Bio Psych Week 12 Quizzes

Which of the following are true regarding the mesolimbic dopamine reward system and obesity?

Dopamine release is increased and dopamine receptor binding is decreased in response to food cues in obese individuals.

Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Cholecystokinin or CCK - Serotonin - Leptin

Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her nucleus accumbens. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?

The "liking" of the reward of eating will be reduced.

Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for the influence of emotional states, food aversions, and stress on eating behaviors?

The amygdala

The Freudian interpretation of why we dream, i.e., that dreams are a manifestation of our subconscious wishes, desires, and fears, is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is decreased and activity of the amygdala is increased during sleep.

The belief that dreams function as a time of memory pruning and consolidation is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that activity of the hippocampus and sensory association cortices is increased during dreaming.

The theory that dreams are nothing more than meaningless brain activity is most consistent with which of the following?

The fact that epileptics having seizures and schizophrenics having hallucinations report similar experiences to dreaming.

The fact that activity of the hippocampus and sensory association cortices increases during dreaming is considered consistent with which of the following interpretations of why we dream?

The idea that dreams are a form of memory pruning and consolidation.

Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her amygdala. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?

The influence of emotions on eating behavior, such as food aversions, emotional states, stress, etc. on eating will be decreased.

Your uncle has had a stroke and now he doesn't eat because food no longer has any flavor for him. Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for processing information about flavor and thus was most likely damaged in your uncle's brain?

The orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The ________________ regulate satiety.

VMH and PVN but not the lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following is associated with high levels hunger and low levels of satiety?

- Low cholecystokinin (CCK) levels - Low insulin levels

Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Endocannabinoids or ECs INCORRECT: - Serotonin - Cholecystokinin or CCK

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The lateral hypothalamus is _______________, the VMH and PVN are __________________.

A hunger center; satiety centers

You are a pharmaceutical scientist trying to develop drugs to stimulate hunger in patients experiencing difficulty eating. Which of the following substances would stimulate hunger and/or decrease satiety?

An MSH antagonist

You are a pharmaceutical scientist trying to develop drugs to stimulate hunger in patients experiencing difficulty eating. Which of the following substances would stimulate hunger and/or decrease satiety?

An orexin agonist

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The arcuate nucleus is _______________, the lateral hypothalamus is __________________.

Both a hunger and satiety center; a hunger center

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The arcuate nucleus is _______________, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and parventricular nucleus (PVN) nucleus of the hypothalamus are __________________.

Both a hunger and satiety center; satiety centers

Which of the following is true regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Everyone dreams, including people who say they don't dream--they just don't remember their dreams. - Sensory information can occasionally be incorporated into dreams. - Dreams mostly contain conflict or negative emotional states. INCORRECT: - Dreams mostly contain positive emotional states. - People who say they don't dream are correct as not everyone dreams.

You have been studying hard in Norlin Library and haven't eaten in 7 hours. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates hunger that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Ghrelin INCORRECT: - Insulin - Leptin - Cholecystokinin or CCK

You are a sleep research and one of your subjects appears to be in REM sleep. Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep that this subject might be demonstrated that would make you think this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - He is twitching occasionally but making no large movements INCORRECT: - It is early in the subject's sleep period. - He does not appear to be dreaming.

Which of the following is an argument in favor of REM sleep being necessary? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - If deprived of REM sleep, people experience "REM rebound". - Nearly all mammals and many birds appear to have REM sleep. INCORRECT: - Nearly all anti-depressant medications suppress REM sleep and patients who take them go months without REM sleep without obvious negative consequences.

Which of the following brain chemicals promotes sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Increased GABA release by neurons of the VLPO hypothalamus. INCORRECT: - Release of acetylcholine by neurons of the basal forebrain. - Release of orexin by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following is characteristic of NREM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - It is characterized by much less dreaming but night terrors in children. - It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses. - It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of NREM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - It is characterized by much more dreaming and more vivid narrative dreams. INCORRECT: - It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses. - It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking.

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - It is characterized by occasional twitches but large movements are not common. INCORRECT: - We only dream in REM sleep. - It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of total sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking. - It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses. - It is characterized by night terrors in children. INCORRECT: - It is characterized by much more dreaming and more vivid narrative dreams.

You are a sleep research and one of your subjects appears to be in NREM sleep. Which of the following is a characteristic of NREM sleep that this subject might be demonstrated that would make you think this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - It is early in the subject's sleep period. INCORRECT: - He is twitching occasionally but large movements are rare. - He appears to be dreaming.

You just finished a very big meal. Which of the following is a chemical signal produced by the body that stimulates satiety that is likely increasing in your blood right now? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Leptin - Serotonin - Cholecystokinin or CCK

You are a research scientist studying drugs that influence appetite. You inject some mice with a promising new drug that mimics the effects of a hypothalamic neurotransmitter and increases satiety. Which of the following neurostransmitters in the hypothalamic appetite circuit increase satiety and thus might this drug be affecting? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH INCORRECT: - Neuropeptide Y or NPY

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH INCORRECT: -Orexin

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with stimulating satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH INCORRECT: - Orexin - Neuropeptide Y or NPY

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

CORRECT: - Most human obesity is genetic, and leptin levels are usually much lower in most obese people. - Rapid and dramatic weight loss doesn't typically have any effect on leptin levels. INCORRECT: - Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.

Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Mutations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity.utations to leptin or its receptor are associated with hyperphagia (increased eating) and obesity. - Rapid and dramatic weight loss can be associated with decreases in leptin levels that may cause people to overeat and regain weight. - Most human obesity is environmental, not genetic, and leptin levels are normal or even elevated in most obese people. INCORRECT: - Most human obesity is not environmental, and leptin levels are reduced in most obese people.

Which of the following is an argument AGAINST REM sleep being necessary? Please select all of the answers that are AGAINST REM sleep being necessary below.

CORRECT: - Nearly all anti-depressant medications suppress REM sleep and patients who take them go months without REM sleep without obvious negative consequences. INCORRECT: - If deprived of REM sleep, people experience "REM rebound". - Nearly all mammals and many birds appear to have REM sleep.

You are a research scientist studying drugs that influence appetite. You inject some mice with a promising new drug that mimics the effects of a hypothalamic neurotransmitter and increases hunger. Which of the following neurostransmitters in the hypothalamic appetite circuit increase hunger and thus might this drug be affecting? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Neuropeptide Y or NPY INCORRECT: - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Orexin INCORRECT: - Corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH

You are a physician treating a patient withinsomnia. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Over-activation of the basal forebrain. - Over-activation of the lateral hypothalamus. - Damage to the VLPO hypothalamus.

You are a physician treating a patient with insomnia. Which of the following may have caused this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Over-activation of the lateral hypothalamus. INCORRECT: - Damage to the reticular activating system. - Damage to the lateral hypothalamus.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

CORRECT: - People who say they don't dream are correct, as not everyone dreams. INCORRECT: - Dreams mostly contain negative emotional states. - Sensory information can occasionally be incorporated into dreams.

Which of the following brain chemicals promotes wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Release of orexin by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. INCORRECT: - Buildup of adenosine in the basal forebrain. - Buildup of adenosine in the basal forebrain.

Which of the following brain regions does NOT promote wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The VLPO hypothalamus INCORRECT: - The reticular activating system. - The basal forebrain

Activity of which of the following brain regions is increased during dreaming? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The amygdala - The anterior cingulate cortex - The hippocampus INCORRECT: - The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Which of the following brain regions promotes wakefulness? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The lateral hypothalamus - The basal forebrain - The reticular activating system INCORRECT: - The VLPO hypothalamus

Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is involved in stimulating hunger-related behaviors? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The lateral hypothalamus INCORRECT: - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH

Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is NOT involved in stimulating hunger? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH INCORRECT: - The lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is involved in stimulating satiety? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The paraventricular nucleus or PVN - The ventromedial hypothalamus or VMH INCORRECT: - The lateral hypothalamus

Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - We dream in both REM and NREM sleep. INCORRECT: - It is characterized by the most movement--flailing, tossing and turning, even sleep walking and talking. - It accounts for most (about 6 of 8 hours) of sleep in adults but less as the sleep period progresses.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of slow-wave or NREM sleep?

Large slow EEG waves, no EOG activity, low EMG activity.

You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is in slow wave or NREM sleep. Which of the following electrophysiological patterns would you most expect to see in this subject?

Large slow EEG waves, no EOG activity, low EMG activity.

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Hunger is regulated by the ________________.

Lateral hypothalamus but not VMH and PVN

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Hunger is regulated by the _______________ while satiety is regulated by the _______________.

Lateral hypothalamus; VMH and PVN

Which of the following statements is true regarding leptin signaling and obesity?

Mutations to the leptin receptor cause overeating and obesity even though leptin levels are normal.

Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, and high EOG activity?

REM sleep

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of wakefulness?

Short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, high EOG activity.

Which of the following descriptions best describes the electrophysiological characteristics of fast-wave or REM sleep?

Short rapid EEG waves, no EMG activity, high EOG activity.

Your uncle has had a stroke and suddenly emotional states and food aversions no longer affect his eating. Which of the following brain regions is most responsible for the influence of emotional states, food aversions, and stress on eating behaviors and was probably damaged in your uncle's brain?

The amygdala

Your aunt has a brain tumor that is damaging her hippocampus and medial temporal cortex. Which of the following is most likely to be affected with respect to her eating behaviors?

The influence of memory on eating behavior, such as how recently we ate, how filling it was, how nutritious and good tasting it was, and learned cravings on eating will be decreased.

Your uncle has had a stroke and now he doesn't eat because even though he wants food, and it has flavor to him, he no longer has any "liking" of it. Which of the following brain regions is responsible for processing the "liking" of reward and thus was most likely damaged in your uncle's brain?

The nucleus accumbens

You are a researcher studying the electrophysiology of sleep. One of your subjects is demonstrating short rapid EEG waves, high EMG activity, and high EOG activity. Which stage of sleep or wakefulness is this subject in?

Wakefulness