BIO MIDTERM 1 CHAPTERS 8-9, CHAPTER 8 - PREPU - FINAL, Chapter 8 - PrepU, chapter 8 practice test

Which of the following is an example of a female mating with a male only after submitting him to a courtship ritual?

A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has built for her

Which of the following is an example of a female mating with a male only after submitting him to a courtship ritual:

A female bower bird will mate with a male only after inspecting the small thatched structure he has built for her.

A population is

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same general location and have the potential to interbreed.

Genetic Drift

A random change in allele frequencies, unrelated to any allele's influence on reproductive success.

Among the following group of organisms, which of the following would be considered the "fittest" organism?

A small black spider that hatches 100 spiderlings

Which of the following statements about mutations is incorrect?

All of these statements are correct.

Which of the following statements about mutations is NOT true?

All of these statements are true.

Mutation

An alteration of the base-pair sequence in the DNA of an individual's gamete-producing cells that changes an allele's frequency.

What is the ultimate explanation for modern human preference for fatty foods?

Ancestral humans that preferred fatty foods were less likely to starve, leaving more offspring to the next generation.

What can be concluded about comparing differences in molecular biology between different species?

genetic similarities and differences demonstrate species relatedness.

Because it is possible for a female to mate with multiple males, any of whom could be the father, male mammals and birds will always:

have some degree of paternity uncertainty.

Assume that you carry an allele, R, that causes you to help individuals to whom you are not related. This help increases their fitness and decreases yours. What would make the frequency of allele R may still increase in the population?

if individuals you help are likely to return the favor and help you at some point in the future.

Natural selection results from interactions between:

individual organisms and their environment.

Behaviors that do not require environmental input for their development are called:

instincts.

Maze-running behavior in rats:

is a heritable trait

Evolution:

is responsible for the increased occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Radiometric dating is useful in conjunction with the study of the fossil record because:

it allows a determination not only of the relative ages of different fossils, but their absolute ages as well.

To demonstrate evolution by natural selection, all of the following conditions must be satisfied EXCEPT:

low environmental variation.

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from female?

males produce motile gametes.

Adaptations shaped by natural selection:

may be out of date, having been shaped in the past under conditions that differed from those in the present.

Adaptions shaped by natural selection:

may be out of date, having been shaped in the past under conditions that differed from those in the present.

In a species such a pigeons, in which males are almost indistinguishable in appearance from females, the most likely mating system is:

monogamy

The sex with the greater energetic investment in reproduction will be ___________________ when it comes to mating.

more discriminating

In a polygynous mating system:

multiple females tend to mate with the same male.

In a polyandrous mating system:

multiple males tend to mate with the same female.

The origin of all genetic variation is:

mutation

Which one of the following statements best describes the difference artificial and natural selection?

natural selection acts without the input of humans; artificial selection requires human input

In a random study of 1,000 wills, it was shown that ___________________ received the smallest share of a deceased's estate.

non-relatives

To establish that evolution by natural selection is operating in a population, one must demonstrate variability for a trait, heritability of that trait, differential reproductive success based on that trait, and:

nothing else.

While on the voyage of the HMS Beagle, Darwin:

nurtured his love of studying nature, exploring plant and animal diversity, and collecting fossils.

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can best be viewed as:

part of the phenotype.

Relative to birds, more mammalian species are:

polygynous

Two types of polygamy are:

polygyny and polyandry.

Behaviors that are learned easily and by all (or nearly all) individuals in a species are called:

prepared learning.

Most mutations are:

random with respect to the environmental needs of the organism in which the mutation takes place.

Mate guarding is a reproductive tactic that functions to:

reduce paternity uncertainty

Evolutionary adaption:

refers both to the process by which populations become better matched to their environment and to the features of an organism that make it more fit than other individuals.

Tiktaalik appears to:

represent a transitional species, somewhere between fish and land animals.

The energy that a parent puts into the growth, feeding, and care of offspring is called:

reproductive investment.

Kin selection is defined as:

selection for a behavior that raises an individual's own chances of survival or reproduction, as well as those of a related individual.

When a group individuals colonizes a new habitat, the event is likely to be an evolutionary event, because:

small founding populations are rarely genetically representative of the initial population.

When a group of individuals colonizes a new habitat, this is likely to be an evolutionary event because:

small founding populations are rarely genetically representative of the initial population.

When a group of individuals colonizes a new habitat, the event is likely to be an evolutionary event because:

small founding populations are really genetically representative of the initial population.

Genetic drift has the strongest effects in populations that are:

small.

Natural selection decreases genetic variability in a population. This statement is:

sometimes correct, especially in cases of stabilizing selection.

Vampire bats:

sometimes regurgitate blood into the mouth of an unrelated bat that is close to starving

George Cuvier's discovery of fossils of Irish elk and giant ground sloths:

supports scientific evidence for extinction.

"Survival of the fittest" may be a misleading phrase to describe the process of evolution by natural selection, because:

survival matters less to natural selection than does reproductive success.

Genetic drift will have the greatest effects for populations:

that are very small.

In a population in which a trait is exposed to stabilizing selection over time:

the average value for the trait stays approximately the same and the variation for the trait decreases.

When a sudden change in the environment, such as a flood or a fire, reduces the size of a population, the survivors' collective gene pool will be only a limited representation of what was present before the disaster. This phenomenon is called:

the bottleneck effect.

During gene flow, where do the genes flow to?

the genes flow into and out of the population due to migration of individuals from one population to another.

Which of the following is the best measure of an organism's fitness?

the number of fertile offspring it produces

An animal will preferentially feed on:

the prey that provides the most energy relative to effort.

A gene pool consists of:

the total of all alleles present in a population.

If you find a species of fish in which males are much more brightly colored and larger than females, what might you infer about their mating system?

they are polygynous

Before exposure to the fear of snakes, a captive monkey:

will reach over a plastic snake for food.

_____________ selection favors organisms with phenotypes that are at one extreme relative to the average phenotype.

Directional

Babies in the United States quickly and easily develop a fear of snakes. Yet they don't easily develop a fear of guns. Why?

Evolution can be slow in producing populations that are adapted to their environments.

Why do human taste preferences exist?

Human feeding choices influence energy intake and, consequently, fitness.

Which of the following is the best way to distinguish male from females:

Male produce motile gametes

Select from the choices below the statement that best describes the effect of the migration of individuals into a population.

Migration of individuals into a population generally increases the genetic variability within a population.

Artificial selection used on corn to produce a single strain of corn increased growth rates and greater resistance to a fungus. Although farmers have continued to select for these, the productivity of this strain is no longer increasing. This suggests that:

Natural selection acts without input of humans; artificial selection requires human input.

Which one of the following statements BEST describes the difference between artificial and natural selection?

Natural selection acts without the input of humans; artificial selection requires human input.

Evolution occurs:

Only via natural selection, genetic drift, migration, or mutation.

Which of the following types of selection is INCORRECTLY matched with its example?

Stabilizing selection: Turkeys have been selected based on increased size of their breast muscles.

Natural selection can only act on traits:

That are heritable

Estimates of evolutionary relatedness based on a "molecular clock" are supported by:

The first two choices support the molecular clock estimates of evolutionary relatedness.

Usually the female is more discriminating than the male when it comes to mating. However, in bush crickets, the opposite is the case. Why is this?

The male contributes a massive amount of energy to the female during mating—his ejaculate makes up about one-fourth of his body weigh

A gene pool consists of

The total of all alleles present in a population

Using the given average starvation resistance curve for fruit flies, what is the maximum number of hours an individual fruit fly could survive without food after an experimenter has selected for starvation resistance on this population over thousands of generations?

Theoretically, there is no maximum number of hours.

You are studying a population of American robins, Turdus migratorius, in which approximately 2% of all individuals carry a recessive allele for leucistic (unusually white) coloration. The population suddenly expands when an influx of robins arrives during spring migration, and the frequency of the leucistic allele drops to only 1.5%. Has evolution occurred in the robin population in your study area?

Yes, because allele frequencies in the population have changed over time.

The consistent accumulation of mutations that creates differences in the DNA sequences of two diverging groups of organisms is referred to as:

a "molecular clock."

Evolution is defined as:

a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time.

A population is:

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same general location and have the potential to interbreed.

Which of the following is a goose MOST LIKELY to retrieve first if found just outside her nest?

a model egg that is larger than any other object near the nest

From an evolutionary perspective, behavior can be viewed best as:

a trait that can satisfy the three conditions required for evolution by natural selection.

A fossil is defined most broadly as:

any preserved remnant or trace of an organism from the past.

Polygynous species:

are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larder and more highly ornamented

Polygynous species:

are usually sexually dimorphic, with males larger and more highly ornamented

In humans, random mating is most likely to occur for which of the following characteristics?

artificial selection

All of the following conditions are necessary for reciprocal altruism to evolve in a species except:

at least one of the sexes must not disperse so that some individuals always live near their kin

Which of the following statements about marsupial mammals is correct?

both a) and d) are correct

Why is it so much easier for an infant to learn a complex language than for a college student to learn biology?

both b) and c) are correct.

Monogamy, a relatively rare system outside of the birds, evolves when:

both males and females have high and equal parental investment.

In black widow spider mating, the male ___________________________ and the female ___________________________.

breaks off his sexual organ inside the female; kills and eats the male

The average time to death from starvation in a fruit fly is about 20 hours. Selecting for increased starvation resistance in fruit flies:

can produce populations in which the average time to death from starvation is 160 hours.

Gestational diabetes is thought to the be the consequence of:

conflict between the mother and fetus with respect to how much food the fetus should be given; the mother is equally related to the fetus and to any future offspring, while the fetus is not equally related to itself and any subsequent siblings

Under the right conditions, which type of selection is most likely to lead to the formation of new species?

disruptive

Convergent evolution can occur only when two species:

evolve under similar selective forces

In a selection in which males guard eggs and care for the young without help from the female, which of the following statements would most likely be correct?

females are more brightly colored than males and court males aggressively

The migration of reproductive individuals among populations results in a movement of alleles called:

gene flow.

Altruistic behavior in animals may be a result of kin selection, a theory maintaining that:

genes promote the survival of copies of themselves when behaviors by animals possessing those genes assist other animals that share those genes

In a population of finches, birds with small, thick beaks can efficiently crack the seeds of one species of plant, while birds with long, thin beaks can efficiently crack the seeds of another plant species. Birds with medium-sized beaks cannot efficiently eat either kind of seed. After many generations, the distribution of beak size in these birds will be _______________ because of ___________________.

'U'-shaped, with peaks at the low and high extremes of beak size; disruptive selection

Which of the following best explains why genetic bottlenecks and founder effects are evolutionarily important?

Both result in small populations that are influenced more by genetic drift.

In mammals, as well as many other species, males generally compete for females. The best explanation for this phenomenon is:

Females have a higher parental investment; Males are competing for the most appealing female.

In Belding's ground squirrels, why are females much more likely than males to engage in altruistic behavior by sounding alarm calls?

Females tend to remain in the area where they were born, so the females that call are warning their own kin.

Which of the following statements about Charles Darwin is incorrect?

He was enthusiastic about unleashing his theory of natural selection on the world as soon as he thought of it.