bio midterm
A population of 100 animals in logarithmic growth has rmax = 0.4 and K = 102. Using the fact that r = rmax(K − N)/K, calculate the value of r.
0.0078
The degree of relatedness between a niece and an uncle is _____, and the degree of relatedness between first cousins is ______.
0.25 0.125
If ____ mutation(s) occur(s) in snails, the direction of coiling may reverse, which ____ mating
1 prohibits
Marine biologists tagged and released 50 marlin. Later, fishermen caught 300 marlin, 15 of which had tags. What is the estimate for the number of marlin in the population?
1,000
The transformation of humans from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculturally based ones occurred approximately _____.
11,000 years ago
Over time, the carbon isotope 14C decays into
14N
The overall ecological efficiency of most organisms is between
5 and 20 percent.
A paleontologist estimates that when a particular rock formed, it contained 12 mg of the radioactive isotope potassium-40, which has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. The rock now contains 3 mg of the isotope. About how old is the rock?
5.2 billion years
Most dinosaurs became extinct
65 million years ago
In the research on monkey-flower speciation, researchers found that mutations in as few as ____ genes could result in speciation
8
Scientists at the Natural History Museum in London estimate that more than ____ percent of living species have not yet been discovered.
98
learned behavior is
A behavior dependent on having a particular kind of experience
instinctive behavior is
A genetically programmed response
habituation is
A learned loss of responsiveness
learning is
A process in which experiences change behavioral responses
Define a species cluster and provide examples.
A species cluster is a group of closely related species recently descended from a common ancestor. Species clusters are often found in oceanic archipelagos because of multiple invasions on each island in an archipelago. Species of fruit flies on the Hawaiian Islands provides an example of a species cluster that evolved relatively rapidly.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism?
A zebroid is sterile
Four of the five regions listed below are experiencing less than 1.9 percent annual population growth. Select the exception.
Africa
what is true of allopatric populations?
Allopatric populations look the same and use the same resources.
classical conditioning is
An association between two phenomena that are usually unrelated
Currently, taxonomic domains include
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
origin of life; evolution of prokaryotes
Archaean
The era during which the earliest signs of life appeared was the
Archean
Most of the following species are invasive exotics. Select the exception.
Atlantic cod
The Monarch butterfly has an undesirable taste and the Viceroy butterfly has a selective advantage because it looks like the Monarch. This is an example of which process?
Batesian mimicry
initial radiation of animal phyla
Cambrian
Four of the following are useful for dating fossils greater than 10 million years. Select the exception.
Carbon-14
Wood and bone fragments found intact in sediments can be accurately aged using
Carbon-14
large swamp forests occur; first seed plants
Carboniferous
Who was responsible for establishing the classification system that uses binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
Mammals underwent an evolutionary "explosion" or major adaptive radiation in the
Cenozoic
modern birds and mammals diversify
Cenozoic − Tertiary
In a study examining the growth of coral in a portion of the Great Barrier Reef, which conclusion concerning alterations in the coral colonies is the most accurate?
Changes in the colony are due to both external and internal factors.
Who believed that once a mature community was established that its species composition was at equilibrium?
Clements
How do animals show clinal variation?
Clinal variation results from gene flow between nearby populations when each population is adapting to slightly different conditions. The sparrows mentioned in the text developed changes in leg length and body size based on different environmental conditions
Most dinosaurs died out at the end of the
Cretaceous
asteroid at the end of this period causes extinction of dinosaurs
Cretaceous
If the entire history of the earth is symbolized by a 12-month calendar, dinosaurs and mammals both appeared in the month of
December
____ make up the detrital food web
Decomposers and detritivores
What was one of the primary results from the Hubbard Brook Watershed Project?
Deforestation causes flooding.
The age that saw a great diversification of land plants, as well as the first amphibians, was the
Devonian
diversification of terrestrial vascular plants; first amphibians and insects
Devonian
The main natural source of phosphorus is
Earth's crust.
The first dinosaurs, leading to the first public dinosaur craze, were discovered in
England
Four of the following were innovations that led to new adaptive zones. Select the exception.
Galápagos finches evolved to eat differently sized seeds
Most gradient analyses support the individualistic view of communities proposed by ______.
Gleason
Australia, Antarctica, and South America represent fragments of
Gondwanaland
How does habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity?
Habitat fragmentation is a threat to biodiversity because small habitat patches sustain only small populations.
The oldest of the Eras that make up the geological time scale is the
Hadean
A subordinate animal in a dominance hierarchy has limited access to food and mates. Why would he remain in a social group that dominated him?
His chances of survival and reproduction are better in the group than alone.
According to the convention for properly writing Latin binomials, the scientific name for modern human beings should be written as
Homo sapiens
The genes that determine where appendages will develop on the animal's body are called
Hox genes
The overall body plan of animals is controlled by
Hox genes
A plant systematist aims to
Identify and name plant species, and classify plant species within larger groups
How could parasitism by wasps and feeding by birds result in a higher percentage of galls of medium size rather than small or large galls, or an even percentage of all sizes of galls, made by a gall-making fly?
If wasps preferentially parasitize fly larvae in small galls and birds preferentially eat fly larvae in large galls, stabilizing selection favors medium-sized galls. That is, the opposing forces of directional selection for small or large galls creates selection for the gall-making fly to make a higher percentage of medium sized galls.
Which of the following is/are inaccurate about the Linnaean system of classification?
It does not contribute to an understanding of evolutionary relationships It does not help solve problems that are related to human health and welfare
What conclusion can be drawn regarding a community in which many species are involved in a food web?
It is more stable since organisms have more than a single food source.
Given the plant species' name Claytonia virginica, what might you surmise about it?
It was named in honor of somebody named Clayton and was found it in Virginia.
birds appear; dinosaurs diversify and dominate
Jurassic
operant conditioning is
Linking a voluntary activity with favorable consequences
Which of the following is NOT a documented biological result of global warming?
Massive animal extinction
Dinosaurs flourished during the
Mesozoic
Which forms of nitrogen are readily usable by plants?
NH4+ and NO3−
According to Wallace's biogeographical realms, North America belongs primarily to the
Nearctic
Four of the following periods experienced mass extinction events. Select the exception.
Neogene
In which of the following species would the number of males LEAST affect the rate of population growth?
Northern elephant seals
Most of the following geographic areas are biodiversity hotspots. Select the exception.
Norway
Social groups face increased competition, parasitism, and disease. Natural selection has failed to eliminate the tendency of animals to form social groups for many reasons. Select the exception.
Offspring are better protected from disease.
When all continents were fused into one during the Permian Period, they were called
Pangaea
In the study involving periwinkle snails and their algal food sources, which conclusion can be drawn?
Periwinkles can increase or decrease species richness depending on which algal species it is consuming.
The most severe mass extinction on earth occurred at the end of the
Permian
continents coalesce into Pangaea; mass extinction at the end of this period destroys 85 percent of life
Permian
Homoplasy is...
Phenotypic similarities that arose in different lineages
Which statement is true about the effect of stress on a population?
Plants compete more in an ideal environment.
the logistic model is...
Population growth slows as population approaches K
Lizards can control spider populations on Caribbean islands by which density dependent mechanism(s)?
Predation and competition
Life history patterns of guppies in Trinidad are a result of which natural selection force?
Predation differences in different streams
How can predators influence the species richness and structure of communities?
Reducing the population sizes of their prey.
How did researchers establish the connection between chimpanzees and humans?
Researchers examined the chromosomes of humans, apes, gorillas, and chimpanzees. They looked for similar banding patterns among the species studied and established that those of chimpanzees most closely related to the human chromosomes.
SINEs in molecular phylogenetics are
Short Interspersed Elements
first vascular plants and jawed fishes appear
Silurian
Homology is...
Similarities in characters that arose from shared ancestry
sign stimuli are
Simple cues that trigger specific behaviors
Because of continental drift, dinosaurs during the Jurassic Period were able to migrate freely from
South America to Africa
The intermediate disturbance hypothesis posits which of the following?
Species richness is greatest in communities that experience frequent moderate disturbances.
The method(s) used to study the reproductive behavior of armadillos included which of the following?
Statistical techniques and Polymerase chain reaction
fixed action patterns are
Stereotyped behaviors triggered by a specific cue
What is a reason for the eradication of malaria in Europe owing a debt to systematics?
Systematists re-categorized mosquitoes into six species
_____ signals only operate over very short distances
Tactile
Which of the following is NOT a bias that could be encountered when investigating the role of competition in a community?
The assumption that evolution never occurs
Why is reproductive isolation central to the biological species concept?
The biological species concept defines species in terms of population genetics and evolutionary theory based on ability to interbreed. Two different reproductive isolating mechanisms are recognized, prezygotic and postzygotic, which are, respectively, premating and postmating mechanisms. Reproductive isolation prevents gene pools of two species from mixing.
If cowbird eggs are included in an oropendola nest that is located near bee hives, what would be the expected outcome?
The cowbird eggs would be ejected from the nest to eliminate the competition.
If cowbird eggs are included in an oropendola nest in the open woodlands of Central America, what would be the expected outcome?
The cowbird eggs would not be ejected from the nest because they provide protection from parasites.
Which statement best summarizes the connection between islands and species richness?
The factors influencing species richness on an island are distance from the mainland and island size.
How is the grasshopper mouse able to consume the Eleodes longicollis beetle?
The grasshopper mouse avoids the undesirable secretions by burying the beetle's abdomen.
what is genetic drift?
The production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations
Based on the morphological species concept, why would you assume that there are many different species of rat snakes?
The rat snake is present in many diverse areas of the country. Individual snakes from these different locations have different banding patterns and do not resemble each other. Based on a morphological approach, one would assume that they are different species. In reality, they are subspecies that could successfully mate if brought to a common location.
An example from the text contrasts two forests, each with 10 species and a total of 50 trees. The first forest has 39 of the 50 trees representing the dominant species. The second forest has 2 of each of the 10 different species. What conclusion can be drawn regarding these two forests?
The second forest is more diverse than the second.
ethology is
The study of how animals behave in natural environments
What was the long-term effect of the introduction of myxoma virus to control rabbits in Australia?
The virus became less virulent and the rabbits gained some immunity.
What conclusions can be drawn from the studies on bent grass in a copper-polluted field and the neighboring population in a non-polluted field?
They have different flowering schedules, so isolation may be developing
How do pancake tortoises protect themselves from predators?
They puff themselves up and become wedged in between cracks in rocks.
origin of mammals; Pangaea begins to break up
Triassic
Mosaic Evolution is...
Variation in rates of evolution of characters within a group
How does gene flow introduce novel genetic variants into populations?How does gene flow introduce novel genetic variants into populations?
When an individual or gamete from one population enters another population and introduces novel alleles, the allele and genotypic frequencies may be shifted away from the values predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg model. That is, Hardy-Weinberg assumes populations are closed to migration, whereas gene flow introduces new alleles into a population.
What conclusion can be drawn from Gause's experiments on interspecific competition in Paramecium?
When two populations of Paramecium use the same limiting resource, they cannot coexist long term.
Subspecies are...
a "race"
what is microevolution?
a change in allele frequencies within a population
The evolution of horses is best characterized as
a complex branched history with many extinct lineages.
what is the decline in the occurrence of sickle-cell anemia in the American population most likely the result of?
a decline in the occurrence of malaria in the US
Worldwide declines in the population size of frogs have recently been linked to ____.
a fungus
A formal 2-part name, or binomial, combines the names of
a genus plus a specific epithet
What is the definition of a species cluster?
a group of closely related species with a common ancestor
Four of these five environments are examples of microclimates. Select the exception.
a moist, shady forest
Four of the five stimuli listed below are sign stimuli. Select the exception.
a mother rat picking up young rats and returning them to the nest
Allopatric speciation is...
a physical barrier divides a population into separate areas, and speciation results
An allopolyploid is
a polyploid that arose from a hybrid individual
Biologists believe that whooping cranes suffer from a high rate of developmental deformities of the spine and trachea because of ____.
a population bottleneck and loss of genetic variability
A human population living without medical care in a developing country would probably have ____.
a pyramid-shaped age structure diagram
Sometimes an allele that has no phenotypic effect can spread through a population by means of what?
a selective sweep
Mimicry is...
a species closely resembling another species
what is the founder effect?
a type of genetic drift
What is an ecotone?
a zone between two communities
What percentage of the species that have ever existed on earth are probably now extinct?
about 99.9%
The radioactive decay of carbon-14 can be used to determine
absolute dating
An example of an obligatory mutualism involves which two organisms?
acacia trees and ant colonies
what is an increase in genetic variation the result of, according to the modern synthetic theory of evolution?
accumulation of mutations over time
what does natural selection result in?
adaptation
A single pregnant female parakeet arrives in Hawaii early in its history. After millions of years her descendants have successfully adapted to a variety of foods and habitats. This is the result of:
adaptive radiation
A single seed lands on one of a group of isolated islands. Several million years later, its descendants have evolved into a number of new species on the different islands, representing a variety of trees, shrubs, and vines. At that point in time, we have an example of
adaptive radiation
The evolution of many species from a single common ancestor is called
adaptive radiation
In what other areas of biological study is systematics important?
all
what is least likely the result of genetic breakdown?
allele frequencies identical to the previous generation
The changing size ratio between an animal's head and the rest of its body during development is an example of
allometric growth
The skulls of infant chimpanzees and infant humans are remarkably similar in shape. As they mature they become quite different due to
allometric growth
If a flood separated a large population into two populations, this would be an example of which process?
allopatric speciation
Nitrogen is made available to plants for their use by the process(es) of
ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation.
The Hubbard Brook Watershed project measured all of the following EXCEPT
amount of energy used by consumers.
An urban environment may impact all of the following changes to a forest EXCEPT
amount of rainfall.
Any product of natural selection that increases the relative fitness of an organism in its environment is called what?
an adaptive trait
When some members of a group of organisms adapt to a new general way of life, they are said to be entering
an adaptive zone
What is a hybrid zone?
an area where two populations may breed and produce viable, fertile offspring
The definition of allopolyploidy is
an increase in chromosome number due to hybridization of different species
according to the modern synthetic theory of evolution, the accumulation of mutations over time results in what?
an increase in genetic variation
Polyploidy refers to ____ and occurs most often in ____.
an individual getting one or more additional sets of chromosomes plants
Polyploidy is...
an individual has extra copies of the haploid complement of chromosomes
A stage 3 society, based on the demographic transition model, would be characterized by all of the following except ____.
an r value approaching 1
When a gamete receives the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell,
an unreduced gamete is formed and autopolyploidy is present
A series of changes in a single lineage of species, without branching to create additional species, is called
anagenesis
Which of the following pairs is NOT a mutualism?
ant − yucca plant
what is an adaptive trait?
any product of natural selection that increases the relative fitness of an organism in its environment
The habitats of "birds of paradise" in New Guinea are on mountains separated by
areas of unsuitable land.
ecosystem valuation is
assignment of a monetary value to the normal activity of ecological processes
Polyploid individuals that arise from chromosome duplications within a single species are called
autopolyploids
Most of these problems are accepted by the vast majority of reputable scientists as being anthropogenic, or human-caused. Select the exception.
background extinction rate
Generation time increasing with body size is least likely in _______.
bacteria
what does disruptive selection result in?
balanced polymorphism
what is the stable presence of more than one allele for a particular gene in a population called?
balanced polymorphism
Most of the following homeostatic responses of animals are obligate. Select the exception.
basking in the sun
why are people with sickle-cell anemia often better able to survive malaria?
because of heterozygote advantage
Bees C and D differ from bees E and F because ____.
bees C and D inherited different alleles than bees E and F from their mother
If two species of lizards do not mate because their mating rituals differ greatly, this is known as
behavioral isolation
Identify the trait that is NOT characteristic of the antifreeze protein of polar-dwelling fish.
beta pleated sheet structure
Which group of animals represents the surviving dinosaurs?
birds
Birds and mammals are considered polyphyletic when considering that
birds and mammals do not share the same common reptilian ancestor
All of the following are common polyploidy crops EXCEPT
broccoli
What is the main cause of carbon dioxide build up in the atmosphere?
burning fossil fuels
An example of commensalism involves which two organisms?
cattle egrets and cattle
ΔN/Δt = B − D
change in population size
Hydrological alterations threaten freshwater biodiversity in many ways. Select the exception.
changes in salinity
From the studies on chromosome similarities, it looks as though humans are most closely related to
chimpanzees
By definition, a monophyletic lineage is a
clade
A diagram of relationships that are constructed objectively using a table of discrete characters is called a
cladogram
A smooth pattern of variation along a geographical gradient is referred to as a
cline
Autopolyploidy is...
closely related species form polyploidy offspring by hybridization an error in mitosis or meiosis forms polyploidy offspring
When an animal is apparently aware of its circumstances and uses reasoning to achieve a goal it is said to have _____.
cognition
Which of the following types of interactions is advantageous for one species, but has no effect on the other?
commensalism
Hybridization and polyploidy led to the evolution of
common bread wheat
The relationship between species richness and recovery from natural disturbances can best be summarized as follows:
communities with more diversity recover more rapidly from natural disturbances.
An ecologist that studies groups of populations that occur together in one area is a(n)______.
community ecologist
Biodiversity hotspots are defined as areas where biodiversity is both ____ and ____.
concentrated endangered
Tetrapod digits are known to be
controlled by genes that were present in the common ancestor of sharks
Australia and Eurasia each have a mouse-like mammal, one a marsupial, the other a placental. This is an example of
convergent evolution
If we were to discover beings on a distant planet that looked very much like us, it would probably be cited as an example of
convergent evolution
Behavioral traits are useful in distinguishing among species because
courtship behaviors and timing of mating may create prezygotic isolation
Which is a likely result of a mass extinction?
create "empty niche space" that can stimulate radiation of surviving groups
The closest living relatives of birds are
crocodiles
Which of the following benefits from biodiversity would be categorized as an ecosystem service?
decomposition of wastes
Ecological niche is...
defined by the resources used by a species and the conditions it requires
The Hubbard Brook Watershed Project illustrated that
deforestation can alleviate drought conditions.
a baby born with winkled, poorly-formed skin and blood vessels prone to rupture can be said to have inherited what?
deleterious mutation
Fossils of plants found in deeper geologic layers do not show vascular tissues, while fossils in shallower geologic layers include some specimens with and some without vascular tissues. Thus, vascular tissue in plants is considered a ____ character
derived
Ecologists use compartment models to
describe nutrient cycling
When subtropical forest is cleared, what biome is most likely to replace it?
desert with poor eroded soil
Biological species concept is...
determining different species by checking to see if fertile offspring are produced
Morphological species concept is...
determining different species by observing appearance
Which of the following is NOT part of the grazing food web?
detritivores
what is natural selection that shifts the adaptation of an entire population called?
directional selection
what would changing environmental conditions most likely cause an existing species to undergo?
directional selection
If a honeybee performing the dance in image B moves straight down the comb, then the other bees will seek the nectar source by flying ____.
directly away from the sun
Studies have determined that all of the following except ______ are responsible for the cyclical rise and fall of arctic hare and lynx populations.
disease
The Lake Erie ecosystem was affected by humans because human activities
disrupted energy flow and the cycling of nutrients.
what is balanced polymorphism in a population the result of?
disruptive selection
Which of the following lists of taxonomic levels is in correct order, from largest to smallest?
domain - kingdom - phylum - class
Which of the following factors is NOT a density-dependent regulator of population size?
drought
What is the definition of the standing crop biomass?
dry weight of the plants
An ecologist that studies cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy between the biotic components of an ecological community and the abiotic environments is a(n)______.
ecosystem ecologist
Disturbance and exposure at borders of habitat fragments are collectively termed ____.
edge effects
If speciation occurs with the production of two or more species in a small area, ____ is (are) probably responsible
either sympatric or parapatric speciation
A species that is confined to a specific, relatively small geographic area is called
endemic
What is/are the factor(s) involved in the optimal foraging theory?
energy needed to capture food and energy that the food provides
what does a shift in allele frequencies in a population represent?
evolution
The fourteen species of finch native to the Galapagos Islands
evolved from a single common ancestor
A trait that is adaptive in one context and later turns out to have adaptive value in a rather different context is called
exaptation
According to the biological species concept, members of the same species look alike primarily because they
experience gene flow, which mixes their genetic material
Population growth of rabbits in Australia can best be described as
exponential
dN/dt = (b − d)N
exponential model of population growth
Which factor would be least useful for making predictions regarding how urbanization and climate change will affect the carbon cycle?
extent of agricultural practices
A milkweed plant discourages consumption by herbivores by
exuding a toxic sap.
Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the amount of all of the following except ____ increased in Lake Erie.
fish population sizes
Instinctive behaviors that are performed in exactly the same way every time they are triggered are defined as ____.
fixed action patterns
Upon finding a carcass, a raven will only call and attract other ravens to the food source if the ____.
food is found in a resident pair's territory
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has advanced an understanding of systematics because it allows
for analysis of small amounts of DNA from dried museum specimens and some fossils
Hawaiian fruit flies provide an example of which of the following?
founder effects, genetic drift and adaptive radiation
what population attributes can be calculated with hardy weinberg?
frequencies of: heterozygotes, homozygous dominant genotypes, dominant allele, recessive allele
Sometimes the most abundant color form of an animal is preyed upon more extensively than less common forms. what phenomenon does this illustrate?
frequency dependent selection
what population attribute cannot be calculated with hardy weinberg?
frequency of mutation
Some Drosophila reject the sperm of another species, which is known as
gametic isolation
The fact that eggs have the ability to recognize surface proteins on sperm of their own species illustrates
gametic isolation
if individuals move from one population to another, it may cause a shift in allele frequencies due to what?
gene flow
In the taxonomic hierarchy, a family consists of a group of similar
genera
A host race develops when an organism's
genes for the host plant choice change and genes for mating preferences change
A small decrease in pH was shown to have a significant effect on
genes involved in building mineralized skeletons in sea urchin larvae.
Because of fluctuations in the environment, such as depletion of food supply or an outbreak of disease, a population may periodically experience a rapid and marked decrease in number of individuals, leading to a form of genetic drift called what?
genetic bottleneck
The only survivors of a colony on Venus are a man and a woman, who happen to be both originally from the southern Ukraine. what will their descendants show the effect of?
genetic drift
We are sending a small number of dogs to colonize a new planet. Through a random selection process, we end up only with dachshunds and chihuahuas. The subsequent colony of dogs are all small with short legs. what is this an example of?
genetic drift
what does a sudden reduction in population size generally result in?
genetic drift
what is the production of random evolutionary changes in small breeding populations is known as?
genetic drift
what process is not a component of natural selection?
genetic drift
what process results in microevolution without any form of natural selection?
genetic drift
Instinctive behaviors are distinguished from learned behaviors because instinctive behaviors are ____ while learned behaviors are ____.
genetically programmed responses; dependent upon experience
What mechanism seemed to separate the "birds of paradise" in New Guinea?
geographic isolation
During allopatric speciation, the first event is usually
geographic separation of two populations
Which of the following is NOT a known characteristic of any dinosaurs?
gills for breathing underwater
A view of Earth's history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes is
gradualism
On a cladogram, branches represent
groups of organisms that share a common ancestor
The species area effect applies to all of the following EXCEPT _____.
habitats isolated from each other
The time interval used in measuring the age of rocks is called
half-life
Ernst Mayr, the scientist from the New Guinea study on "birds of paradise", knew that the natives understood speciation because they
have individual names for many of the species.
What adaptation(s) allow(s) a rattlesnake to more effectively locate prey?
heat sensors
the distribution of the genetic disorder sickle-cell anemia is correlated with the distribution of malaria in tropical countries. what is this an example of?
heterozygote advantage
The intrinsic rate of increase is _____ for bacteria, protists, and animals with short generation time and ____ for those with long generation time
high low
Endemic species tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ____.
high charisma to motivate conservationists
Colonization rates from one habitat patch to another are ____ and extinction rates within habitat patches are ____ in contiguous habitats than on islands.
higher lower
Succession in "old fields" is often reconstructed using ______.
historical records
A gene that determines the structure of body parts during embryonic development is a
homeotic gene
Genes that code for transcription factors that bind regulatory sites on DNA are called
homeotic genes
The complete replacement of one type of organ with another is called
homoeosis
Characters that provide evidence for evolutionary relationship are
homologous
Phenotypic similarities that provide no information about shared ancestry are called
homoplasies
The movement of genetic material from one clade to another is called
horizontal gene transfer
For which of the following is there fossil evidence of 100 extinct species from five continents, with only one extant species?
horses
Conservation biologists conduct a population viability analysis to determine ____.
how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival
The greatest rate of extinction of all time is/was probably caused by ____.
human activity
If the F2 generation illustrates a lack of fitness, this is an example of
hybrid breakdown
A mule is an example of
hybrid sterility
What avenues of research would probably not help determine if asexual organisms form species?
hybridizing polyploid plants
endangered species are
in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
Oceanic ridges form
in zones of rising magma
desertification is
inadvertent conversion of habitats to desert
Many factors are believed to reduce songbird breeding success in fragmented habitats. Select the exception.
increased connections between habitats
Most of the following factors are intrinsic controls to population growth. Select the exception.
increased predation
Hertz and Huey discovered which of the following compensatory mechanisms that allows lizards living at high altitudes to survive lower mean air temperatures?
increased time spent basking
Burning fossil fuels has clearly resulted in
increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Gene sequences that evolve at a constant rate can be used to
index the time of divergence between two species
ecosystem services are
indirect benefits from normal activity of ecological processes
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms occur when the offspring
inherit different sets of instructions for development from each parent
Which hypothesis states that new species are prevented from entering a community by the existing species?
inhibition hypothesis
Character changes in molecular sequences are generated by
insertions, deletions, and substitutions
Biodiversity encompasses various levels of organization. Select the exception.
interactions between biomes
conservation biology is
interdisciplinary science that focuses on the maintenance and preservation of biodiversity
When male moose engage in their annual battles, butting heads with their oversized antlers, they are participating in a process that will lead to what?
intrasexual selection
The most parsimonious inference about the evolution of parental care behavior in crocodilians and birds is
it evolved once in the common ancestor of the two groups
What is the significance of genetic variation?
it is the raw material for adaptation, speciation, and evolution; and it is the most fundamental level of biological organization
r or k: extensive parental care
k
r or k: high tolerance to environmental change
k
r or k: large offspring
k
r or k: long life span
k
r or k: low mortality rate
k
r or k: small clutch or brood size
k
What role do bees play in the interaction between cowbirds and oropendola birds?
keep away insect pests
Which of these following marine ecosystems has the highest mean net primary productivity?
kelp beds and reefs
Research has shown that commercial fisheries place selective pressure on fish populations by harvesting mostly the ____ fish, resulting in ____.
larger; maturity at smaller sizes
When geese or ducks are imprinted, this means that they ____.
learned the features of a suitable mate during a critical period
Of the following choices, the best outgroup to use to resolve a phylogeny for great apes would be
lemurs
The length of day is ____ apt to change and the sunlight is ____ near the equator
less strongest
The allocation of resources for survival, growth, and maximal reproduction determines the ____ of a species.
life history
Which of the following data were used in the population viability analysis conducted for the yellow-bellied glider?
litter sizes, sex ratios, life span home ranges, survival probabilities, and age distributions
dN/dt = rmaxN(K − N)/K
logistic model of population growth
An example of the morphological species concept would be achieved by
looking at the appearance of two organisms
Which of the following symptoms would be characteristic of a child whose mother ate fish contaminated by PCBs during her pregnancy?
low birth weight and neonatal behavior problems
Which of the following characteristics would NOT have evolved with the others in the life history strategy of a single species?
low chance of survival in adulthood
If we are analyzing the origin of new families, orders, etc. over time, we are studying
macroevolution
Which lineage(s) diverged before the turtle lineage?
mammalian and amphibian
Which of the following categories of organisms is NOT known to produce viable polyploids?
mammals
To develop an effective simulation model for an ecosystem, a researcher must do all of the following EXCEPT
manipulate species richness.
The ____ method of determining population size is often used to estimate the population size of mobile animals that live within a restricted geographic range.
mark-release-recapture
When geographic variation occurs among the members of a species, individuals
may be mistaken for separate species
One disadvantage of a simulation model of an ecosystem is that it
may not be accurate.
Which of the following combinations represent prezygotic mechanisms of isolation?
mechanical and temporal isolation
If one plant has a very small tubular type of flower and cannot be pollinated by a large honeybee, it may develop which type of prezygotic isolation?
mechanical isolation
A group of neighboring populations that exchange individuals is defined as a ____.
metapopulation
what is a change in allele frequencies within a population called?
microevolution
A DNA barcode is being developed for use in conservation biology based on ______
mitochondrial genes in animals
An increase in air temperature will result in ____ water vapor in the atmosphere because warm air holds _____ water vapor than cold air does.
more more
In developing his classification, Linnaeus focused on
morphology
Which of the following kinds of traits was originally used for classifying organisms into taxonomic categories?
morphology and behavior
The phylogenetic species concept looks at both the
morphology and genetic data
Photosynthetic organisms are essential for limiting the damage done by global warming because they ____.
move carbon from the atmosphere to living organisms
Respiration would affect a compartment model by
moving both carbon and oxygen from the available organic compartment to the available inorganic component.
what is the source of new alleles in a population?
mutation
what processes are agents of microevolutionary change?
mutation genetic drift natural selection gene flow
what is the correct cause-and-effect sequence for evolution related events?
mutation --> variation --> natural selection --> adaptation --> speciation
Which of the following population interactions is advantageous to both populations?
mutualism
The Phylocode is a set of rules for
naming clades
what is adaptation the result of?
natural selection
what is directional selection?
natural selection that shifts the adaptation of an entire population
Crabs and terrapins have a _____ impact on snail populations while snails have a _____ impact on cordgrass populations and terrapins have a _____ impact on cordgrass populations.
negative negative positive
mutations that confer no apparent selective advantage or disadvantage in a particular environment are said to be selectively...
neutral
Young male white-crowned sparrows that were experimentally raised without ever hearing the song of their species ____.
never came close to singing the way wild males do
Name the process that takes place in nodules located on legumes
nitrogen fixation
What benefit do legumes derive from Rhizobium?
nitrogen fixation
When describing phylogenetic trees, each branching point is called a
node
exotic species are
non-native organisms in an ecosystem
what is inbreeding primarily due to?
non-random mating
what processes disrupt hardy weinberg?
non-random mating natural selection migration genetic drift
Thomas Bell and his colleagues showed that ______.
number of bacteria species increases with tree hole volume
An ecologist that studies the distribution of a frog species along a latitudinal gradient is performing a(n)_______.
observational experiment
The largest reservoir of water is
oceans
Which of the following carbon reservoirs contains the most carbon?
oceans
Parasitism is...
one organism feeds off of another organism, causing harm
Commensalism is...
one species derives benefits and the other is unaffected
Interference competition is...
one species harms organisms of another species
The conclusion from the energy flow study in Silver Springs was that
only a little energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
Gene flow between organisms of ring species occurs
only between intermediary populations
A ring species is one where
only intermediary populations can mate successfully
A taxis is distinguished from a kinesis because a taxis is ____ movement while a kinesis is ____ movement.
ordered a change in the rate of
Adaptive radiation is
origin of many species from a single common ancestor
Which of the following would most likely have the highest DDT concentration in tissue?
osprey
Atlantic cod have evolved to mature at a younger age and smaller size due to ____.
overexploitation by fishermen
what processes are components of natural selection?
overproduction of offspring limitations in vital resources genetic variation differential reproductive success
Some animals have evolved sexual maturity in juvenile body forms. This is called
paedomorphosis
If a hybrid organism has a shorter lifespan, which situation may result?
parapatric speciation
The Class Reptilia is a group of species that share a common ancestor, but does not include all of that ancestor's descendants. It is therefore considered to be
paraphyletic
d = (D/N)
per capita death rate
The genes of teosinte, a wild relative of corn, were used in crossbreeding with domestic corn in an attempt to produce a ____ variety.
perennial
what does directional selection favor?
phenotypes at one end of the distribution
The concept for examining speciation by reconstructing the evolutionary tree is the
phylogenetic species concept
A diagram that hypothesizes a set of organisms' evolutionary relationships to one another is a
phylogenetic tree
The twin goals of systematics concern
phylogeny and taxonomy
Polyploidy is a common mechanism of sympatric speciation in
plants
A group that contains species from separate evolutionary lineages is
polyphyletic
dN/dt = rmaxN
population growth under ideal conditions
genetic drift will have a progressively larger impact on allele frequencies in a population as what also occurs?
population size decreases
what does hardy weinberg assume?
populations are closed to migration
Community structure is a result of which of the following?
positive and negative interactions
The morphological species concept would relate more to
postzygotic isolation
Which of the following types of interactions is advantageous for one species, but has a negative effect on the other?
predation, herbivory and parasitism
A population of mostly ____ individuals with a ____ generation time and a ____ proportion of females is expected to show the most growth in the future.
prereproductive short high
Two species of flowering plants live together and flower at the same time. They do not hybridize because they each have a unique pollinating insect. This is an example of a
prezygotic barrier
Some of the work with Hawaiian fruit flies illustrated the presence of a
prezygotic isolating mechanism, which involved behavioral isolation
Which trophic level would be best represented by a rabbit?
primary consumer
Which of the following pairs of terms is NOT matched appropriately?
primary consumer − carnivore
In the biological species concept, it is specified that two organisms are of the same species if they breed and
produce fertile offspring under normal circumstances
The biological species concept relies primarily on the ability of individuals within the species to
produce fertile offspring when mating with one another
What three factors determine the ecological efficiencies of consumers?
production, harvesting, and assimilation efficiencies
Which of the following traits is characteristic of a K-selected species?
provide substantial parental care to offspring
The evolutionary mode in which species evolve rapidly at first and then remain stable for very long periods of time is called
punctuated equilibrium
what process does not disrupt hardy weinberg?
punctuated equilibrium
The apparent lack of intermediate forms in the fossil record might best be explained as due to
punctuated equilibrium.
Which trophic level would be best represented by a leopard seal?
quaternary consumer
r or k: early timing of first reproduction
r
r or k: fluctuating population size
r
r or k: little or no parental care
r
r or k: one reproductive episode
r
r or k: short maturation time
r
A human population with an age structure diagram that is narrower at the base than at the top would have ____.
r < 0
In the logistic model of population growth, what is expected to happen to r when N = K?
r = 0
what process is not an agent of microevolutionary change?
random mating
All of the following would help to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere EXCEPT
reducing water usage.
A molecular clock is based on
regulation of the order in which genes are turned on
what is the contribution an individual makes the to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals called?
relative fitness
Sympatric speciation is...
reproductive isolation between subgroups of a single population
Temporal isolation is...
reproductive isolation due to mating at different times of the year
All of the following choices are descriptive of a population experiencing exponential population growth EXCEPT ____.
resources are limited
The largest reservoir of carbon is
rock
If the food source being communicated about is close to the hive, the bee performs the ____.
round dance which is image A
A recent study of SINEs in whales and other mammals generated results that show that whales are derived from a common ancestor with
ruminants and hippos
Four of the five animals listed below are threatened or endangered. Select the exception.
sea urchin
Sea otter populations were reduced by overhunting, allowing an overgrowth of one of their prey animals, the ____, which consumed populations of ____ and decimated them.
sea urchin kelp
Monsoon cycles are a result of_____.
seasonal reversals of wind direction
High species richness in the tropics is probably a result of all of the following EXCEPT ______.
seasonality
Fossils are found only in
sedimentary rocks
what is the difference in the appearance of the male and female of the same species called?
sexual dimorphism
Kin selection is a form of natural selection in which ____.
shared alleles for altruism are perpetuated if the assisted animals produce more offspring than the helper could have produced if he had not helped
Birds living in a cold environment tend to have
short legs and larger bodies
Recent studies have demonstrated evolution in populations over a span of time as short as ____.
single years
Mutualism is...
situation where both species benefit
The morphological approach to speciation is prone to misinterpretation. Which of the following is not an example?
snails of quite similar appearance that are shown to be different species via reproductive isolation
Animals establish and defend territories only when ____.
some critical resource is in short supply
what effect do mutations have on a population?
source of new alleles
A panda bear who consumes a diet primarily of eucalyptus leaves would be considered a
specialist and a herbivore.
Parapatric speciation is...
speciation occurs between adjacent populations
Behavioral isolation is...
speciation occurs due to different mating rituals
endemic species are
species found only within a limited area
Aposematic coloration is...
sporting a brightly contrasting, dangerous-looking pattern
Organisms store energy as______.
starch, glycogen or fat
Succession results from all of the following EXCEPT ____.
stasis
Endothermic animals use the majority of their energy to
stay warm.
If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be
sterile offspring due to hybrid sterility
The wings of birds and the wings of bats represent
structures that are homoplastic but with homologous components
what is genetic drift the result of?
sudden reduction in population size
What molecule from coal-burning power plants dissolves in water vapor in the air and falls as acid precipitation?
sulfur dioxide
A sterile hybrid plant can form a fertile new species if its chromosomes are doubled. This is referred to as
sympatric speciation
Abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals is likely to lead to
sympatric speciation
Two host races of apple maggots have appeared within the past 100 years. This suggests that they may be undergoing
sympatric speciation
The eradication of malaria in Europe resulted from a specific breakthrough in the science of
systematics
Which of the following is NOT classified as an ectoparasite?
tapeworm
Crocuses that bloom in the early spring and marigolds that bloom in the summer would definitely experience which type of isolation?
temporal
When two organisms do not mate due to the fact that they mate at different times of the year, it is known as
temporal isolation
Which of the following do virtually all scientists agree is occurring?
the Earth's atmosphere and oceans are getting steadily warmer
In the Northern Hemisphere, seasonal variation in temperatures is caused mainly by ____.
the Earth's tilt on its axis of 23.5°
Which of the following pairs of traits are homologous?
the bones of bird and bat wings
Biological magnification is best defined as ____.
the concentration of nondegradable poisons within organisms at higher trophic levels
what is relative fitness?
the contribution an individual makes the to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
what is sexual dimorphism?
the difference in the appearance of the male and female of the same species
The Cretaceous is the period in which
the dinosaurs reached their peak and then became extinct
in frequency-dependent selection, highest mortality can be expected in what?
the most abundant genotype
The systematics of today is very different than the systematics learned a generation ago. As a result, which of the following statements do we know to be entirely inaccurate?
the number of existing species is known with certainty
The density of a population is defined as______.
the number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume of habitat
under what circumstance might measuring the frequency of homozygous recessive genotypes lead to erroneous predictions of allele frequencies in a population?
the population is affected by heterozygote advantage
When comparing the pyramids of biomass between Silver Springs, Florida, and the English Channel,
the pyramid for Silver Springs is bottom heavy and the English Channel pyramid is top heavy.
The "sixth mass extinction" refers to
the rapid loss of biodiversity due to degradation of the environment by humans
Which of the following is the most important contribution of molecular phylogenetics?
the reorganization of living systems into three domains
Altruism can be distinguished from reciprocal altruism because altruism is defined as ____ but reciprocal altruism involves ____.
the sacrifice of an individual's reproductive success to help others; the expectation of a future favor in return for present aid
Hybrid breakdown is...
the second generation of the mating shows poor fitness
what is balanced polymorphism?
the stable presence of more than one allele for a particular gene in a population
Nearly all ecosystems receive a constant input of energy from which outside source?
the sun
In the experiment involving bluegill sunfish and their choice of diet, when equal numbers of small, medium, and large Daphnia are present,
the sunfish prefer large Daphnia
concerns about the small size of humpback whale populations led to a collaborative study of what?
their genetic variability
Mechanical isolation is...
there is a physical reason why the two organisms cannot mate, and speciation occurs
Why have so few primates gone extinct compared to other groups, for example, mussels or birds?
they are among the most closely monitored and protected species
Morphological characteristics are widely used for taxonomic classifications because
they are easy to assess in living, preserved, or fossilized specimens
The LEAST most parsimonious explanation for the existence of beaks in birds is that
they arose one time in one bird lineage
Rabbits introduced to Australia overpopulated because in their new habitat ____.
they had no natural predators
Biologists have recently been interested in Miss Waldron's red colobus monkey (Procolobus badius) because it is ____.
thought to be extinct
Wilcove's experimental design included
three forest types, multiple nests per forest type and height from ground.
When newborn coastal garter snakes and newborn inland garter snakes are exposed to banana slug chemicals, the coastal snakes responded by ____ while the inland snakes ____.
tongue-flicking did not tongue-flick
Ocean acidification is being caused by
transfer of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to ocean.
Birth rates generally reach their highest point in which stage of the demographic transition of a country?
transitional
In the hydrologic cycle, water moves from the land to the air by ____ and returns to the land via ____.
transpiration and evaporation; precipitation
Peter Sheldon found that the number of "ribs" in which of the following groups changed over a 3 million year period with no evidence of speciation?
trilobites
Which of the following is NOT commonly used to describe a community?
trophic abundance
Which of the following environments would be most likely to harbor a biodiversity hotspot?
tropical island
Which of the following types of ecosystems would have the lowest percentage of total net primary productivity?
tundra
Herbivores are ____ energy transfer(s) away from the sun
two
Exploitative competition is..
two or more species use the same limiting resource
An example of mechanical isolation would be
two organisms that are pollinated by different insects
Classical conditioning differs from operant conditioning in that classical conditioning associates ____ while operant conditioning links ____.
two phenomena that are usually unrelated; a voluntary activity with a reward
survivorship typical of humans
type I
survivorship curve for constant rate of mortality in all age classes
type II
survivorship curve for high juvenile mortality followed by increased chance of survival as adult
type III
survivorship typical of Cleome droserifolia
type III
The classification of species often leads to
understanding evolutionary relationships that directly and positively influence human health.
Investigators using molecular techniques determined that the rapid spread of armadillos into the southern U.S. was due to ____.
unexplained reasons
Populations in which individuals repel each other because resources are in short supply tend to have ____ distributions
uniform
Resource partitioning is...
use of resources in different ways
population viability analysis is
used to determine how large a population must be to ensure its long-term survival
Humans have disrupted the nitrogen cycle primarily by
using nitrogen-containing fertilizers.
A triploid organism is
usually sterile because of improper chromosome segregation
In a clinal variation, the organisms may
vary in appearance due to adaptations to different environments
Taxol, a drug treatment for breast and ovarian cancer was isolated from _______.
vascular cambium of a tree
The courtship display of the wandering albatross is primarily a(n) ____display.
visual
Radiometric dating works best with
volcanic rocks
The administration of the drug diclofenac to livestock inadvertently poisoned ____ and led to an increase in the disease ____.
vultures rabies
In a marine environment, which of the following is NOT a limiting factor for primary productivity?
water
Which of the following is NOT a legume?
wheat
Which of the following plants CANNOT participate in nitrogen fixation?
wheat
when can evolution be said to have taken place?
when a population experiences a shift in allele frequencies
The beginning of the industrial and scientific revolution occurred _____.
when human population size was approximately 1 billion
Trophic pyramids typically have a ____ base and a ____ top portion
wide narrow
Which of the following innovations merits birds being a separate class?
wings, flight and metabolic rate
A nonnative species that was accidentally introduced into Lake Erie by attaching itself to boats is
zebra mussels.
