Bio II Chapter 21

when two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, we observe

convergent evolution

which is true about convergent evolution

convergent evolution is frequently documented

Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit ___ evolution, in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from common ancestral trait exhibit___

convergent, homology

which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution

fossils

drosophila melanogaster

fruit fly

when genetic phenomena may be responsible for unintentional selection

gene linkage, pleiotropy

the fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited rapid and substantial __ in their size

growth

structures with different appearances and functions that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor are called __ structures

homologous

scientists have observed that light colored moths decrease in abundance in areas that are

industrialized

artificial selection may result in traits that are

intended, unintended, desirable, undesirable

one of the most successful studies in showing evolution by natural selection is the one done by peter and rosemary grans on the galapagos islands, these scientists studied a bird that was referred to by the common name of ___ finch

medium ground

the jet black form of the peppered moth is also known as the __form

melanic

a common criticism of evolution is that selection only produces__ changed and cannot produce the variety of __ documented in the fossil record

minor, species

which of the following are features of hyracotherium, the earliest known members of the horse family, as revealed bu the fossil record

short legs, small body size, broad feet

feeding habits of warbler finches, ground finches, "vampire" finches

small narrow beaks, crushing beaks, and sharp beaks

which of the following statements about natural selection is true

some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment

JWTutt proposed that light colored moths were more visible to predators on

sooty trees that have lost their lichens due to pollution

island species are usually most closely related to

species on nearby continents

archaeopteryx also has many features of carnivorous dinosaurs, for example __ in its mouth and a bony__

teeth, tail

how does the climate drive evolution in the medium ground finch

the climate impacts the size of seeds, which acts as a selective force for beak size

example of homology

vertebrate forelimbs

Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was

very rare

which of the following are anatomical features that provide evidence of evolution

vestigal structures, early embryonic similarities, homologous structures

a___ structure has no apparent function in a species, but is fully functional in the species ancestors

vestigial

supporters of intelligent design cannot explain the presence of

vestigial structures, imperfect adaptations

series of events to produce rock fossil

1. organisms become buried in sediments 2. hard tissues mineralize 3. surrounding sediment hardens into rock

Many studies have shown that in polluted areas the___ form of the peppered moth is favored by natural selection, and in unpolluted areas, the ___ form of the moth is favored

Dark (melanic), light (peppered)

Absolute dating

Ricks are dated based on changed in their isotopic composition

Relative dating

Rocks are dated on their position

what is correct about pseudogenes

They are made inactive by mutation, they are also known as fossil genes

what are some fossil findings in recent years that have bridged major gaps in our understanding of vertebrate evolution

a four legged aquatic mammal that links marine mammals to their terrestrial ancestors, Titaallik, a species that is transitional between fish and amphibians, a fossil snake with legs that links modern snakes to the lizards from which they descended

predominant adaptive changed that occurred between the first members of the horse family and its modern representatives

appearance of hooves, increase in body size, increase in the size of molars

the __ content in corn kernels has been increased dramatically by over 90 generations of __ selection

artificial

the correspondence between the size of ___ in different species on Galapagos and their ___ source suggested to Darwin that natural selection acted on those birds.

beaks, food

why is evolution considered a theory

because it helps explain a very wide range of observations, because it is supported by a large body of evidence

why did darwin infer that finches on galapagos islands had undergone evolution by natural selection

because of the close correspondence between their beaks and their food

__is the study of the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species

biogeography

economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include

cattle, pigs, and corn

When did humans begin to utilize artificial selection

centuries and millennia ago

Scientists have observed that when air pollution is significantly reduced, the frequency of melanic form of peppered moths

decreases

what does artificial selection contradict the claim that selection can only produce minor evolutionary change

differences

finches on the galapagos islands exhibit remarkable variation in the shape of their beaks. What best explains this variation.

differences in their feeding habits

what type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils

direct

match organisms to vestigal structures, humans, boa constrictors, manatees, whales,cave fish

ear wiggling muscles, hip bones, fingernails on fins, pelvic bones, rudimentary eyes

fossils include

remains preserved in rocks, specimens in amber, preserved in dry caves, and permafrost

the human __ is an example of imperfect adaption, this because very evident when it is compared with that of mollusks

eye

the forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ___ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a ___ structure

homologous, vestigal

Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called___ structures, while ___ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.

homologous, vestigial

the primary difference between natural and artificial selection is

how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)

example of vestigal structures

human coccyx

darwin noted that ___ communities are often missing plants and animals typically found on continents

island

example of embryonic development

lanugo

The grants were able to show that after dry years, when __ seeds are produced, the average beak depth of medium ground finches__

large, increased

which are reasons why the fossil record is incomplete

many fossils occur in rocks that are inaccessible, organisms decay or are scavenged before forming fossils, fossils can be destroyed before they are collected

the significant changed illustrated by artificial selection provide strong support for the power of __ selection

natural

understand that the primary process responsible for evolution is

natural selection

which of the following are developmental features observed in human embryos, but not in adults

relatively long, bony tail, a fine fur, and pharyngeal pouches

early human embryos have __ pouches which indicate that one of our earliest ancestors was an aquatic species

pharyngeal

varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection

pigeons, dogs, corn, and cats. not galapagos finches, and oak trees.

at the horse family fossil record became more complete, scientists realized that the evolution of horses was not linear, constant, and unidirectional. why

the rates of evolution varied through time w/ long periods of little or no change, change often occurred simultaneously across the different lineages of the horse family, in some lineages completely opposite trends are observed

What feature of horses has strengthened over time in order to deal with stress imposed by continuous chewing

their skull

what is true about island trees

they are members of families that typically exist as flowers or shrubs, and are tall and have a tough covering

most of the species that we use as food do not look like their ancestral species anymore. how have humans achieved that

through selective breeding

How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies

traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have

even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called___ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred

transitional

match marsupial mammals to placental mammals that look similar and occupy a similar niche

wolf to thylacine, flying squirrel to flying phalanger, ocelot to tasmanian quoli

the short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was

wooded areas