Bio. Psych. Exam #2

The ability of leptin to inhibit eating can be viewed as a dual action in the brain that involves the activation of ________ and the inhibition of ________.

CART/α-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons

Which of the following is true of the central auditory system?

The auditory cortex has a tonotopic organization.

Which of the following is true of most color-sensitive ganglion cells?

The ganglion cells respond to pairs of primary colors such as red-green or blue-yellow.

Which of the following would be a useful treatment for obesity?

a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors

Rods are to cones as

acuity in the dark is to acuity in the day.

The critical period of development during which exposure to ________ organizes male and female sexual behavior in rats during adulthood is ________.

androgens; shortly after birth

The immediate aversive emotional consequence of pain reflects activation of the

anterior cingulate cortex.

A human female is more likely to initiate sexual activity with her partner

at a point in the menstrual cycle when her estradiol levels are highest.

The components of an emotional response include

behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.

Which of the following is not a disorder of slow-wave sleep?

cataplexy

Visual information from the retina is carried by ________ to the ________.

ganglion cell axons; thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus

Functional imaging studies of the human association cortex indicate that judgments of sound ________ activate the ________.

identity; ventral stream

A key effect of luteinizing hormone is to

induce ovulation.

Activation of adenosine receptors may increase sleep by

inhibition of neurons that normally inhibit the vlPOA.

Detectors for glucose are located within the

liver.

Disconnection of the ________ from the ________ abolishes maternal behavior.

medial preoptic area; brain stem

The ______ is a neural region in front of the anterior commissure that is sensitive to information from the subfornical organ and that communicates with motor neurons that control drinking.

median preoptic nucleus

The shearing force that bends the tips of the inner hair cells in response to movement of the basilar membrane arises from the

movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.

Which of the following is an essential element of all regulatory systems?

negative feedback

Activation of ________ cells within the ________ produces arousal and reduced sleep.

noradrenergic; locus coeruleus

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

orbitofrontal cortex.

The appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record is an indicator of

paradoxical sleep.

In thinking of the pathways taken by visual information within the association cortex, the dorsal stream projects to the ________ and is involved in ________.

parietal association cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space

For animals exposed to stress, damage to the central nucleus of the amygdala would be expected to

reduce blood levels of stress hormones.

Animal studies indicate that the effect of serotonin on aggression may reflect a more general effect of serotonin on

risky behaviors.

Sudden changes in the rotation of the head are sensed by the

semicircular canals.

The primary symptom of narcolepsy is

sleeping at inappropriate times.

The primary symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is(are)

the ability of a person to move during REM sleep.

Which of the following biological factors determines the genetic sex of a fetus?

the father's sperm

The proposition that facial expressions of emotion are innate is supported by research in which

the same facial expression for an emotion is observed in all cultures.

The complexity of a sound wave determines the psychological dimension of

timbre

Variation in the ________ of a light will result in variation in the perception of ________.

wavelength; hue

Which of the following is correct regarding the lateral hypothalamus?

Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating.

Which of the following events takes place at the onset of puberty to start sexual maturation?

Estradiol and testosterone are released by the gonads.

An ovary is an example of a gamete.

False

Heredity does not contribute to human sexual orientation.

False

Most studies of emotion have focused on positive emotions.

False

Rate coding along the basilar membrane is used to detect high-frequency sounds.

False

Seizures that involve the left hemisphere are more likely to induce emotional difficulties than cognitive difficulties.

False

Sleep apnea is a fatal disorder involving insomnia.

False

TMS applied to area MT produces color blindness.

False

The ability of a human female to mate is controlled by the ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone.

False

The determination of the "what" of an object is a key function of the dorsal visual stream.

False

The fovea contains of an equal mixture of cones and rods.

False

The photopigment melanopsin is located in rods but not cones.

False

The semicircular canals respond to steady rotation of the head.

False

Which statement best illustrates the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Laugh and you will be happy.

Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction?

Receptors convert an external energy into graded changes in receptor membrane potential.

A plant alkaloid is an example of a natural product that generates a bitter taste.

True

A system variable is a variable that is controlled by a regulatory mechanism.

True

Approximately 25% of human cerebral cortex is dedicated to the analysis of visual information.

True

Cannabinoid agonists stimulate eating.

True

Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex reduces people's inhibitions and self-concern.

True

Degeneration of brain orexin neurons causes narcolepsy.

True

Feelings of fear are produced by electrical stimulation of the human amygdala.

True

Fluoxetine is useful for the treatment of bulimia, but not anorexia nervosa.

True

In the olfactory system, a specific odorant is associated with a spatial pattern of activation of different olfactory receptors.

True

Light is the primary zeitgeber for most mammals' activity cycles.

True

No hormone is required to create a female.

True

People with visual agnosias have normal acuity, but are unable to recognize objects.

True

REM sleep facilitates the consolidation of non-declarative memory.

True

The cutaneous senses respond to a number of tactile stimuli.

True

The primary physiological signal for hunger is likely a decrease in glucose or fatty acid levels in the blood.

True

The ventral tegmental area is activated during orgasm in a human male.

True