Bio FINAL
Trachea
Allows air to pass to and from lungs
filter feeding
method in which food particles are filtered from water as it passes by or through some part of the organism
Order Primates
monkeys, apes, and humans
placental mammals
Mammals that nourish their unborn offspring through a placenta (cord) inside the female mammal.
detritivores
feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter
Class Mammalia characteristics
fur/hair mammary glands live births (mostly) types of teeth 4-chambered heart
polyp
growth extending from the surface of mucous membrane
incomplete gut
gut has a single opening rather than a separate mouth and anus
deposit feeders
ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface
Carbohydrates function
main source of energy
Class Mammalia
mammals
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
open circulatory system
A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood
medusa
A cnidarian body plan characterized by a bowl shape and adapted for a free-swimming life.
Barr body
A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
sexual selection
A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
haplodiploid sex determination
A form of sex determination (found in several groups of arthropods) in which unfertilized eggs develop as males and fertilized eggs as females.
Fragmentation
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
sequential hermaphroditism
A reproductive pattern in which an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food.
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
2 chambered heart
Blood enters through atrium and pumped through the ventricle, Fish have this kind of heart
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
carnivores
Consumers that eat only animals
herbivores
Consumers that eat only plants
sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
gastrovascular cavity
Digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food
continous feeders
EX: grazing animals Most common in animals that consume either or bot a) low quality foodstuffs (like grasses) b) foodstuffs that are scattered in small quantities across large areas
monotremes
Egg laying mammals
Class Reptillia
Examples of Animals: lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators Characteristics: bilateral, dry scaley skin, live on the land, lungs, 2 pairs of appandages-4 legs, vertibal column, endoskelton
heterodont definition
Having different kinds of teeth; characteristic of mammals, whose teeth consist of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
mantel cavity
Hosts respiratory organs and facilitates evacuation of excretory and reproductive products
hemolymph
In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
Capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
book lungs
Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
Class Aves characteristics
Reproduction: lay eggs (oviparous) Scales: legs with scales Feathers: derived from scales Endothermic: share with mammals Nitrogenous wastes as uric acid Respiration: lungs with air sacs (one-way air flow) Heart: four chambered Bills: adapted for specific kinds of food Digestive system: • crop: food storage and quizzard for food grinding
sex determination
The biological mechanism that determines whether an organism will develop as a male or female
diffusion gradient
The difference in molecular concentration that allows diffusion to occur.
planula
a free-swimming coelenterate larva with a flattened, ciliated, solid body.
3 chambered heart
amphibians and reptiles
fluid feeders
an animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism
Class Aves
birds
4 chambered heart
birds and mammals
Clade Archosauria
birds, crocodilians, and extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs
Macronutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Artieries
carry blood away from the heart
Ruminant animals
cattle, sheep, goats, deer
Animals without circulatory systems
cnidarians (jellies, anemonies, corals) and platyhelminthids (flatworms), cells are close enough to the surface that nutrients, gases, and water can enter and exit by diffusion
Order Crocodilia
crocodiles, alligators, caimans
Tempature-dependent sex determination
depends on tempature to determine their sex
Omnivores
eat both plants and animals
surface absorption
entry of a substance into the body directly through the skin or mucous membrane
bird respiration
most efficient of all land vertebrates, one way flow through lungs negative pressure, pathway through air sacs and lungs Birds do not have a diaphragm; instead, air is moved in and out of the respiratory system through pressure changes in the air sacs. Muscles in the chest cause the sternum to be pushed outward. This creates a negative pressure in the air sacs, causing air to enter the respiratory system. Bird lungs do not expand or contract like the lungs of mammals. In mammalian lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in microscopic sacs in the lungs, called 'alveoli.' In the avian lung, the gas exchange occurs in the walls of microscopic tubules, called 'air capillaries.'
Clade Archosauria characteristic
muscular Gizzard skull opening in front of eyes (lost in crocodilians) teeth set into sockets. birds teeths set into sockets in the jaw lost in
synapsid skull
one opening behind eye socket
marsupial
pouched mammal (like a kangaroo)
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
parthogenesis
reproduction that consists of only females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs
mammary glads
secrete milk
Order Rodentia
squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, and rats top and bottom incisors never stop growing.
Omasum
the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum.
countercurrent exchange
the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
complete gut
two openings, a mouth an and anus
Micro nutrients
vitamins, minerals, water