Bio FINAL

Trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

filter feeding

method in which food particles are filtered from water as it passes by or through some part of the organism

Order Primates

monkeys, apes, and humans

placental mammals

Mammals that nourish their unborn offspring through a placenta (cord) inside the female mammal.

detritivores

feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

Class Mammalia characteristics

fur/hair mammary glands live births (mostly) types of teeth 4-chambered heart

polyp

growth extending from the surface of mucous membrane

incomplete gut

gut has a single opening rather than a separate mouth and anus

deposit feeders

ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface

Carbohydrates function

main source of energy

Class Mammalia

mammals

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

medusa

A cnidarian body plan characterized by a bowl shape and adapted for a free-swimming life.

Barr body

A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome.

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.

sexual selection

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

haplodiploid sex determination

A form of sex determination (found in several groups of arthropods) in which unfertilized eggs develop as males and fertilized eggs as females.

Fragmentation

A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

sequential hermaphroditism

A reproductive pattern in which an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.

sexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

2 chambered heart

Blood enters through atrium and pumped through the ventricle, Fish have this kind of heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

carnivores

Consumers that eat only animals

herbivores

Consumers that eat only plants

sexual dimorphism

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

gastrovascular cavity

Digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food

continous feeders

EX: grazing animals Most common in animals that consume either or bot a) low quality foodstuffs (like grasses) b) foodstuffs that are scattered in small quantities across large areas

monotremes

Egg laying mammals

Class Reptillia

Examples of Animals: lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators Characteristics: bilateral, dry scaley skin, live on the land, lungs, 2 pairs of appandages-4 legs, vertibal column, endoskelton

heterodont definition

Having different kinds of teeth; characteristic of mammals, whose teeth consist of incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

mantel cavity

Hosts respiratory organs and facilitates evacuation of excretory and reproductive products

hemolymph

In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

book lungs

Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.

Class Aves characteristics

Reproduction: lay eggs (oviparous) Scales: legs with scales Feathers: derived from scales Endothermic: share with mammals Nitrogenous wastes as uric acid Respiration: lungs with air sacs (one-way air flow) Heart: four chambered Bills: adapted for specific kinds of food Digestive system: • crop: food storage and quizzard for food grinding

sex determination

The biological mechanism that determines whether an organism will develop as a male or female

diffusion gradient

The difference in molecular concentration that allows diffusion to occur.

planula

a free-swimming coelenterate larva with a flattened, ciliated, solid body.

3 chambered heart

amphibians and reptiles

fluid feeders

an animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism

Class Aves

birds

4 chambered heart

birds and mammals

Clade Archosauria

birds, crocodilians, and extinct dinosaurs and pterosaurs

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Artieries

carry blood away from the heart

Ruminant animals

cattle, sheep, goats, deer

Animals without circulatory systems

cnidarians (jellies, anemonies, corals) and platyhelminthids (flatworms), cells are close enough to the surface that nutrients, gases, and water can enter and exit by diffusion

Order Crocodilia

crocodiles, alligators, caimans

Tempature-dependent sex determination

depends on tempature to determine their sex

Omnivores

eat both plants and animals

surface absorption

entry of a substance into the body directly through the skin or mucous membrane

bird respiration

most efficient of all land vertebrates, one way flow through lungs negative pressure, pathway through air sacs and lungs Birds do not have a diaphragm; instead, air is moved in and out of the respiratory system through pressure changes in the air sacs. Muscles in the chest cause the sternum to be pushed outward. This creates a negative pressure in the air sacs, causing air to enter the respiratory system. Bird lungs do not expand or contract like the lungs of mammals. In mammalian lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in microscopic sacs in the lungs, called 'alveoli.' In the avian lung, the gas exchange occurs in the walls of microscopic tubules, called 'air capillaries.'

Clade Archosauria characteristic

muscular Gizzard skull opening in front of eyes (lost in crocodilians) teeth set into sockets. birds teeths set into sockets in the jaw lost in

synapsid skull

one opening behind eye socket

marsupial

pouched mammal (like a kangaroo)

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

parthogenesis

reproduction that consists of only females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs

mammary glads

secrete milk

Order Rodentia

squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, gophers, muskrats, mice, and rats top and bottom incisors never stop growing.

Omasum

the muscular third stomach of a ruminant animal, between the reticulum and the abomasum.

countercurrent exchange

the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.

complete gut

two openings, a mouth an and anus

Micro nutrients

vitamins, minerals, water