongy mesophyll resides in the interior of a leaf. The other structures, including leaf hairs, are derived from the epidermis.

152) Flowering in most plants is triggered by A) auxin migration. B) night length. C) day length. D) gibberellin production. E) negative phototropism.

152) B Phytochrome is used to sense photoperiod, but the length of continuous darkness, rather than day length, appears to be the major trigger for flowering in most plants.

161) Which cellular structure enables a root cell to grow downward? A) amyloplast B) chromoplast C) auxin D) chloroplast E) nucleus

161) A Root cells know which way is down because of the presence of an organelle called an amyloplast.

19) The longer digestive tract of herbivores is necessary to complete digestion of plant material. ⊚ true ⊚ false

19) TRUE The carbohydrates in plant material are more difficult to digest than the proteins in animal material. The teeth, length of the digestive tract, and other specializations together accomplish the digestion of the plant material.

3) Members of two different species are never capable of mating. ⊚ true ⊚ false

3) FALSE While species are often defined by the inability of individuals of the two groups of organisms to interbreed, there are instances in which members of two different species can interbreed to produce a hybrid (such as a mule, a hybrid between a horse and a donkey). However, the populations are still considered separate species as long as the hybrid is unable to produce fertile offspring.

66) Which of the following is unique to the lysogenic cycle? A) attachment B) penetration C) integration D) biosynthesis E) maturation

66) C Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is unique to the lysogenic cycle.

85) Which statement does not apply to all fungi? A) Fungi are chemoheterotrophic by absorption. B) Fungi produce gametes that are motile. C) Adult fungal cells are haploid. D) Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. E) Fungi are thought to be descendants of a flagellated protist.

85) B Except for chytrids, fungi do not produce gametes, only spores.

128) Stomata are found on the A) roots. B) epidermis. C) stems only. D) roots and leaves. E) cork cells.

128) B The stomata, which are pores, are found at the surface of leaves, and are bordered by specialized epidermal cells (called guard cells) that are responsible for opening and closing the stomata.

136) Which plant system will consist of the terminal bud, blade, petiole, and node? A) shoot system B) root system C) vascularsystem D) epidermaltissue E) ground tissue

136) A The shoot system of a plant is the above-ground portion that is responsible for conduction of materials, photosynthesis, nutrient storage, and support among other things. The shoot system will consist of terminal and lateral buds; the leaf (vein, blade, and petiole); nodes; and internodes.

2) Natural selection can favor directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection in the same population simultaneously. ⊚ true ⊚ false

2) FALSE Natural selection willfavor onlyone type of selection at a time within a given population.

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 24) If p = 0.6, what is q? A) 0.6 B) 0.4 C) 0.36 D) 0.15 E) 0

24) B Knowing the frequency of one allele, use the formula p + q = 1 to determine the frequency of the other allele.

64) Archaea A) have plasma membranes but lack cell walls. B) have plasma membranes, and most have cell walls. C) lack plasma membranes, but most have cell walls. D) have neither plasma membranes nor cell walls. E) have double plasma membranes and no cell walls.

64) B Like all cells, archaea have plasma membranes. Most also have cell walls.

65) What is the main structural difference between a virus and a viroid? A) Viroids do not have a capsid covering. B) Viruses do not have a capsid covering. C) Viroids contain DNA, while viruses do not. D) Viruses contain RNA, while viroids do not. E) There is no structural difference between the two.

65) A Viroids are naked strands of RNA that lack the capsid covering found on viruses.

89) Which statement about the plant alternation-of-generations life cycle is incorrect? A) Spores are produced by meiosis. B) The zygote is diploid. C) The zygoteundergoes mitosis to produce the sporophyte plant. D) Gametes are onlyproduced by meiosis. E) Both gametes and spores are haploid.

89) D Because the gametophyte is haploid, it is able to produce gametes by mitosis, not meiosis.

90) Which of these is mismatched? A) mushroom -fruiting body B) angiosperm -flower C) lycophyte -microphyll D) charophyte -hypha E) gymnosperm -seed

90) D Hyphae make up the bodies of fungi, not charophytes.

107) A(n) _____ is an individual animal that possesses both male and female sex organs. A) cephalopod B) acoelomate C) deuterostome D) larva E) hermaphrodite

107) E Planarians, for example, possess both testes and ovaries.

118) All of the following are characteristics of annelids except A) a coelom. B) segmentation. C) a complete digestive tract. D) excretion via nephridia. E) metamorphosis.

118) E Among the protostomes, only the arthropods undergo metamorphosis.

119) All of the following are characteristics of arthropods except A) a blastopore during development. B) a pseudocoelom. C) mesoderm. D) jointed appendages. E) an exoskeleton.

119) B Arthropods are coelomates, not pseudocoelomates.

133) Which plant tissue type forms a protective covering of the plant? A) epidermal B) vascular C) ground D) xylem E) parenchyma

133) A Epidermal tissue is the outermost tissue layer of the plant. It acts as a protective covering.

43) The pollen, or sperm, from a red maple tree is unable to fertilize the eggs from a sugar maple tree. This is an example of what type of isolating mechanism? A) mechanical isolation B) habitat isolation C) temporal isolation D) hybrid sterility E) gamete isolation

43) E This is an example of gamete isolation because the gametes from the two species are unable to fuse.

5) Use of chemical signals in mate recognition is a type of postzygotic isolating mechanism. ⊚ true ⊚ false

5) FALSE Mate recognition is a type of prezygotic isolating mechanism because it occurs prior to fertilization.

69) Which of these is mismatched? A) Paramecium - ciliate B) Chlamydomonas - green alga C) Plasmodium - sporozoan D) Giardia - zooflagellate E) Salmonella - amoeba

69) E Salmonella is a bacterium.

10) Gametophytes of flowering plants are produced within the flower. ⊚ true ⊚ false

10) TRUE The male gametophyte, or pollen grain, is produced within the anther. The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, is produced within the ovule housed within the ovary.

105) Which of these has radial symmetry? A) human B) planarian C) jellyfish D) roundworm E) nudibranch

105) C All of the other animals listed have bilateral symmetry.

106) Which of these has a coelom? A) sea star B) roundworm C) fluke D) planarian E) hydra

106) A Sea stars, like all echinoderms, have a coelom. A roundworm has a pseudocoelom, flukes and planarians are acoelomates. Hydras, like all cnidarians, do not have mesoderm, and thus cannot be said to possess a coelom.

12) To enter the body, substances have to pass through connective tissue cells to reach the tissues beneath. ⊚ true ⊚ false

12) FALSE To enter the body, substances must pass through epithelial cells. Epithelial cells make up the outer layer of skin and also line various tracts and cavities such as the nasal cavity and the reproductive tract.

122) Which of the following is a typical function of the root system? A) anchorage B) absorption of nitrates C) absorption of water D) absorption of minerals E) All of the above answers describe typical functions of a root system.

122) E The roots are specialized for the absorption of nitrates (fixed nitrogen), water, and minerals, and also serve to anchor the plant in the soil.

127) Vessel elements are to xylem as _____ are to phloem. A) tracheids B) sclerenchyma C) sieve-tube members D) companion cells E) sieve plates

127) C The vessel elements of xylem tissue are hollow cells that form a continuous pipeline for water. Likewise, the sieve-tube members are the conducting cells of phloem and form a continuous sieve tube.

140) Monocot seeds differ from eudicot seeds because in monocot seeds A) the cotyledons absorb the stored food of the endosperm. B) the endosperm is retained. C) there are two cotyledons instead of one. D) there is no seed coat. E) the endosperm develops into the embryo.

140) B In eudicot seeds, the cotyledons absorb the stored food within the endosperm. This does not occur in monocot seeds, where the endosperm remains outside of the embryo.

145) A gardener wants to stimulate branching but keep the apical meristem intact so that the plants will also grow in height. What hormone should be applied? A) auxin B) cytokinin C) ethylene D) abscisic acid E) gibberellins

145) B Cytokinins promote cell division in all portions of the plant, whereas gibberellins primarily promote stem elongation, and auxin promotes growth at the apical portion of the plant only. Cytokinins also prevent the senescence of the lower leaves of a plant.

147) When a plant is experiencing water stress, A) auxin will shut down vessel elements. B) gibberellins will stimulate growth of root hairs. C) abscisic acid will stimulate closure of stomata. D) ethylene will increase water flow in vessel elements. E) cytokinins will stimulate elongation of stems and growth of new leaves.

147) C Abscisic acid is a stress hormone. Besides promoting dormancy, one of its major effects is to close stomata to stem water loss. This is especially important for plants in temperate forests that enter dormancy in autumn to survive lower temperatures, reduced sunlight, and reduced water availability.

15) Each red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules and so can carry at least one billion molecules of oxygen. ⊚ true ⊚ false

15) TRUE Oxygen is carried in the bloodstream by hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Each red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules. Each molecule can carry four oxygen atoms. The total oxygen atoms carried by each red blood cell is about one billion molecules.

150) Ethylene stimulates fruit ripening by stimulating A) the transport of hydrogen ions out of the cell. B) the production of amylase for starch breakdown. C) bacterial activity which softens the fruit. D) cellulase to break down cellulose in cell walls. E) mitosis of cells within the fruit to promote fruit growth.

150) D Fruit ripening is promoted by the breakdown of cellulose in the cell walls of cells within the fruit. Cellulase production is promoted by ethylene.

155) The products of double fertilization in the _____ are a 2n ____ and a 3n _____. A) ovary; zygote; endosperm B) ovary; endosperm; zygote C) anther; zygote; endosperm D) anther; endosperm; zygote E) stigma; endosperm; zygote

155) A Fertilization occurs within the ovary. One sperm from the pollen grain fertilizes the egg and becomes a 2n zygote; the other sperm unites with the 2 nuclei of the embryo sac and becomes a 3n endosperm.

26) Which Hardy-Weinberg condition is violated by sexual selection? A) no mutations B) no natural selection C) random mating D) no genetic drift E) no gene flow

26) C Sexual selection occurs when mates are chosen in a nonrandom manner. The Hardy-Weinberg equation for equilibrium assumes that mutations, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating do not occur.

38) Which of the following could increase genetic variation? A) natural selection B) genetic drift C) bottleneck effect D) founder effect E) mutation

38) E Natural selection, genetic drift, and bottleneck and founder effects all decrease genetic variation, while mutation generates genetic variation.

4) Allopatric speciation is compatible with both the gradualistic and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution. ⊚ true ⊚ false

4) TRUE Neither the gradualistic nor the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests the timescale on which the model occurs. In either case, the allopatric speciation model is compatible with both models of evolution.

40) Which of the three domains contain(s) prokaryotic organisms? A) Bacteria B) Archaea C) Eukarya D) Bacteria and Archaea E) Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

40) D The domains Bacteria and Archaea contain prokaryotic organisms, while the domain Eukarya contains eukaryotic organisms.

49) Homologous structures A) have identical functions. B) have fully divergent functions. C) are also called analogous structures. D) are only shared by organisms of the same genus. E) are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent.

49) E Homologous structures are those that are shared by organisms found in the same line of descent. Over the course of speciation, the structures may or may not have attained different functions, but they still have evolved from the same original structure.

57) A researcher infects a bacterium with a bacteriophage and notices that the infection does not immediately bring about the destruction of the host cell. Instead, the phage's genetic material is copied whenever the host reproduces. Which viral replication cycle is described here? A) integration cycle B) lysogenic cycle C) biosynthetic cycle D) lytic cycle E) emergence cycle

57) B In a lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA is incorporated into that of the bacterial cell and remains latent, causing no harm to the host. In this latent state, the viral DNA is called a prophage. As long as the infected host bacterium reproduces by binary fission, the prophage will be copied and passed to the next generation of bacteria.

67) Which of the following groups contains at least some members that have cell walls? A) protists only B) bacteria only C) archaea only D) protists, bacteria and archaea E) None of the members of the above groups have cell walls.

67) D Most bacteria and archaea, and many protists, have cell walls.

78) Which of the following groups provides protection and nourishment to the embryo? A) all plants B) angiosperms only C) gymnosperms only D) bryophytes only E) lycophytes only

78) A All plants protect and nourish their embryos to some degree.

86) In a fungal life cycle, which of the following are diploid? A) the zygote only B) the spores only C) the hyphae only D) the hyphae and spores but not the zygote E) the zygote, spores, and hyphae

86) A The zygote is the only diploid part of the fungal life cycle; the rest is haploid.

91) Most fungi in the environment function as A) parasites. B) saprotrophs. C) photoautotrophs. D) producers. E) predators.

91) B Fungi (along with bacteria) are major saprotrophic decomposers.

95) By definition, a fruit is derived from the A) archegonium. B) corolla. C) calyx. D) ovary. E) stamen.

95) D Fruits are ovary-derived structures that enclose the seeds of angiosperms.

97) Animals are A) multicellular. B) heterotrophic. C) motile. D) eukaryotic. E) All of the above answers describe the characteristics of animals.

97) E All of the above answers describe the characteristics of animals.

1) The conditions required by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are commonly found in nature. ⊚ true ⊚ false

1) FALSE The conditions required by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are rare in nature. Rarely is there a population that is experiencing no selection, no drift, and no mutation and is participating in random mating. However, if the allele frequency is not in equilibrium, researchers are allowed to determine which one of these criteria is violated.

102) Animals are thought to be most closely related to A) choanoflagellates. B) charophytes. C) chytrids. D) fungi. E) amoebas.

102) A The colonial flagellate hypothesis proposes that the common ancestor of today's animals was much like today's choanoflagellates; molecular data support this hypothesis.

103) Which statement about sponges is correct? A) Sponges have two germ layers, which give rise to well-organized tissues. B) Sponges can only reproduce asexually by fragmentation or budding. C) Most sponges have bilateral symmetry. D) Sponges belong to the group of invertebrates known as cnidarians. E) Sponges are filter feeders.

103) E A sponge obtains microscopic food particles by filtering them from water that passes through its porous walls.

109) The luna moth ( Actias luna) is a large, showy moth with lovely green wings. It has no mouth and therefore cannot eat. How is it that this species continues to exist? A) The luna moth is chemoheterotrophic by absorption, not by ingestion. B) The luna moth is the adult stage in the life cycle; feeding occurs during the caterpillar stage. C) The luna moth is a rare mutant; typical moths of the species Actias luna do have mouths. D) The luna moth is the larval stage in the life cycle; it eventually becomes a caterpillar which can feed. E) The luna moth can use its green wings for photosynthesis.

109) B The adult moth lives only to mate and begin the next generation; it only lives for about a week.

11) The urinary system and respiratory system both participate in homeostasis by removing metabolic waste. ⊚ true ⊚ false

11) TRUE All the body systems contribute to homeostasis. The urinary system rids the body of metabolic wastes by filtering blood and producing urine. The respiratory system rids the body of metabolic wastes by getting rid of carbon dioxide in exhaled air.

110) Which statement is inconsistent with invertebrate animals? A) Invertebrates lack a nervous system. B) The vast majority of animal species are invertebrates. C) Many invertebrate species live in a marine environment. D) Most animal phyla are invertebrates. E) All major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors.

110) A Invertebrates such as sponges do lack nerve tissue, while others have a nervous system that includes cephalization, eyes, and a brain.

112) Which of these has the necessary adaptations to survive in a dry land environment? A) insect B) lobe-finned fish C) amphibian D) planarian E) tunicate

112) A Insects are well-adapted to life on land.

113) Which of these is a unique characteristic of mammals? A) hair B) four-chambered heart C) extraembryonic membranes D) endothermic E) cephalization

113) A Only mammals have hair; all the other characteristics listed are found in other animal groups as well.

116) A fungal infection that covers an amphibian's skin can quickly kill the animal. Why can't amphibians tolerate their skin being covered with a foreign substance? A) Amphibians produce blood in their skin, and become anemic when the skin is covered by fungus. B) Amphibians have small lungs and use their skin for gas exchange; they suffocate when the skin is covered with fungal growth. C) Amphibians with fungal infections starve when the fungus absorbs all the food stored in their skin. D) Because amphibians hear with their skin, those with fungal infections on the skin lose the ability to hear approaching predators. E) Since amphibians use their skin for water storage, they dehydrate when an infectious fungus covers the skin and drains it of moisture.

116) B Amphibians depend on healthy, moist skin for gas exchange, since their lungs are relatively small.

124) What advantages do root hairs give to a plant? A) The products of photosynthesis from the leaves are stored in the root hairs. B) Root hairs provide support for the elongating shoot system. C) Root hairs allow the plant to regenerate after the shoot system dies back. D) Root hairs allow lateral branching of the roots. E) Root hairs increase the surface area available for water absorption.

124) E Root hairs greatly increase the surface area available for the plant to obtain water and other nutrients from the soil.

126) Which of the following correctly describes a major difference between monocot and eudicot plants? A) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot stem. B) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot root. C) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a eudicot root, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a monocot root. D) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while phloem occur between arms of xylem in a eudicot stem. E) Xylem and phloem occur in a ring in a monocot stem, while xylem and phloem occur in scattered bundles in a eudicot stem.

126) B The arrangement of vascular tissue in eudicot and monocot stems and roots differs. In roots, a monocot has xylem and phloem in a ring, while a eudicot has xylem in a star shape with phloem occurring between the arms of xylem. This arrangement is different within the stem.

129) Which of the following cell types are most likely to be involved in the long-term storage of food for a plant? A) mesophyll B) parenchyma C) collenchyma D) sclerenchyma E) epidermis

129) B Collenchyma cells generally give support to immature regions of the plant, while sclerenchyma cells support the plant's mature regions and form fibers. Parenchyma cells are the least specialized, and have thinner cell walls. They may carry on photosynthesis, or contain plastids that store food produced through photosynthesis. Parenchyma cells are found in all plant organs.

13) Homeostasis maintains various levels within a narrow range only if environmental conditions do not fluctuate much. ⊚ true ⊚ false

13) FALSE Homeostasis is maintained even when environmental conditions fluctuate widely, such as air temperature. The air around you can vary from freezing to above 100 and the body will maintain normal body temperature, at least for a little while.

131) Mineral transport in plants occurs A) through xylem tissue when sugars are present. B) through both xylem and phloem tissue. C) due to osmosis of water out of tracheids. D) through xylem tissue as the water column is pulled upward. E) continuously through phloem in both directions.

131) D Minerals are transported through xylem tissue along with the water column. Organic nutrients, such as sugars, are transported in phloem.

132) Which group of ground tissue cells will help carry out photosynthesis? A) parenchymacells B) collenchymacells C) sclerenchymacells D) xylem E) phloem

132) A The parenchyma cells contain chloroplasts and are found in all the organs of a plant.

134) In which part of the plant will primary growth occur? A) apical meristem B) internode C) xylem D) sclerenchyma E) parenchyma

134) A At the end of a stem, a terminal bud contains an apical meristem and produces new leaves and other tissues during the initial, or primary growth. The root tip also contains an apical meristem and results in primary growth downward.

135) Which feature determines whether or not a nutrient is a macronutrient or a micronutrient? A) The concentration of the nutrient in the plant tissue. B) The concentration of the nutrient in the soil. C) The molecular size of the nutrient. D) The availability of the nutrient in the environment. E) The time of the year that the nutrient becomes available to the plant.

135) A An element is termed an essential nutrient if a plant cannot live without it. The essential nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients according to their relative concentrations in plant tissue.

137) Which feature best describes the appearance ofvascular bundles of a nonwoody monocot stem? A) The vascularbundles are scattered. B) The vascularbundles are arranged in a ring. C) There are novascular bundles in a nonwoody monocot stem. D) The vascularbundles are arranged in parallel lines. E) The vascular bundles are arranged insquares.

137) A A defining feature of nonwoody (herbaceous) monocot stems is the vascular bundles are scattered.

138) _____ and _____ are micronutrients in plants, while _____ and _____ are macronutrients. A) Mn; Zn; N; O B) Mn; O; Zn; C C) Cu; K; O; H D) Cu; K; B; Mn E) Mn; Zn; B; N

138) A In general, elements such as O, N, C, H, K, and S are macronutrients. Trace metals, such as Zn, Mn, and Cu, are micronutrients. Boron (B) is also a micronutrient.

139) Which of the following statements regarding the organization of vascular tissue in roots is true? A) In eudicot roots, xylem and phloem bundles occur in a ring surrounding the pith. B) In eudicot roots, phloem form a star shape in the center, with xylem occurring between arms of phloem. C) In monocot roots, vascular bundles are found only within the zone of cell division. D) In both monocot and eudicot roots, phloem are found outside the endodermis, and xylem within the endodermis. E) In monocot roots, xylem and phloem bundles alternate in a ring surrounding the pith.

139) E In monocot roots, xylem and phloem bundles alternate and form a ring around the pith. In eudicot roots, the xylem form a star in the center of the root, with phloem occurring between the arms of xylem.

141) Which of the following events will occur if gibberellins are applied to barley? A) the lateral meristems will be inhibited and the plant growth will cease B) the starchy endosperm will be broken down and converted into sugars for the developing embryo C) the stomata will remain closed to avoid the loss of water from the plant D) plant growth will be accelerated as the stems elongate E) the plant will produce fewer seeds than normal

141) D Gibberellins are growth-promoting hormones that bring about elongation of cells. When gibberellins are applied externally to plants, the most obvious effect is stem elongation between the nodes.

142) Plant hormones are A) are only found in the growing root tip. B) only control plant growth. C) produced only in the apical meristem. D) only found in monocots. E) are chemical signals between cells and tissues.

142) E Much like our own hormones, plant hormones are small, organic molecules produced by a plant that serve as chemical signals between cells and tissues.

143) Auxin causes bending in stems and roots by A) causing cell elongation. B) preventing cell elongation. C) breaking down cell walls. D) causing cell shrinkage. E) inhibiting lateral bud growth.

143) A Auxin binds to a receptor and causes transport of hydrogen ions out of the cytoplasm of the cell. This activates enzymes that weaken the cell wall, allowing water to enter, and the cell elongates.

146) A farmer wishes to force a normal plant to maintain a dwarf size. Which of the following plant hormones might she apply? A) auxin B) cytokinin C) ethylene D) abscisic acid E) gibberellins

146) D Abscisic acid is a stress hormone that suppresses growth, normally under adverse conditions. A reduction in levels of this hormone is required to break dormancy and resume growth.

148) A winter bud begins winter with an amount of abscisic acid to maintain dormancy. Dormancy is broken in the spring because of a(n) A) gradual reduction in abscisic acid over winter. B) increase of abscisic acid production by the meristem within the bud. C) increase in cytokinin in the leaves. D) gradual reduction of auxin in the shoot tip. E) gradual increase in ethylene production by the meristem within the bud.

148) A Abscisic acid is required to maintain dormancy, and as long as levels of the hormone remain high, dormancy is maintained. As the levels of abscisic acid gradually fall throughout the winter, dormancy is broken, and growth resumes from the bud.

149) Peaches may be ripened at home by enclosing them in a paper bag. This is due to the production of which hormone? A) auxin B) cytokinin C) ethylene D) abscisic acid E) gibberellins

149) C Ethylene is a gas that can stimulate fruit ripening. Production of ethylene by ripening fruit can stimulate the ripening of other fruits nearby. This is why it is sometimes recommended to ripen peaches and other fruits by enclosing them in a paper bag.

151) Plants detect the presence of light using _____, whereas day length is detected using _____. A) auxin; gibberellin B) phytochrome; auxin C) auxin; phytochrome D) phytochrome; gibberellin E) gibberellin; auxin

151) C Auxin migrates from one side of a leaf or stem in response to light, and is responsible for plant responses to light levels. Phytochrome detects day and night length.

153) Since plant sperm are nonflagellated, how do they reach the ovule from the stigma? A) the sperm swim in water B) the sperm are delivered by a pollen tube C) the sperm are carried on air currents D) the sperm delivered by insects E) the ovules are delivered to the stigma

153) B Pollen grains are delivered to the stigma by pollination (by wind or insects). The pollen grains germinate and produce pollen tubes that deliver the sperm to the ovules within the ovary.

154) Which of the following is an incorrect match of structure to function? A) sepal - protection of flower B) filament - produces pollen C) petal - attracts pollinator D) ovary - contains female gametophyte E) stigma - allows pollen to adhere

154) B Pollen originates from the microspores housed within the anther, which is located at the end of the filament.

162) During germination, which part of the seed exhibits negative gravitrophism? A) embryonic shoot B) cotyledon C) seed coat D) root system E) embryo

162) A When a seed germinates, the embryonic shoot exhibits negative gravitropism by growing upward against gravity.

163) The digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems are similar in that they all help maintain A) fluid level in the blood. B) constant temperature in the body. C) balance of substances in the blood. D) oxygen levels in the blood. E) control of the other body systems.

163) C The only answer that applies to all three systems is balance of substances in the blood. The digestive system influences nutrient levels; the respiratory system maintains oxygen and carbon dioxide levels; the urinary system rids the blood of wastes.

164) The nervous system and endocrine system control the body's functions by A) maintaining a constant level of nerve impulses. B) sending out messages by nerve impulse and hormones. C) responding only to the internal environment. D) stimulating the body's reproductive organs. E) maintaining a constant level of hormones in the blood.

164) B The endocrine system and the nervous system are the control systems of the body, both responding to the internal and external stimuli. The nervous system sends messages through nerve impulses, and the endocrine system through hormones.

165) If the lymphatic system did not function correctly, A) fluids would collect within body tissue. B) oxygen would not reach all the cells of the body. C) urea would build up in the liver. D) nutrients would not reach the liver. E) carbon dioxide would not reach the lungs.

165) A The lymphatic system collects fluids from the tissues and returns it to the blood. If it were not functioning properly, fluid would pool in the tissues and swelling would result. The other answers correspond to the functions of other systems.

166) List the levels of organization of the body from simple to complex. 1. organ system 2. organism 3. tissue 4. organ 5. cell A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 C) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 D) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 E) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2

166) E The simplest level of organization of living things is the cell. Tissues are composed of cells, organs are composed of tissues, and organ systems are composed of organs.

167) Which of the following is true about epithelial tissue? A) covers bodysurfaces B) generally one cell layer thick C) allows for gasexchange in the lungs D) contains cube-shaped cells E) All of the above are true.

167) E Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces and line cavities; it comes in three variations of shape: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.Epithelial tissue generally forms one layer of cells, which allows for easy gas exchange and diffusion of materials.

168) Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they are both A) under voluntary control. B) under involuntary control. C) made of highly branched cells. D) striated. E) made of long parallel cells.

168) D Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and made of long parallel cells, whereas cardiac muscle is under involuntary control and made of highly branched cells. Both are striated due to the arrangement of protein fibers inside the cells.

169) The _____ system is the only system in which there are different organs in males and females. A) reproductive B) integumentary C) muscular D) cardiovascular E) digestive

169) A The reproductive system is the only system in the body in which males and females have different organs. Different sex cells are produced along with different hormones. The male reproductive system must deliver sperm into the female's reproductive tract, and the female's reproductive system must support the development of the embryo, fetus, and newborn.

170) The respiratory system would respond to a change in A) oxygen levels only. B) blood sugar levels. C) the body's fluid levels. D) oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. E) body temperature.

170) D The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and rids the body of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it responds to changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The other stimuli listed are responded to by other systems.

18) Dietary supplements are safe to use due to the governmental testing they go through before they are approved for sale. ⊚ true ⊚ false

18) FALSE Dietary supplements are nutrients and plant products (such as herbal teas) that are used to enhance health. The U.S. government does not require dietary supplements to undergo the same safety and regulations that new prescription drugs must complete before they are approved. Therefore, many herbal products have not been tested scientifically to determine their benefits.

20) Fats are absorbed by the epithelial cells of villi in the intestinal tract and enter the capillary beds of the circulatory system. ⊚ true ⊚ false

20) FALSE Fats, unlike amino acids and simple sugars, move into lacteals (microscopic lymph vessels) and are carried through the lymph system and put into the bloodstream at the subclavian veins along with the rest of the lymph.

21) On average, 90% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. ⊚ true ⊚ false

21) FALSE Only 10% of the energy is transferred from one level to the next.

27) Which of the following examples describes genetic drift? A) A forest fire kills all plant life south of a highway. B) Rabbits with longer fur survive the winter. C) Insects resistant to insecticide survive crop dusting. D) Colorful lizards living on brown leaves are most often eaten by predators. E) Plants with larger flowers attract more butterflies than plants with smaller flowers.

27) A Genetic drift refers to random survival and reproduction, regardless of adaptive traits.

28) If the average tail size of a reptile continually got smaller through generations, this would be an example of A) disruptive selection. B) stabilizing selection. C) directional selection. D) genetic drift. E) bottleneck effect.

28) C Directional selection occurs when one extreme variant is selected, no other phenotypes are as successful, and this trait increases in frequency over time.

30) In the process of natural selection, individuals that are most fit are the ones that A) survive the longest. B) reproduce the most. C) migrate every year. D) have the most genetic mutations. E) are the most physically fit.

30) B The most fit individuals are those that produce the most offspring.

31) Biotic environments that influence natural selection include all but which of the following? A) competition B) predation C) parasitism D) weather E) disease

31) D An organism's biotic environment consists of all the factors involving living organisms, such as predators, parasites, and competitors.

32) A group of field mice crosses a highway and joins a new population of field mice on the other side, producing offspring with this population. This is an example of A) gene flow. B) genetic drift. C) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. D) assortative mating. E) hybridization.

32) A Gene flow, also called gene migration, is the movement of alleles among populations by migration of breeding individuals.

33) A female peacock chooses a mate based on his showy plumage and courtship dance. This is an example of A) randommating. B) assortative mating. C) sexual selection. D) gene flow. E) natural selection.

33) C Females choosing males based on specific traits is defined as sexual selection.

34) Microevolution is influenced by which of the following? A) mutation B) gene flow C) natural selection D) genetic drift E) All of the above answers describe factors that influence microevolution.

34) E Microevolution is influenced by mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, natural selection, and genetic drift.

37) All of the genes and all of their associated alleleswithin a population represent the population's A) genotype. B) gene flow. C) gene pool. D) genome. E) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

37) C The gene pool is defined as all the alleles of all the genes within a population.

39) In regards to natural selection, which of the following individuals would be considered the most fit? A) the individual that has the longest canine teeth B) the individual that has the greatest number of breeding opportunities C) the individual that has the best camouflage to avoid predators D) the individual that controls the largest territory E) the individual that has the greatest number of offspring

39) E Fitness is defined as the individual that can reproduce the greatest number of offspring.

41) In the three-domain system of classification A) eukaryotes are more similar to the prokaryotes now classified in domain Bacteria than to those now classified in domain Archaea. B) animals and plants are less similar to each other than to the prokaryotes now classified in domain Archaea. C) prokaryotes are classified into two domains, with the organisms in domain Archaea more similar to eukaryotes than to the prokaryotes in domain Bacteria. D) cladistics alone are used to formulate the new phylogenetic tree of life. E) by the principle of parsimony, it requires fewer assumptions to divide the prokaryotes into two domains than it does to put them in a single domain.

41) C Analysis of rRNA genes indicate that some prokaryotes, now classified as the domain Archaea, are more similar to eukaryotes than to the other prokaryotes that are now classified in the domain Bacteria.

42) Which of the following is a postzygotic isolating mechanism for two species found in the same geographical location? A) The two species occupy different habitats. B) The two species are active during different parts of the day. C) The two species mate during different times of the year. D) The two species have incompatible genitalia. E) The two species can mate, but the offspring are sterile.

42) E The instance where the two species are capable of mating but produce sterile offspring is an example of a postzygotic isolating mechanism because the event that prevents the two species from interbreeding occurs after conception.

44) Elaborate courtship behavior in animals, such as with the blue-footed boobies of the Galápagos Islands, is an example of which of the following reproductive barriers? A) behavioral isolation B) mechanical isolation C) temporal isolation D) postzygotic isolation E) hybrid sterility

44) A Because female blue-footed boobies reject mates that do not perform the correct courtship behavior, this is an example of a behavioral isolation mechanism.

45) A major difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation is whether A) the resulting species are reproductively isolated or not. B) gene flow continues to occur or not. C) two or three species result. D) geographic isolation is required or not. E) the new species are separated by a prezygotic or postzygotic isolating mechanism.

45) D The prefix allo- means "different," whereas the prefix sym- means "same." The root word of both terms, patria, loosely means "homeland." Thus, the two types of speciation are differentiated by whether or not geographical isolation is required—allopatric meaning "different homeland," and sympatric meaning "same homeland."

46) Significant mass extinctions occurred during which of the following peroids? A) Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Triassic B) Ordovician, Triassic, and Jurassic C) Triassic, Permian, and Cretaceous D) Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian E) Ordovician, Triassic, Jurassic, Silurian, Eocene, and Oligocene

46) D The Triassic, Permian, Cretaceous, Pleistocene, Ordovician, and Devonian periods all ended with mass extinction events. However, most scientists also agree that mass extinctions continue throughout the modern Holocene epoch due to the activities of human civilization.

47) Which of the following is thought to have contributed to the many mass extinction events that have occurred throughout Earth's history? A) plate tectonics B) habitat loss C) meteorite impacts D) continental drift E) All of the above describe factors that have contributed to mass extinctions events.

47) E The movement of continents (continental drift) as a result of plate tectonic activity is thought to have greatly reduced some types of habitats and contributed to mass extinction events at various times. Likewise, cataclysmic events such as a meteorite impact may have caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs.

50) Which of the following would be considered analogous structures? A) the forelimb of a bat and the forelimb of a horse B) the wings of a fly and the wings of a sparrow C) the pelvis of a human and the pelvis of a whale D) the flipper of a dolphin and the arm of a human E) the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a reptile

50) B Analogous structures are those that evolve separately to achieve the same function and often appear in unrelated organisms. The wings of insects and the wings of birds both serve the same purpose.

51) The presence of which feature is the first step to being classified in domain Eukarya? A) membrane-bound nucleus B) ribosomes C) cell wall D) chloroplast E) mitochondria

51) A Eukaryotic organisms are classified as such due to the presence of a membrane-bound nucleus. Most of the other features listed here can be found in members of domain Bacteria and domain Archaea as well as domain Eukarya. However, mitochondria and chloroplasts are not traits shared by the prokaryotic domains.

53) Sympatric speciation occurs more commonly in which types of organisms? A) plants B) humans C) birds D) fish E) insects

53) A Plants are more prone to sympatric speciation because hybrid sterility is not as much of a problem for plants as it is for other organisms. Because plants are tolerant of polyploidy, the doubling of chromosomes within a hybrid may allow it to undergo meiosis successfully and reproduce, producing a new species.

54) Which of the following is inconsistent with the punctuated equilibrium model? A) There is a period of no change interrupted by speciation. B) Transitional fossils are less likely to be found. C) It is difficult to determine when speciation occurred. D) It often involves an isolated subpopulation. E) Speciation often occurs rapidly.

54) C In the punctuated equilibrium model, speciation occurs rapidly after long periods of little to no change, making transitional fossils rare. Rapid speciation events can occur from isolated populations, but once fossils of the new species are discovered, it is relatively straightforward to determine the point in time at which the speciation event occurred.

55) How are the algae traditionally categorized? A) by the mode of motility B) by their method of sexual reproduction C) by the the color of their pigment D) by the type of habitat in which they are found E) by their mode of feeding

55) C The algae are traditionally classified on the basis of the pigments in their chloroplasts: green algae, red algae, golden-brown algae, and brown algae.

56) Which of the following is a characteristic only found in some viruses? A) an inner core of nucleic acid B) a protein capsid C) is an obligate intracellular parasite D) an envelope E) genomes consisting of either DNA or RNA

56) D Some viruses have envelopes, but many do not.

58) Which is the correct order of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage? A) attachment - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - release B) integration - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - release C) attachment - integration - biosynthesis - maturation - release D) attachment - biosynthesis - maturation - release E) penetration - attachment - biosynthesis - release - maturation

58) A A bacteriophage first attaches to the surface of a compatible bacterial host cell; then its nucleic acid penetrates the cell wall and membrane. The nucleic acid instructs the host cell to synthesize new phage components, which must assemble during the maturation phase. Finally, the phage causes the host cell to lyse, releasing new bacteriophages.

6) Transport in xylem is typically upward, while transport in phloem can be in any direction in the plant. ⊚ true ⊚ false

6) TRUE In xylem, transport is generally one way—upward towards the leaves. Water is absorbed through the roots, and the water column rises upward through xylem as transpiration occurs within the leaves. In phloem, the contents may move both ways. During the summer, sugars are produced in the leaves, and transported downward to the stems and roots where it is often needed. In early spring, this flow may reverse—newly formed leaves need sugar, and stored sugars in the stems and roots may be transported upward to support new leaf growth.

68) Which of the following groups contains the foraminifera? A) stramenopiles B) apicomplexans C) dinoflagellates D) rhizaria E) ameobozoa

68) D The rhizarians are all amoeba-like organisms, meaning they do not have a defined body shape. The difference between the rhizarians and other amoeba-like protists is that the rhizarians generally produce external shells. For example, the foraminifera are marine organisms that produce a hard external shell, called a test.

72) What evidence supports the idea that archaea are more closely related to eukaryotesthan to bacteria? A) Archaea and eukaryotes initiate transcription in the same fashion. B) Archaea and eukaryotes both have cell walls with peptidoglycan. C) Archaea and eukaryotes share some ribosomal proteins and have similar types of tRNA. D) Archaea and eukaryotes initiate transcription in the same fashion, share some ribosomal proteins, and have similar types of tRNA. E) None of the choices supporta close relationship between eukaryotes and archaea.

72) D Some of the most compelling evidence in support of a close relationship between archaea and eukaryotes is similarity in the means of expressing genetic information. Peptidoglycan is only found in the cell walls of bacteria.

73) Without bacteria in the environment, A) adequate amounts of carbon would not be available to living organisms. B) plants would not be able to grow due to lack of nitrogen. C) bioremediation would have limited use as a tool to clean up pollutants. D) there would be a shortage of decomposer organisms. E) All of the choices are correct.

73) E Bacteria are vital, natural parts of all ecosystems, and are now harnessed by humans to repair damaged ecosystems through bioremediation.

74) Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis? A) Double membranes are around mitochondria and chloroplasts. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes. C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can synthesize proteins. D) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are strikingly similar to bacterial genes. E) All of the above statements provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

74) E If certain bacteria were engulfed by primitive eukaryotic cells and not digested, then they would acquire an extra membrane outside the original bacterial plasma membrane; this would explain the double membrane structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Since bacteria have their own genetic material, mitochondria and chloroplasts would be expected, as descendants of free-living bacteria, to have their own DNA and ribosomes. Thus, mitochondria and chloroplasts can carry out their own protein synthesis.

75) You discover a green, filamentous multicellular eukaryote growing at the edge of a pond. How could you determine if the organism is a green alga or a plant? A) Test for the presence of chlorophylls a and b. B) Examine the cell walls to see if they are composed of cellulose. C) See if the organism stores its excess carbohydrates in the form of starch. D) Determine if the organism protects its zygotes. E) Determine if the organism protects and nourishes its embryos.

75) E Only plants protect and nourish the embryo.

76) Which structure is a characteristic found onlyin angiosperms? A) vascular tissue B) seed C) leaf D) flower E) megaphyll

76) D Angiosperms are also known as the flowering plants.

77) The gametophyte is the dominant generation in A) angiosperms. B) gymnosperms. C) ferns. D) mosses. E) all land plants.

77) D Only in nonvascular plants, such as mosses, is the gametophyte generation dominant.

79) While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is A) a lycophyte. B) an angiosperm. C) a gymnosperm. D) a bryophyte. E) not a plant but a charophyte.

79) D Bryophytes, such as mosses, are nonvascular plants. Charophytes also lack vascular tissue, but would be unable to survive in a land environment.

8) The application of abscisic acid to a plant may prevent fruit maturation. ⊚ true ⊚ false

8) TRUE Although ethylene is normally thought to bring about the abscission of fruit, the application of abscisic acid can also bring about fruit drop. If it is applied while fruit is developing, the fruit may drop before it is finished maturing.

80) Which of these is mismatched? A) bryophytes -flagellated sperm B) lycophytes -microphylls C) ferns -megaphylls D) gymnosperms -fruits E) angiosperms -seeds

80) D Gymnosperms produce "naked" seeds that are not enclosed in fruits.

81) Part Z is A) stored food. B) the sporophyteembryo. C) the seedcoat. D) the gametophyteembryo. E) vasculartissue.

81) A X is the seed coat, Y is the sporophyte embryo, and Z is the stored food.

82) Which of these is mismatched? A) carpel -ovary B) stamen -anther C) calyx -stigma D) corolla -petal E) stamen -filament

82) C The calyx consists of the sepals. The stigma is part of the carpel.

83) Which of these is found in the moss life cycle? A) double fertilization B) pollen C) megaspore D) flagellated sperm E) microspore

83) D The only characteristic listed that is found in the nonvascular plants (such as moss) is flagellated sperm. The rest of the characteristics listed evolved after that nonvascular plants.

84) Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by A) gymnosperms. B) bryophytes. C) angiosperms. D) charophytes. E) lycophytes.

84) C Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are all fruits, which are characteristic of angiosperms.

87) Many garden supply stores sell root dips used to treat plants that are being transplanted. Such dips are advertised as containing spores. What kind of spores should these dips contain? A) mycorrhizal fungi B) chytrids C) lycophytes D) yeasts E) lichens

87) A Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with plant roots and help the plants to thrive.

88) Why are green algae placed in the kingdomProtista, while plants are given their own kingdom? A) Plants enclose and protect the embryo within the female plant, while green algae do not. B) The green algae use chlorophyll a, while plants use chlorophyll b. C) Green algae have a cell wall of chitin, while plants have cell walls of cellulose. D) All plants are vascular, while all green algae are nonvascular. E) Algae are sporophytes that reproduce only asexually, while plants are gametophytes and reproduce sexually.

88) A Although algae and plants do share a number of similarities, there are also some very important differences between the two. Among these differences are the protection and nourishment of the developing embryo, the formation of vascular tissue, and the development of seeds as a means of reproduction.

9) Plants are naturally able to reproduce asexually because they contain meristematic tissue. ⊚ true ⊚ false

9) TRUE Meristem tissue contains undifferentiated cells that may develop into a new plant.

92) If you are studying a eukaryotic, multicellular, non-photosynthetic organism, what piece of information would be most useful in determining if it is a fungus or an animal? A) It is motile. B) It has cell walls. C) It ingests or absorbs its food. D) It has specialized tissues and organs. E) All of the choices would be equally useful.

92) B One of the primary differences between animals and fungi is the presence or absence of a cell wall. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while animal cells lack cell walls entirely.

93) Which of these is mismatched? A) ovule - seed B) ovary - fruit C) microspore mothercell - pollen D) embryo - malegametophyte E) megaspore mothercell - female gametophyte

93) D The embryo is the immature sporophyte, which grows into the sporophyte plant.

94) Beekeepers and scientists are very troubled by a recent decline in bee populations around the world. What would you predict as a likely consequence of the widespread disappearance of bees? A) loss of crop productivity B) decline in conifer numbers C) disappearance of mosses and ferns D) inability of plants to obtain enough nitrogen E) increase in prevalence of seedless vascular plants

94) A Most of our crop plants are angiosperms, and many of their flowers are adapted to bees as pollinators. If there are no pollinators, there would be no fruit and no new crop plants (because there would be no seeds).

96) If a plant has vascular tissue, megaphylls, and seeds, but not flowers, then it is a(n) A) angiosperm. B) gymnosperm. C) lycophyte. D) fern. E) bryophyte.

96) B Gymnosperms are seed-producing vascular plants with megaphylls, but they do not produce flowers.

98) Which of these is a chordate characteristic? A) notochord B) pharyngeal pouches C) postanal tail D) coelom E) All of the above are chodate characteristics.

98) E All of the answers describe chordate characteristics.

99) Which feature is necessary in order to classify an organism as an ecdysozoan? A) nonlivingexoskeleton B) endoskeleton madeof chitin C) closed circulatorysystem D) open circulatorysystem E) gills

99) A The key feature for an organism to be classified as an ecdysozoan is the presence of an exoskeleton (cuticle).