bio midterm

A population of 100 animals in logarithmic growth has rmax = 0.4 and K = 102. Using the fact that r = rmax(K − N)/K, calculate the value of r.

0.0078

The degree of relatedness between a niece and an uncle is _____, and the degree of relatedness between first cousins is ______.

0.25 0.125

If ____ mutation(s) occur(s) in snails, the direction of coiling may reverse, which ____ mating

1 prohibits

Marine biologists tagged and released 50 marlin. Later, fishermen caught 300 marlin, 15 of which had tags. What is the estimate for the number of marlin in the population?

1,000

The transformation of humans from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculturally based ones occurred approximately _____.

11,000 years ago

Over time, the carbon isotope 14C decays into

14N

The overall ecological efficiency of most organisms is between

5 and 20 percent.

A paleontologist estimates that when a particular rock formed, it contained 12 mg of the radioactive isotope potassium-40, which has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. The rock now contains 3 mg of the isotope. About how old is the rock?

5.2 billion years

Most dinosaurs became extinct

65 million years ago

In the research on monkey-flower speciation, researchers found that mutations in as few as ____ genes could result in speciation

8

Scientists at the Natural History Museum in London estimate that more than ____ percent of living species have not yet been discovered.

98

learned behavior is

A behavior dependent on having a particular kind of experience

instinctive behavior is

A genetically programmed response

habituation is

A learned loss of responsiveness

learning is

A process in which experiences change behavioral responses

Define a species cluster and provide examples.

A species cluster is a group of closely related species recently descended from a common ancestor. Species clusters are often found in oceanic archipelagos because of multiple invasions on each island in an archipelago. Species of fruit flies on the Hawaiian Islands provides an example of a species cluster that evolved relatively rapidly.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

A zebroid is sterile

Four of the five regions listed below are experiencing less than 1.9 percent annual population growth. Select the exception.

Africa

what is true of allopatric populations?

Allopatric populations look the same and use the same resources.

classical conditioning is

An association between two phenomena that are usually unrelated

Currently, taxonomic domains include

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

origin of life; evolution of prokaryotes

Archaean

The era during which the earliest signs of life appeared was the

Archean

Most of the following species are invasive exotics. Select the exception.

Atlantic cod

The Monarch butterfly has an undesirable taste and the Viceroy butterfly has a selective advantage because it looks like the Monarch. This is an example of which process?

Batesian mimicry

initial radiation of animal phyla

Cambrian

Four of the following are useful for dating fossils greater than 10 million years. Select the exception.

Carbon-14

Wood and bone fragments found intact in sediments can be accurately aged using

Carbon-14

large swamp forests occur; first seed plants

Carboniferous

Who was responsible for establishing the classification system that uses binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Mammals underwent an evolutionary "explosion" or major adaptive radiation in the

Cenozoic

modern birds and mammals diversify

Cenozoic − Tertiary

In a study examining the growth of coral in a portion of the Great Barrier Reef, which conclusion concerning alterations in the coral colonies is the most accurate?

Changes in the colony are due to both external and internal factors.

Who believed that once a mature community was established that its species composition was at equilibrium?

Clements

How do animals show clinal variation?

Clinal variation results from gene flow between nearby populations when each population is adapting to slightly different conditions. The sparrows mentioned in the text developed changes in leg length and body size based on different environmental conditions

Most dinosaurs died out at the end of the

Cretaceous

asteroid at the end of this period causes extinction of dinosaurs

Cretaceous

If the entire history of the earth is symbolized by a 12-month calendar, dinosaurs and mammals both appeared in the month of

December

____ make up the detrital food web

Decomposers and detritivores

What was one of the primary results from the Hubbard Brook Watershed Project?

Deforestation causes flooding.

The age that saw a great diversification of land plants, as well as the first amphibians, was the

Devonian

diversification of terrestrial vascular plants; first amphibians and insects

Devonian

The main natural source of phosphorus is

Earth's crust.

The first dinosaurs, leading to the first public dinosaur craze, were discovered in

England

Four of the following were innovations that led to new adaptive zones. Select the exception.

Galápagos finches evolved to eat differently sized seeds

Most gradient analyses support the individualistic view of communities proposed by ______.

Gleason

Australia, Antarctica, and South America represent fragments of

Gondwanaland

How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity?

Habitat fragmentation is a threat to biodiversity because small habitat patches sustain only small populations.

The oldest of the Eras that make up the geological time scale is the

Hadean

A subordinate animal in a dominance hierarchy has limited access to food and mates. Why would he remain in a social group that dominated him?

His chances of survival and reproduction are better in the group than alone.

According to the convention for properly writing Latin binomials, the scientific name for modern human beings should be written as

Homo sapiens

The genes that determine where appendages will develop on the animal's body are called

Hox genes

The overall body plan of animals is controlled by

Hox genes

A plant systematist aims to

Identify and name plant species, and classify plant species within larger groups

How could parasitism by wasps and feeding by birds result in a higher percentage of galls of medium size rather than small or large galls, or an even percentage of all sizes of galls, made by a gall-making fly?

If wasps preferentially parasitize fly larvae in small galls and birds preferentially eat fly larvae in large galls, stabilizing selection favors medium-sized galls. That is, the opposing forces of directional selection for small or large galls creates selection for the gall-making fly to make a higher percentage of medium sized galls.

Which of the following is/are inaccurate about the Linnaean system of classification?

It does not contribute to an understanding of evolutionary relationships It does not help solve problems that are related to human health and welfare

What conclusion can be drawn regarding a community in which many species are involved in a food web?

It is more stable since organisms have more than a single food source.

Given the plant species' name Claytonia virginica, what might you surmise about it?

It was named in honor of somebody named Clayton and was found it in Virginia.

birds appear; dinosaurs diversify and dominate

Jurassic

operant conditioning is

Linking a voluntary activity with favorable consequences

Which of the following is NOT a documented biological result of global warming?

Massive animal extinction

Dinosaurs flourished during the

Mesozoic

Which forms of nitrogen are readily usable by plants?

NH4+ and NO3−

According to Wallace's biogeographical realms, North America belongs primarily to the

Nearctic

Four of the following periods experienced mass extinction events. Select the exception.

Neogene

In which of the following species would the number of males LEAST affect the rate of population growth?

Northern elephant seals

Most of the following geographic areas are biodiversity hotspots. Select the exception.

Norway

Social groups face increased competition, parasitism, and disease. Natural selection has failed to eliminate the tendency of animals to form social groups for many reasons. Select the exception.

Offspring are better protected from disease.

When all continents were fused into one during the Permian Period, they were called

Pangaea

In the study involving periwinkle snails and their algal food sources, which conclusion can be drawn?

Periwinkles can increase or decrease species richness depending on which algal species it is consuming.

The most severe mass extinction on earth occurred at the end of the

Permian

continents coalesce into Pangaea; mass extinction at the end of this period destroys 85 percent of life

Permian

Homoplasy is...

Phenotypic similarities that arose in different lineages

Which statement is true about the effect of stress on a population?

Plants compete more in an ideal environment.

the logistic model is...

Population growth slows as population approaches K

Lizards can control spider populations on Caribbean islands by which density dependent mechanism(s)?

Predation and competition

Life history patterns of guppies in Trinidad are a result of which natural selection force?

Predation differences in different streams

How can predators influence the species richness and structure of communities?

Reducing the population sizes of their prey.

How did researchers establish the connection between chimpanzees and humans?

Researchers examined the chromosomes of humans, apes, gorillas, and chimpanzees. They looked for similar banding patterns among the species studied and established that those of chimpanzees most closely related to the human chromosomes.

SINEs in molecular phylogenetics are

Short Interspersed Elements

first vascular plants and jawed fishes appear

Silurian

Homology is...

Similarities in characters that arose from shared ancestry

sign stimuli are

Simple cues that trigger specific behaviors

Because of continental drift, dinosaurs during the Jurassic Period were able to migrate freely from

South America to Africa

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis posits which of the following?

Species richness is greatest in communities that experience frequent moderate disturbances.

The method(s) used to study the reproductive behavior of armadillos included which of the following?

Statistical techniques and Polymerase chain reaction

fixed action patterns are

Stereotyped behaviors triggered by a specific cue

What is a reason for the eradication of malaria in Europe owing a debt to systematics?

Systematists re-categorized mosquitoes into six species

_____ signals only operate over very short distances

Tactile

Which of the following is NOT a bias that could be encountered when investigating the role of competition in a community?

The assumption that evolution never occurs

Why is reproductive isolation central to the biological species concept?

The biological species concept defines species in terms of population genetics and evolutionary theory based on ability to interbreed. Two different reproductive isolating mechanisms are recognized, prezygotic and postzygotic, which are, respectively, premating and postmating mechanisms. Reproductive isolation prevents gene pools of two species from mixing.

If cowbird eggs are included in an oropendola nest that is located near bee hives, what would be the expected outcome?

The cowbird eggs would be ejected from the nest to eliminate the competition.

If cowbird eggs are included in an oropendola nest in the open woodlands of Central America, what would be the expected outcome?

The cowbird eggs would not be ejected from the nest because they provide protection from parasites.

Which statement best summarizes the connection between islands and species richness?

The factors influencing species richness on an island are distance from the mainland and island size.

How is the grasshopper mouse able to consume the Eleodes longicollis beetle?

The grasshopper mouse avoids the undesirable secretions by burying the beetle's abdomen.

what is genetic drift?

The production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations

Based on the morphological species concept, why would you assume that there are many different species of rat snakes?

The rat snake is present in many diverse areas of the country. Individual snakes from these different locations have different banding patterns and do not resemble each other. Based on a morphological approach, one would assume that they are different species. In reality, they are subspecies that could successfully mate if brought to a common location.

An example from the text contrasts two forests, each with 10 species and a total of 50 trees. The first forest has 39 of the 50 trees representing the dominant species. The second forest has 2 of each of the 10 different species. What conclusion can be drawn regarding these two forests?

The second forest is more diverse than the second.

ethology is

The study of how animals behave in natural environments

What was the long-term effect of the introduction of myxoma virus to control rabbits in Australia?

The virus became less virulent and the rabbits gained some immunity.

What conclusions can be drawn from the studies on bent grass in a copper-polluted field and the neighboring population in a non-polluted field?

They have different flowering schedules, so isolation may be developing

How do pancake tortoises protect themselves from predators?

They puff themselves up and become wedged in between cracks in rocks.

origin of mammals; Pangaea begins to break up

Triassic

Mosaic Evolution is...

Variation in rates of evolution of characters within a group

How does gene flow introduce novel genetic variants into populations?How does gene flow introduce novel genetic variants into populations?

When an individual or gamete from one population enters another population and introduces novel alleles, the allele and genotypic frequencies may be shifted away from the values predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg model. That is, Hardy-Weinberg assumes populations are closed to migration, whereas gene flow introduces new alleles into a population.

What conclusion can be drawn from Gause's experiments on interspecific competition in Paramecium?

When two populations of Paramecium use the same limiting resource, they cannot coexist long term.

Subspecies are...

a "race"

what is microevolution?

a change in allele frequencies within a population

The evolution of horses is best characterized as

a complex branched history with many extinct lineages.

what is the decline in the occurrence of sickle-cell anemia in the American population most likely the result of?

a decline in the occurrence of malaria in the US

Worldwide declines in the population size of frogs have recently been linked to ____.

a fungus

A formal 2-part name, or binomial, combines the names of

a genus plus a specific epithet

What is the definition of a species cluster?

a group of closely related species with a common ancestor

Four of these five environments are examples of microclimates. Select the exception.

a moist, shady forest

Four of the five stimuli listed below are sign stimuli. Select the exception.

a mother rat picking up young rats and returning them to the nest

Allopatric speciation is...

a physical barrier divides a population into separate areas, and speciation results

An allopolyploid is

a polyploid that arose from a hybrid individual

Biologists believe that whooping cranes suffer from a high rate of developmental deformities of the spine and trachea because of ____.

a population bottleneck and loss of genetic variability

A human population living without medical care in a developing country would probably have ____.

a pyramid-shaped age structure diagram

Sometimes an allele that has no phenotypic effect can spread through a population by means of what?

a selective sweep

Mimicry is...

a species closely resembling another species

what is the founder effect?

a type of genetic drift

What is an ecotone?

a zone between two communities

What percentage of the species that have ever existed on earth are probably now extinct?

about 99.9%

The radioactive decay of carbon-14 can be used to determine

absolute dating

An example of an obligatory mutualism involves which two organisms?

acacia trees and ant colonies

what is an increase in genetic variation the result of, according to the modern synthetic theory of evolution?

accumulation of mutations over time

what does natural selection result in?

adaptation

A single pregnant female parakeet arrives in Hawaii early in its history. After millions of years her descendants have successfully adapted to a variety of foods and habitats. This is the result of:

adaptive radiation

A single seed lands on one of a group of isolated islands. Several million years later, its descendants have evolved into a number of new species on the different islands, representing a variety of trees, shrubs, and vines. At that point in time, we have an example of

adaptive radiation

The evolution of many species from a single common ancestor is called

adaptive radiation

In what other areas of biological study is systematics important?

all

what is least likely the result of genetic breakdown?

allele frequencies identical to the previous generation

The changing size ratio between an animal's head and the rest of its body during development is an example of

allometric growth

The skulls of infant chimpanzees and infant humans are remarkably similar in shape. As they mature they become quite different due to

allometric growth

If a flood separated a large population into two populations, this would be an example of which process?

allopatric speciation

Nitrogen is made available to plants for their use by the process(es) of

ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation.

The Hubbard Brook Watershed project measured all of the following EXCEPT

amount of energy used by consumers.

An urban environment may impact all of the following changes to a forest EXCEPT

amount of rainfall.

Any product of natural selection that increases the relative fitness of an organism in its environment is called what?

an adaptive trait

When some members of a group of organisms adapt to a new general way of life, they are said to be entering

an adaptive zone

What is a hybrid zone?

an area where two populations may breed and produce viable, fertile offspring

The definition of allopolyploidy is

an increase in chromosome number due to hybridization of different species

according to the modern synthetic theory of evolution, the accumulation of mutations over time results in what?

an increase in genetic variation

Polyploidy refers to ____ and occurs most often in ____.

an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes plants

Polyploidy is...

an individual has extra copies of the haploid complement of chromosomes

A stage 3 society, based on the demographic transition model, would be characterized by all of the following except ____.

an r value approaching 1

When a gamete receives the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell,

an unreduced gamete is formed and autopolyploidy is present

A series of changes in a single lineage of species, without branching to create additional species, is called

anagenesis

Which of the following pairs is NOT a mutualism?

ant − yucca plant

what is an adaptive trait?

any product of natural selection that increases the relative fitness of an organism in its environment

The habitats of "birds of paradise" in New Guinea are on mountains separated by

areas of unsuitable land.

ecosystem valuation is

assignment of a monetary value to the normal activity of ecological processes

Polyploid individuals that arise from chromosome duplications within a single species are called

autopolyploids

Most of these problems are accepted by the vast majority of reputable scientists as being anthropogenic, or human-caused. Select the exception.

background extinction rate

Generation time increasing with body size is least likely in _______.

bacteria

what does disruptive selection result in?

balanced polymorphism

what is the stable presence of more than one allele for a particular gene in a population called?

balanced polymorphism

Most of the following homeostatic responses of animals are obligate. Select the exception.

basking in the sun

why are people with sickle-cell anemia often better able to survive malaria?

because of heterozygote advantage

Bees C and D differ from bees E and F because ____.

bees C and D inherited different alleles than bees E and F from their mother

If two species of lizards do not mate because their mating rituals differ greatly, this is known as

behavioral isolation

Identify the trait that is NOT characteristic of the antifreeze protein of polar-dwelling fish.

beta pleated sheet structure

Which group of animals represents the surviving dinosaurs?

birds

Birds and mammals are considered polyphyletic when considering that

birds and mammals do not share the same common reptilian ancestor

All of the following are common polyploidy crops EXCEPT

broccoli

What is the main cause of carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere?

burning fossil fuels

An example of commensalism involves which two organisms?

cattle egrets and cattle

ΔN/Δt = B − D

change in population size

Hydrological alterations threaten freshwater biodiversity in many ways. Select the exception.

changes in salinity

From the studies on chromosome similarities, it looks as though humans are most closely related to

chimpanzees

By definition, a monophyletic lineage is a

clade

A diagram of relationships that are constructed objectively using a table of discrete characters is called a

cladogram

A smooth pattern of variation along a geographical gradient is referred to as a

cline

Autopolyploidy is...

closely related species form polyploidy offspring by hybridization an error in mitosis or meiosis forms polyploidy offspring

When an animal is apparently aware of its circumstances and uses reasoning to achieve a goal it is said to have _____.

cognition

Which of the following types of interactions is advantageous for one species, but has no effect on the other?

commensalism

Hybridization and polyploidy led to the evolution of

common bread wheat

The relationship between species richness and recovery from natural disturbances can best be summarized as follows:

communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances.

An ecologist that studies groups of populations that occur together in one area is a(n)______.

community ecologist

Biodiversity hotspots are defined as areas where biodiversity is both ____ and ____.

concentrated endangered

Tetrapod digits are known to be

controlled by genes that were present in the common ancestor of sharks

Australia and Eurasia each have a mouse-like mammal, one a marsupial, the other a placental. This is an example of

convergent evolution

If we were to discover beings on a distant planet that looked very much like us, it would probably be cited as an example of

convergent evolution

Behavioral traits are useful in distinguishing among species because

courtship behaviors and timing of mating may create prezygotic isolation

Which is a likely result of a mass extinction?

create "empty niche space" that can stimulate radiation of surviving groups

The closest living relatives of birds are

crocodiles

Which of the following benefits from biodiversity would be categorized as an ecosystem service?

decomposition of wastes

Ecological niche is...

defined by the resources used by a species and the conditions it requires

The Hubbard Brook Watershed Project illustrated that

deforestation can alleviate drought conditions.

a baby born with winkled, poorly-formed skin and blood vessels prone to rupture can be said to have inherited what?

deleterious mutation

Fossils of plants found in deeper geologic layers do not show vascular tissues, while fossils in shallower geologic layers include some specimens with and some without vascular tissues. Thus, vascular tissue in plants is considered a ____ character

derived

Ecologists use compartment models to

describe nutrient cycling

When subtropical forest is cleared, what biome is most likely to replace it?

desert with poor eroded soil

Biological species concept is...

determining different species by checking to see if fertile offspring are produced

Morphological species concept is...

determining different species by observing appearance

Which of the following is NOT part of the grazing food web?

detritivores

what is natural selection that shifts the adaptation of an entire population called?

directional selection

what would changing environmental conditions most likely cause an existing species to undergo?

directional selection

If a honeybee performing the dance in image B moves straight down the comb, then the other bees will seek the nectar source by flying ____.

directly away from the sun

Studies have determined that all of the following except ______ are responsible for the cyclical rise and fall of arctic hare and lynx populations.

disease

The Lake Erie ecosystem was affected by humans because human activities

disrupted energy flow and the cycling of nutrients.

what is balanced polymorphism in a population the result of?

disruptive selection

Which of the following lists of taxonomic levels is in correct order, from largest to smallest?

domain - kingdom - phylum - class

Which of the following factors is NOT a density-dependent regulator of population size?

drought

What is the definition of the standing crop biomass?

dry weight of the plants

An ecologist that studies cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy between the biotic components of an ecological community and the abiotic environments is a(n)______.

ecosystem ecologist

Disturbance and exposure at borders of habitat fragments are collectively termed ____.

edge effects

If speciation occurs with the production of two or more species in a small area, ____ is (are) probably responsible

either sympatric or parapatric speciation

A species that is confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area is called

endemic

What is/are the factor(s) involved in the optimal foraging theory?

energy needed to capture food and energy that the food provides

what does a shift in allele frequencies in a population represent?

evolution

The fourteen species of finch native to the Galapagos Islands

evolved from a single common ancestor

A trait that is adaptive in one context and later turns out to have adaptive value in a rather different context is called

exaptation

According to the biological species concept, members of the same species look alike primarily because they

experience gene flow, which mixes their genetic material

Population growth of rabbits in Australia can best be described as

exponential

dN/dt = (b − d)N

exponential model of population growth

Which factor would be least useful for making predictions regarding how urbanization and climate change will affect the carbon cycle?

extent of agricultural practices

A milkweed plant discourages consumption by herbivores by

exuding a toxic sap.

Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the amount of all of the following except ____ increased in Lake Erie.

fish population sizes

Instinctive behaviors that are performed in exactly the same way every time they are triggered are defined as ____.

fixed action patterns

Upon finding a carcass, a raven will only call and attract other ravens to the food source if the ____.

food is found in a resident pair's territory

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has advanced an understanding of systematics because it allows

for analysis of small amounts of DNA from dried museum specimens and some fossils

Hawaiian fruit flies provide an example of which of the following?

founder effects, genetic drift and adaptive radiation

what population attributes can be calculated with hardy weinberg?

frequencies of: heterozygotes, homozygous dominant genotypes, dominant allele, recessive allele

Sometimes the most abundant color form of an animal is preyed upon more extensively than less common forms. what phenomenon does this illustrate?

frequency dependent selection

what population attribute cannot be calculated with hardy weinberg?

frequency of mutation

Some Drosophila reject the sperm of another species, which is known as

gametic isolation

The fact that eggs have the ability to recognize surface proteins on sperm of their own species illustrates

gametic isolation

if individuals move from one population to another, it may cause a shift in allele frequencies due to what?

gene flow

In the taxonomic hierarchy, a family consists of a group of similar

genera

A host race develops when an organism's

genes for the host plant choice change and genes for mating preferences change

A small decrease in pH was shown to have a significant effect on

genes involved in building mineralized skeletons in sea urchin larvae.

Because of fluctuations in the environment, such as depletion of food supply or an outbreak of disease, a population may periodically experience a rapid and marked decrease in number of individuals, leading to a form of genetic drift called what?

genetic bottleneck

The only survivors of a colony on Venus are a man and a woman, who happen to be both originally from the southern Ukraine. what will their descendants show the effect of?

genetic drift

We are sending a small number of dogs to colonize a new planet. Through a random selection process, we end up only with dachshunds and chihuahuas. The subsequent colony of dogs are all small with short legs. what is this an example of?

genetic drift

what does a sudden reduction in population size generally result in?

genetic drift

what is the production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations is known as?

genetic drift

what process is not a component of natural selection?

genetic drift

what process results in microevolution without any form of natural selection?

genetic drift

Instinctive behaviors are distinguished from learned behaviors because instinctive behaviors are ____ while learned behaviors are ____.

genetically programmed responses; dependent upon experience

What mechanism seemed to separate the "birds of paradise" in New Guinea?

geographic isolation

During allopatric speciation, the first event is usually

geographic separation of two populations

Which of the following is NOT a known characteristic of any dinosaurs?

gills for breathing underwater

A view of Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes is

gradualism

On a cladogram, branches represent

groups of organisms that share a common ancestor

The species area effect applies to all of the following EXCEPT _____.

habitats isolated from each other

The time interval used in measuring the age of rocks is called

half-life

Ernst Mayr, the scientist from the New Guinea study on "birds of paradise", knew that the natives understood speciation because they

have individual names for many of the species.

What adaptation(s) allow(s) a rattlesnake to more effectively locate prey?

heat sensors

the distribution of the genetic disorder sickle-cell anemia is correlated with the distribution of malaria in tropical countries. what is this an example of?

heterozygote advantage

The intrinsic rate of increase is _____ for bacteria, protists, and animals with short generation time and ____ for those with long generation time

high low

Endemic species tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ____.

high charisma to motivate conservationists

Colonization rates from one habitat patch to another are ____ and extinction rates within habitat patches are ____ in contiguous habitats than on islands.

higher lower

Succession in "old fields" is often reconstructed using ______.

historical records

A gene that determines the structure of body parts during embryonic development is a

homeotic gene

Genes that code for transcription factors that bind regulatory sites on DNA are called

homeotic genes

The complete replacement of one type of organ with another is called

homoeosis

Characters that provide evidence for evolutionary relationship are

homologous

Phenotypic similarities that provide no information about shared ancestry are called

homoplasies

The movement of genetic material from one clade to another is called

horizontal gene transfer

For which of the following is there fossil evidence of 100 extinct species from five continents, with only one extant species?

horses

Conservation biologists conduct a population viability analysis to determine ____.

how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival

The greatest rate of extinction of all time is/was probably caused by ____.

human activity

If the F2 generation illustrates a lack of fitness, this is an example of

hybrid breakdown

A mule is an example of

hybrid sterility

What avenues of research would probably not help determine if asexual organisms form species?

hybridizing polyploid plants

endangered species are

in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

Oceanic ridges form

in zones of rising magma

desertification is

inadvertent conversion of habitats to desert

Many factors are believed to reduce songbird breeding success in fragmented habitats. Select the exception.

increased connections between habitats

Most of the following factors are intrinsic controls to population growth. Select the exception.

increased predation

Hertz and Huey discovered which of the following compensatory mechanisms that allows lizards living at high altitudes to survive lower mean air temperatures?

increased time spent basking

Burning fossil fuels has clearly resulted in

increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Gene sequences that evolve at a constant rate can be used to

index the time of divergence between two species

ecosystem services are

indirect benefits from normal activity of ecological processes

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms occur when the offspring

inherit different sets of instructions for development from each parent

Which hypothesis states that new species are prevented from entering a community by the existing species?

inhibition hypothesis

Character changes in molecular sequences are generated by

insertions, deletions, and substitutions

Biodiversity encompasses various levels of organization. Select the exception.

interactions between biomes

conservation biology is

interdisciplinary science that focuses on the maintenance and preservation of biodiversity

When male moose engage in their annual battles, butting heads with their oversized antlers, they are participating in a process that will lead to what?

intrasexual selection

The most parsimonious inference about the evolution of parental care behavior in crocodilians and birds is

it evolved once in the common ancestor of the two groups

What is the significance of genetic variation?

it is the raw material for adaptation, speciation, and evolution; and it is the most fundamental level of biological organization

r or k: extensive parental care

k

r or k: high tolerance to environmental change

k

r or k: large offspring

k

r or k: long life span

k

r or k: low mortality rate

k

r or k: small clutch or brood size

k

What role do bees play in the interaction between cowbirds and oropendola birds?

keep away insect pests

Which of these following marine ecosystems has the highest mean net primary productivity?

kelp beds and reefs

Research has shown that commercial fisheries place selective pressure on fish populations by harvesting mostly the ____ fish, resulting in ____.

larger; maturity at smaller sizes

When geese or ducks are imprinted, this means that they ____.

learned the features of a suitable mate during a critical period

Of the following choices, the best outgroup to use to resolve a phylogeny for great apes would be

lemurs

The length of day is ____ apt to change and the sunlight is ____ near the equator

less strongest

The allocation of resources for survival, growth, and maximal reproduction determines the ____ of a species.

life history

Which of the following data were used in the population viability analysis conducted for the yellow-bellied glider?

litter sizes, sex ratios, life span home ranges, survival probabilities, and age distributions

dN/dt = rmaxN(K − N)/K

logistic model of population growth

An example of the morphological species concept would be achieved by

looking at the appearance of two organisms

Which of the following symptoms would be characteristic of a child whose mother ate fish contaminated by PCBs during her pregnancy?

low birth weight and neonatal behavior problems

Which of the following characteristics would NOT have evolved with the others in the life history strategy of a single species?

low chance of survival in adulthood

If we are analyzing the origin of new families, orders, etc. over time, we are studying

macroevolution

Which lineage(s) diverged before the turtle lineage?

mammalian and amphibian

Which of the following categories of organisms is NOT known to produce viable polyploids?

mammals

To develop an effective simulation model for an ecosystem, a researcher must do all of the following EXCEPT

manipulate species richness.

The ____ method of determining population size is often used to estimate the population size of mobile animals that live within a restricted geographic range.

mark-release-recapture

When geographic variation occurs among the members of a species, individuals

may be mistaken for separate species

One disadvantage of a simulation model of an ecosystem is that it

may not be accurate.

Which of the following combinations represent prezygotic mechanisms of isolation?

mechanical and temporal isolation

If one plant has a very small tubular type of flower and cannot be pollinated by a large honeybee, it may develop which type of prezygotic isolation?

mechanical isolation

A group of neighboring populations that exchange individuals is defined as a ____.

metapopulation

what is a change in allele frequencies within a population called?

microevolution

A DNA barcode is being developed for use in conservation biology based on ______

mitochondrial genes in animals

An increase in air temperature will result in ____ water vapor in the atmosphere because warm air holds _____ water vapor than cold air does.

more more

In developing his classification, Linnaeus focused on

morphology

Which of the following kinds of traits was originally used for classifying organisms into taxonomic categories?

morphology and behavior

The phylogenetic species concept looks at both the

morphology and genetic data

Photosynthetic organisms are essential for limiting the damage done by global warming because they ____.

move carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms

Respiration would affect a compartment model by

moving both carbon and oxygen from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component.

what is the source of new alleles in a population?

mutation

what processes are agents of microevolutionary change?

mutation genetic drift natural selection gene flow

what is the correct cause-and-effect sequence for evolution related events?

mutation --> variation --> natural selection --> adaptation --> speciation

Which of the following population interactions is advantageous to both populations?

mutualism

The Phylocode is a set of rules for

naming clades

what is adaptation the result of?

natural selection

what is directional selection?

natural selection that shifts the adaptation of an entire population

Crabs and terrapins have a _____ impact on snail populations while snails have a _____ impact on cordgrass populations and terrapins have a _____ impact on cordgrass populations.

negative negative positive

mutations that confer no apparent selective advantage or disadvantage in a particular environment are said to be selectively...

neutral

Young male white-crowned sparrows that were experimentally raised without ever hearing the song of their species ____.

never came close to singing the way wild males do

Name the process that takes place in nodules located on legumes

nitrogen fixation

What benefit do legumes derive from Rhizobium?

nitrogen fixation

When describing phylogenetic trees, each branching point is called a

node

exotic species are

non-native organisms in an ecosystem

what is inbreeding primarily due to?

non-random mating

what processes disrupt hardy weinberg?

non-random mating natural selection migration genetic drift

Thomas Bell and his colleagues showed that ______.

number of bacteria species increases with tree hole volume

An ecologist that studies the distribution of a frog species along a latitudinal gradient is performing a(n)_______.

observational experiment

The largest reservoir of water is

oceans

Which of the following carbon reservoirs contains the most carbon?

oceans

Parasitism is...

one organism feeds off of another organism, causing harm

Commensalism is...

one species derives benefits and the other is unaffected

Interference competition is...

one species harms organisms of another species

The conclusion from the energy flow study in Silver Springs was that

only a little energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.

Gene flow between organisms of ring species occurs

only between intermediary populations

A ring species is one where

only intermediary populations can mate successfully

A taxis is distinguished from a kinesis because a taxis is ____ movement while a kinesis is ____ movement.

ordered a change in the rate of

Adaptive radiation is

origin of many species from a single common ancestor

Which of the following would most likely have the highest DDT concentration in tissue?

osprey

Atlantic cod have evolved to mature at a younger age and smaller size due to ____.

overexploitation by fishermen

what processes are components of natural selection?

overproduction of offspring limitations in vital resources genetic variation differential reproductive success

Some animals have evolved sexual maturity in juvenile body forms. This is called

paedomorphosis

If a hybrid organism has a shorter lifespan, which situation may result?

parapatric speciation

The Class Reptilia is a group of species that share a common ancestor, but does not include all of that ancestor's descendants. It is therefore considered to be

paraphyletic

d = (D/N)

per capita death rate

The genes of teosinte, a wild relative of corn, were used in crossbreeding with domestic corn in an attempt to produce a ____ variety.

perennial

what does directional selection favor?

phenotypes at one end of the distribution

The concept for examining speciation by reconstructing the evolutionary tree is the

phylogenetic species concept

A diagram that hypothesizes a set of organisms' evolutionary relationships to one another is a

phylogenetic tree

The twin goals of systematics concern

phylogeny and taxonomy

Polyploidy is a common mechanism of sympatric speciation in

plants

A group that contains species from separate evolutionary lineages is

polyphyletic

dN/dt = rmaxN

population growth under ideal conditions

genetic drift will have a progressively larger impact on allele frequencies in a population as what also occurs?

population size decreases

what does hardy weinberg assume?

populations are closed to migration

Community structure is a result of which of the following?

positive and negative interactions

The morphological species concept would relate more to

postzygotic isolation

Which of the following types of interactions is advantageous for one species, but has a negative effect on the other?

predation, herbivory and parasitism

A population of mostly ____ individuals with a ____ generation time and a ____ proportion of females is expected to show the most growth in the future.

prereproductive short high

Two species of flowering plants live together and flower at the same time. They do not hybridize because they each have a unique pollinating insect. This is an example of a

prezygotic barrier

Some of the work with Hawaiian fruit flies illustrated the presence of a

prezygotic isolating mechanism, which involved behavioral isolation

Which trophic level would be best represented by a rabbit?

primary consumer

Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT matched appropriately?

primary consumer − carnivore

In the biological species concept, it is specified that two organisms are of the same species if they breed and

produce fertile offspring under normal circumstances

The biological species concept relies primarily on the ability of individuals within the species to

produce fertile offspring when mating with one another

What three factors determine the ecological efficiencies of consumers?

production, harvesting, and assimilation efficiencies

Which of the following traits is characteristic of a K-selected species?

provide substantial parental care to offspring

The evolutionary mode in which species evolve rapidly at first and then remain stable for very long periods of time is called

punctuated equilibrium

what process does not disrupt hardy weinberg?

punctuated equilibrium

The apparent lack of intermediate forms in the fossil record might best be explained as due to

punctuated equilibrium.

Which trophic level would be best represented by a leopard seal?

quaternary consumer

r or k: early timing of first reproduction

r

r or k: fluctuating population size

r

r or k: little or no parental care

r

r or k: one reproductive episode

r

r or k: short maturation time

r

A human population with an age structure diagram that is narrower at the base than at the top would have ____.

r < 0

In the logistic model of population growth, what is expected to happen to r when N = K?

r = 0

what process is not an agent of microevolutionary change?

random mating

All of the following would help to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere EXCEPT

reducing water usage.

A molecular clock is based on

regulation of the order in which genes are turned on

what is the contribution an individual makes the to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals called?

relative fitness

Sympatric speciation is...

reproductive isolation between subgroups of a single population

Temporal isolation is...

reproductive isolation due to mating at different times of the year

All of the following choices are descriptive of a population experiencing exponential population growth EXCEPT ____.

resources are limited

The largest reservoir of carbon is

rock

If the food source being communicated about is close to the hive, the bee performs the ____.

round dance which is image A

A recent study of SINEs in whales and other mammals generated results that show that whales are derived from a common ancestor with

ruminants and hippos

Four of the five animals listed below are threatened or endangered. Select the exception.

sea urchin

Sea otter populations were reduced by overhunting, allowing an overgrowth of one of their prey animals, the ____, which consumed populations of ____ and decimated them.

sea urchin kelp

Monsoon cycles are a result of_____.

seasonal reversals of wind direction

High species richness in the tropics is probably a result of all of the following EXCEPT ______.

seasonality

Fossils are found only in

sedimentary rocks

what is the difference in the appearance of the male and female of the same species called?

sexual dimorphism

Kin selection is a form of natural selection in which ____.

shared alleles for altruism are perpetuated if the assisted animals produce more offspring than the helper could have produced if he had not helped

Birds living in a cold environment tend to have

short legs and larger bodies

Recent studies have demonstrated evolution in populations over a span of time as short as ____.

single years

Mutualism is...

situation where both species benefit

The morphological approach to speciation is prone to misinterpretation. Which of the following is not an example?

snails of quite similar appearance that are shown to be different species via reproductive isolation

Animals establish and defend territories only when ____.

some critical resource is in short supply

what effect do mutations have on a population?

source of new alleles

A panda bear who consumes a diet primarily of eucalyptus leaves would be considered a

specialist and a herbivore.

Parapatric speciation is...

speciation occurs between adjacent populations

Behavioral isolation is...

speciation occurs due to different mating rituals

endemic species are

species found only within a limited area

Aposematic coloration is...

sporting a brightly contrasting, dangerous-looking pattern

Organisms store energy as______.

starch, glycogen or fat

Succession results from all of the following EXCEPT ____.

stasis

Endothermic animals use the majority of their energy to

stay warm.

If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be

sterile offspring due to hybrid sterility

The wings of birds and the wings of bats represent

structures that are homoplastic but with homologous components

what is genetic drift the result of?

sudden reduction in population size

What molecule from coal-burning power plants dissolves in water vapor in the air and falls as acid precipitation?

sulfur dioxide

A sterile hybrid plant can form a fertile new species if its chromosomes are doubled. This is referred to as

sympatric speciation

Abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals is likely to lead to

sympatric speciation

Two host races of apple maggots have appeared within the past 100 years. This suggests that they may be undergoing

sympatric speciation

The eradication of malaria in Europe resulted from a specific breakthrough in the science of

systematics

Which of the following is NOT classified as an ectoparasite?

tapeworm

Crocuses that bloom in the early spring and marigolds that bloom in the summer would definitely experience which type of isolation?

temporal

When two organisms do not mate due to the fact that they mate at different times of the year, it is known as

temporal isolation

Which of the following do virtually all scientists agree is occurring?

the Earth's atmosphere and oceans are getting steadily warmer

In the Northern Hemisphere, seasonal variation in temperatures is caused mainly by ____.

the Earth's tilt on its axis of 23.5°

Which of the following pairs of traits are homologous?

the bones of bird and bat wings

Biological magnification is best defined as ____.

the concentration of nondegradable poisons within organisms at higher trophic levels

what is relative fitness?

the contribution an individual makes the to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

what is sexual dimorphism?

the difference in the appearance of the male and female of the same species

The Cretaceous is the period in which

the dinosaurs reached their peak and then became extinct

in frequency-dependent selection, highest mortality can be expected in what?

the most abundant genotype

The systematics of today is very different than the systematics learned a generation ago. As a result, which of the following statements do we know to be entirely inaccurate?

the number of existing species is known with certainty

The density of a population is defined as______.

the number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume of habitat

under what circumstance might measuring the frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes lead to erroneous predictions of allele frequencies in a population?

the population is affected by heterozygote advantage

When comparing the pyramids of biomass between Silver Springs, Florida, and the English Channel,

the pyramid for Silver Springs is bottom heavy and the English Channel pyramid is top heavy.

The "sixth mass extinction" refers to

the rapid loss of biodiversity due to degradation of the environment by humans

Which of the following is the most important contribution of molecular phylogenetics?

the reorganization of living systems into three domains

Altruism can be distinguished from reciprocal altruism because altruism is defined as ____ but reciprocal altruism involves ____.

the sacrifice of an individual's reproductive success to help others; the expectation of a future favor in return for present aid

Hybrid breakdown is...

the second generation of the mating shows poor fitness

what is balanced polymorphism?

the stable presence of more than one allele for a particular gene in a population

Nearly all ecosystems receive a constant input of energy from which outside source?

the sun

In the experiment involving bluegill sunfish and their choice of diet, when equal numbers of small, medium, and large Daphnia are present,

the sunfish prefer large Daphnia

concerns about the small size of humpback whale populations led to a collaborative study of what?

their genetic variability

Mechanical isolation is...

there is a physical reason why the two organisms cannot mate, and speciation occurs

Why have so few primates gone extinct compared to other groups, for example, mussels or birds?

they are among the most closely monitored and protected species

Morphological characteristics are widely used for taxonomic classifications because

they are easy to assess in living, preserved, or fossilized specimens

The LEAST most parsimonious explanation for the existence of beaks in birds is that

they arose one time in one bird lineage

Rabbits introduced to Australia overpopulated because in their new habitat ____.

they had no natural predators

Biologists have recently been interested in Miss Waldron's red colobus monkey (Procolobus badius) because it is ____.

thought to be extinct

Wilcove's experimental design included

three forest types, multiple nests per forest type and height from ground.

When newborn coastal garter snakes and newborn inland garter snakes are exposed to banana slug chemicals, the coastal snakes responded by ____ while the inland snakes ____.

tongue-flicking did not tongue-flick

Ocean acidification is being caused by

transfer of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to ocean.

Birth rates generally reach their highest point in which stage of the demographic transition of a country?

transitional

In the hydrologic cycle, water moves from the land to the air by ____ and returns to the land via ____.

transpiration and evaporation; precipitation

Peter Sheldon found that the number of "ribs" in which of the following groups changed over a 3 million year period with no evidence of speciation?

trilobites

Which of the following is NOT commonly used to describe a community?

trophic abundance

Which of the following environments would be most likely to harbor a biodiversity hotspot?

tropical island

Which of the following types of ecosystems would have the lowest percentage of total net primary productivity?

tundra

Herbivores are ____ energy transfer(s) away from the sun

two

Exploitative competition is..

two or more species use the same limiting resource

An example of mechanical isolation would be

two organisms that are pollinated by different insects

Classical conditioning differs from operant conditioning in that classical conditioning associates ____ while operant conditioning links ____.

two phenomena that are usually unrelated; a voluntary activity with a reward

survivorship typical of humans

type I

survivorship curve for constant rate of mortality in all age classes

type II

survivorship curve for high juvenile mortality followed by increased chance of survival as adult

type III

survivorship typical of Cleome droserifolia

type III

The classification of species often leads to

understanding evolutionary relationships that directly and positively influence human health.

Investigators using molecular techniques determined that the rapid spread of armadillos into the southern U.S. was due to ____.

unexplained reasons

Populations in which individuals repel each other because resources are in short supply tend to have ____ distributions

uniform

Resource partitioning is...

use of resources in different ways

population viability analysis is

used to determine how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival

Humans have disrupted the nitrogen cycle primarily by

using nitrogen-containing fertilizers.

A triploid organism is

usually sterile because of improper chromosome segregation

In a clinal variation, the organisms may

vary in appearance due to adaptations to different environments

Taxol, a drug treatment for breast and ovarian cancer was isolated from _______.

vascular cambium of a tree

The courtship display of the wandering albatross is primarily a(n) ____display.

visual

Radiometric dating works best with

volcanic rocks

The administration of the drug diclofenac to livestock inadvertently poisoned ____ and led to an increase in the disease ____.

vultures rabies

In a marine environment, which of the following is NOT a limiting factor for primary productivity?

water

Which of the following is NOT a legume?

wheat

Which of the following plants CANNOT participate in nitrogen fixation?

wheat

when can evolution be said to have taken place?

when a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies

The beginning of the industrial and scientific revolution occurred _____.

when human population size was approximately 1 billion

Trophic pyramids typically have a ____ base and a ____ top portion

wide narrow

Which of the following innovations merits birds being a separate class?

wings, flight and metabolic rate

A nonnative species that was accidentally introduced into Lake Erie by attaching itself to boats is

zebra mussels.