Bio Psych Week 13 Quiz

Select the answer below that fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Epinephrine is secreted by the __________________, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the __________________.

Adrenal medulla; anterior pituitary

The hormone released by the anterior pituitary that causes cells in the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol is the definition of which of the following stress chemicals?

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or ACTH

Select the answer below that fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the ____________, epinephrine is secreted by the __________________.

Anterior pituitary; adrenal medulla

Which of the following best describes the function of the cingulate cortex in the emotional circuit of the brain?

It serves as an error warning system by evaluating threat, reward, and conflict.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the amygdala? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

CORRECT: - Damage to the amygdala is most associated with a heightened aggression response. - Social animals have smaller amydalae, probably because they have to process less emotional salience with such a large protective social network. INCORRECT: - The amygdala seems to play a very important role in evaluating emotional salience of a situation.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

CORRECT: - Fake smiles cannot be distinguished from real ones. INCORRECT: - Emotions are not always accompanied by facial expressions. - People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions similarly.

You have a patient who is experiencing chronically elevated HPA but NOT SNS activity. Which of the following chronic health conditions might you expect to see in this patient as a consequence of this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers - Immune system dysfunction - Increased risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack INCORRECT: - Increased GI issues such as diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome

Prolonged HPA activation and chronically elevated cortisol levels result in which of the following adverse health consequences associated with chronic stress? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers - Immune system dysfunction INCORRECT: - Increased risk of stroke due to high blood pressure

Which of the following is true regarding testosterone and aggression? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - In animals, testerosterone may be permissive for, and exaggerate existing levels of, social aggression. INCORRECT: - In humans, testosterone appears to be associated with social threat and social reward, which both require aggression. - In humans, a causal relationship between physiological levels of testosterone and aggression is well supported.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding testosterone and aggression? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

CORRECT: - In humans, testosterone appears to be associated with social reward, which always requires aggression. INCORRECT: - In animals, testerosterone may be permissive for, and exaggerate existing levels of, social aggression. - In animals, testerosterone may be permissive for, and exaggerate existing levels of, social aggression.

Which of the following statements is true regarding testosterone injection and brain activity?

Testosterone injection decreases activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and increases activity of the amygdala.

You have a patient who is experiencing chronically elevated SNS but NOT HPA activity. Which of the following chronic health conditions might you expect to see in this patient as a consequence of this? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Increased GI issues such as diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, constipation - Increased blood pressure and risk of stroke - Increased risk of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and heart attack

Which of the following is a factor that inactivates the stress response? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Increased firing of hippocampal neurons - Decreased firing of hypothalamic neurons INCORRECT: - Decreased leveWhich of the following best describes the function of the cingulate cortex in the emotional circuit of the brain?ls of oxytocin or endocannabinoids

Prolonged sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation results in which of the following adverse health consequences associated with chronic stress? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Increased risk of stroke due to atherosclerosis INCORRECT: - Immune system dysfunction - Formation of gastrointestinal ulcers

Which of the following statements is true regarding facial expressions and emotions? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Not all emotions are always accompanied by facial expressions; in other words, facial expressions are an thus not automatic and necessary part of the emotional response. INCORRECT: - People in different parts of the world make and interpret facial expressions very differently - Fake smiles cannot be distinguished from real ones, and both fake and real smiles are produced by the same brain region.

Oxytocin causes which of the following changes in brain activity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Oxytocin increases activity of the VTA and nucleus accumbens. INCORRECT: - Oxytocin increases activity of the amygdala. - Oxytocin decreases activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).

Which of the following is FALSE regarding oxytocin? Please select all of the answers that are FALSE below.

CORRECT: - Oxytocin is produced in the anterior pituitary gland. - Oxytocin increases during maternal bonding in women and men and following sex in women but not in men. INCORRECT: - Oxytocin may increase ethnocentric behavior and suspicion of outsiders.

Which of the following is true regarding oxytocin? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Oxytocin may increase ethnocentric behavior and suspicion of outsiders. INCORRECT: - Oxytocin is produced in the anterior pituitary gland. - Oxytocin increases during maternal bonding in women and men and following sex in women but not in men.

Which of the following is associated with increased vasopressin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Pair bonding in males - Increased amygdala activation and fear and aggression responses INCORRECT: - Ethnocentric behavior, envy, and "schadenfreude"

Which of the following is associated with increased oxytocin levels? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Parent-child bonding in both sexes - Decreased fear and aggression responses - Ethnocentric behavior, envy, and "schadenfreude"

You are a neuroscience researcher studying emotion. You create a lesion in the brain of a cat and the cat becomes very unafraid of everything, even things it was formerly afraid of. Which of the following brain regions did you lesion? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The amygdala INCORRECT: - The septum nucleus of the limbic system - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Which of the following statements is true regarding the amygdala? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The amygdala seems to be important in evaluating emotional salience of a situation. - Social animals have larger amydala, probably because they have to process more emotional salience with larger social networks. INCORRECT: - Damage to the amygdala is most associated with a heightened aggression response.

Which of the following brain regions inhibits aggression and anger responses? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - The ventromedial prefrontal cortex - The septum nucleus of the limbic system INCORRECT: - The amygdala

Vasopressin causes which of the following changes in brain activity? Please select all of the answers that are correct below.

CORRECT: - Vasopressin increases activity of the amygdala. INCORRECT: - Vasopressin decreases activity of the VTA and nucleus accumbens in male animals during/after sex - Vasopressin increases activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ provides error warning by evaluating threat, conflict, and reward while the _______ provides input on interoception or how the body feels.

Cingulate cortex; insular cortex

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Oxytocin _________ activity of the amygdala, and ___________ activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC).

Decreases; increases

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Oxytocin ___________ aggression, vasopressin __________ aggression.

Decreases; increases

Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the emotional circuit of the brain would cause which of the following difficulties?

Difficulty making moral judgments, deciding on a plan of action, and inhibiting inappropriate or excessive emotional responses.

Damage to the cingulate cortex in the emotional circuit of the brain would cause which of the following difficulties?

Difficulty processing threat, conflict, reward and other cues for error detection.

Damage to the hypothalamus in the emotional circuit of the brain would cause which of the following difficulties?

Diminished bodily arousal in response to emotions.

The hormone released by the adrenal medulla that augments the effects of the sympathetic nervous system is the definition of which of the following stress chemicals?

Epinephrine

You are a neuroscientist and you have genetically engineered a line of mice so that their adrenal medulla cells don't produce their hormone in the stress cascade. Which of the following substances would be most directly affected in these mice?

Epinphrine

Your mother's best friend recently had a stroke in the face area of her brainstem. Which of the following would you expect to happen to her facial emotional expressions?

Her ability to produce involuntary but not voluntary facial expressions would be adversely affected.

Which of the following would be most likely to increase aggression in animals or humans?

High levels of testosterone and low levels of serotonin

You are studying a troop of baboons and one of them is extremely aggressive. Which of the following would you expect to find in this baboon?

High levels of testosterone and low levels of serotonin

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In aggressive animals and humans, testosterone levels are _______, serotonin levels are ____________.

High; low

Select the answer below that is specifically a consequence of increased sympathetic activation and NOT a consequence of increased HPA axis activation.

Increased sweating

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In the emotional circuit of the brain, the ____________ provides input on interoception or how the body feels while the __________ provides error warning by evaluating threat, conflict, reward, etc.

Insular cortex; cingulate cortex

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus in the emotional circuit of the brain?

It activates the body's arousal mechanisms

Which of the following best describes the function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in the emotional circuit of the brain?

It helps make moral judgments, decide on a plan of action, and it inhibits inappropriate or excessive emotional responses.

Which of the following best describes the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone or ACTH in the stress response?

It is the hormone released by the anterior pituitary that causes cells in the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

Which of the following best describes the function of the amygdala in the emotional circuit of the brain?

It receives input from many parts of the brain and ultimately decides if an emotion is needed, which emotion is needed, and how much of that emotion is needed.

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: In aggressive animals and humans, serotonin levels are _______, testosterone levels are ____________.

Low; high

The neurotransmitter secreted by neurons of the locus coeruleus that increases mental alertness and attention is the definition of which of the following stress chemicals?

Norepinephrine

You are a neuroscientist and you have genetically engineered a line of mice so that their locus coeruleus neurons don't produce their neurotransmitter in the stress cascade. Which of the following substances would be most directly affected in these mice?

Norepinephrine

Which of the following is true regarding oxytocin secretion in men and women?

Oxytocin secretion is increased in both sexes during postnatal bonding and in both sexes following sex.

Which of the following is a consequence of increased sympathetic nervous system activity?

Pupils dilate

You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients has experienced damage to herinsular cortex. Which of the following best describes the difficulties this patient will face with respect to emotion regulation?

She will have difficulty in processing interoception or how the body feels during emotions.

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The _______________ is primarily concerned with mobilizing/conserving energy stores in order to battle a prolonged stress like lack of food while the _________ is primarily concerned with providing the energy and muscle activity to escape an immediate threat.

The HPA axis; the sympathetic nervous system

Difficulty in evaluating emotional salience or whether an emotion is needed, which emotion is needed, and how much emotion is needed is associated with damage to which of the following parts of the emotional circuit of the brain?

The amygdala

The function of which of the following parts of the brain in the emotional circuit is to serve as an error warning system by processing input from reward and aversion centers and evaluating social/emotional salience, threat, conflict, etc?

The cingulate cortex

You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients has difficulty in error warning from evaluating the threat, reward, and conflict in a situation. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient?

The cingulate cortex

You are a clinical neuroscientist working with individuals who have emotion regulation issues. One of your patients has difficulty in receiving and processing input about interoception, or how the body feels, during emotional responses. Which of the following parts of the brain is most likely damaged in this patient?

The insular cortex

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: The _______________ is primarily concerned with increasing alertness and attention to deal with potential threats while the ________________ is primarily concerned with mobilizing/conserving energy stores in order to battle a prolonged stress like lack of food.

The locus coeruleus; the HPA axis

Difficulty making moral judgments, deciding on a plan of action, and inhibiting inappropriate or excessive emotional responses is associated with damage to which of the following parts of the emotional circuit of the brain?

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex

You are a neuroscientist and you find that corticotropin releasing hormone or CRH levels are abnormally low in several of your mice. Which of the following tissues is most likely defective in these animals?

Their hypothalamus

Select the answer below that best fills in the blanks of the following sentence: Amygdala activation is increased by ___________________.

Vasopressin but is decreased by oxytocin

Which of the following statements is true regarding aggressive of fearful behavior?

Vasopressin increases aggression and anxiety, oxytocin decreases aggression and anxiety