Bio II Chapter 21
when two species from different lineages independently evolve similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments, we observe
convergent evolution
which is true about convergent evolution
convergent evolution is frequently documented
Structures that have evolved separately but look very similar exhibit ___ evolution, in contrast, structures that evolved through modification from common ancestral trait exhibit___
convergent, homology
which of the following is the most direct evidence for evolution
fossils
drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly
when genetic phenomena may be responsible for unintentional selection
gene linkage, pleiotropy
the fossil record reveals that during the last 25 million years most of the lineages in the horse family have exhibited rapid and substantial __ in their size
growth
structures with different appearances and functions that are derived from the same body part in a common ancestor are called __ structures
homologous
scientists have observed that light colored moths decrease in abundance in areas that are
industrialized
artificial selection may result in traits that are
intended, unintended, desirable, undesirable
one of the most successful studies in showing evolution by natural selection is the one done by peter and rosemary grans on the galapagos islands, these scientists studied a bird that was referred to by the common name of ___ finch
medium ground
the jet black form of the peppered moth is also known as the __form
melanic
a common criticism of evolution is that selection only produces__ changed and cannot produce the variety of __ documented in the fossil record
minor, species
which of the following are features of hyracotherium, the earliest known members of the horse family, as revealed bu the fossil record
short legs, small body size, broad feet
feeding habits of warbler finches, ground finches, "vampire" finches
small narrow beaks, crushing beaks, and sharp beaks
which of the following statements about natural selection is true
some organisms do not appear to be perfectly adapted to their environment
JWTutt proposed that light colored moths were more visible to predators on
sooty trees that have lost their lichens due to pollution
island species are usually most closely related to
species on nearby continents
archaeopteryx also has many features of carnivorous dinosaurs, for example __ in its mouth and a bony__
teeth, tail
how does the climate drive evolution in the medium ground finch
the climate impacts the size of seeds, which acts as a selective force for beak size
example of homology
vertebrate forelimbs
Prior to 1850, the melanic form of the peppered moth in Europe was
very rare
which of the following are anatomical features that provide evidence of evolution
vestigal structures, early embryonic similarities, homologous structures
a___ structure has no apparent function in a species, but is fully functional in the species ancestors
vestigial
supporters of intelligent design cannot explain the presence of
vestigial structures, imperfect adaptations
series of events to produce rock fossil
1. organisms become buried in sediments 2. hard tissues mineralize 3. surrounding sediment hardens into rock
Many studies have shown that in polluted areas the___ form of the peppered moth is favored by natural selection, and in unpolluted areas, the ___ form of the moth is favored
Dark (melanic), light (peppered)
Absolute dating
Ricks are dated based on changed in their isotopic composition
Relative dating
Rocks are dated on their position
what is correct about pseudogenes
They are made inactive by mutation, they are also known as fossil genes
what are some fossil findings in recent years that have bridged major gaps in our understanding of vertebrate evolution
a four legged aquatic mammal that links marine mammals to their terrestrial ancestors, Titaallik, a species that is transitional between fish and amphibians, a fossil snake with legs that links modern snakes to the lizards from which they descended
predominant adaptive changed that occurred between the first members of the horse family and its modern representatives
appearance of hooves, increase in body size, increase in the size of molars
the __ content in corn kernels has been increased dramatically by over 90 generations of __ selection
artificial
the correspondence between the size of ___ in different species on Galapagos and their ___ source suggested to Darwin that natural selection acted on those birds.
beaks, food
why is evolution considered a theory
because it helps explain a very wide range of observations, because it is supported by a large body of evidence
why did darwin infer that finches on galapagos islands had undergone evolution by natural selection
because of the close correspondence between their beaks and their food
__is the study of the geographic distribution of modern and extinct species
biogeography
economically important organisms that have been modified significantly through artificial selection include
cattle, pigs, and corn
When did humans begin to utilize artificial selection
centuries and millennia ago
Scientists have observed that when air pollution is significantly reduced, the frequency of melanic form of peppered moths
decreases
what does artificial selection contradict the claim that selection can only produce minor evolutionary change
differences
finches on the galapagos islands exhibit remarkable variation in the shape of their beaks. What best explains this variation.
differences in their feeding habits
what type of evidence for evolution is provided by fossils
direct
match organisms to vestigal structures, humans, boa constrictors, manatees, whales,cave fish
ear wiggling muscles, hip bones, fingernails on fins, pelvic bones, rudimentary eyes
fossils include
remains preserved in rocks, specimens in amber, preserved in dry caves, and permafrost
the human __ is an example of imperfect adaption, this because very evident when it is compared with that of mollusks
eye
the forelimbs of vertebrates are an example of ___ structures, while the human appendix is an example of a ___ structure
homologous, vestigal
Structures that are derived from a common ancestor but with different appearance and function are called___ structures, while ___ structures refers to structures that have little or no function but were functional in an ancestor.
homologous, vestigial
the primary difference between natural and artificial selection is
how the parents are chosen (by humans or because of their reproductive success)
example of vestigal structures
human coccyx
darwin noted that ___ communities are often missing plants and animals typically found on continents
island
example of embryonic development
lanugo
The grants were able to show that after dry years, when __ seeds are produced, the average beak depth of medium ground finches__
large, increased
which are reasons why the fossil record is incomplete
many fossils occur in rocks that are inaccessible, organisms decay or are scavenged before forming fossils, fossils can be destroyed before they are collected
the significant changed illustrated by artificial selection provide strong support for the power of __ selection
natural
understand that the primary process responsible for evolution is
natural selection
which of the following are developmental features observed in human embryos, but not in adults
relatively long, bony tail, a fine fur, and pharyngeal pouches
early human embryos have __ pouches which indicate that one of our earliest ancestors was an aquatic species
pharyngeal
varieties of which of the following organisms are the result of artificial selection
pigeons, dogs, corn, and cats. not galapagos finches, and oak trees.
at the horse family fossil record became more complete, scientists realized that the evolution of horses was not linear, constant, and unidirectional. why
the rates of evolution varied through time w/ long periods of little or no change, change often occurred simultaneously across the different lineages of the horse family, in some lineages completely opposite trends are observed
What feature of horses has strengthened over time in order to deal with stress imposed by continuous chewing
their skull
what is true about island trees
they are members of families that typically exist as flowers or shrubs, and are tall and have a tough covering
most of the species that we use as food do not look like their ancestral species anymore. how have humans achieved that
through selective breeding
How are traits produced by convergent evolution different from homologies
traits produced by convergent evolution have not evolved from a common ancestral trait, while homologies have
even though there are gaps in the fossil record, some of the most direct evidence for evolution comes from fossils called___ fossils that illustrate how certain major transformations in life forms occurred
transitional
match marsupial mammals to placental mammals that look similar and occupy a similar niche
wolf to thylacine, flying squirrel to flying phalanger, ocelot to tasmanian quoli
the short legs and broad feet of early horses made them well adapted to their habitat which was
wooded areas