bio test 3

alveolata

Diverse protists that possess saclike membrane vesicles at the cell periphery, and may have cilia or flagella for movement, are classified in the supergroup called

degraded

During bacterial transformation, One strand is _________; the other strand enters the bacterial cytoplasm, and is then incorporated into the host chromosome

archea

Eukaryotes share a number of cellular features with the _______, suggesting common ancestry.

stay in micro environments (in which they thrive)

Existing in a biofilm helps microbes _______.

microtubules, dynein

Flagella are cellular extensions whose movement is controlled by interactions between ________and the motor protein ________

producers

For their role in synthesizing organic compounds that other organisms use as food, autotrophic bacteria are referred to as .

aquatic, buoyancy

Gas vesicles found in ______ bacteria are essential for adjusting ______.

gas vesicles

In aquatic bacteria, hollow gas filled tubes, whose walls are made of protein, are called ___________.

lactose, lactic acid

In cheese making, bacteria consume ______ and produce ______, which aids in curdling the milk.

creating low oxygen conditions

In cyanobacteria heterocytes promote the activity of the enzyme nitrogenase by:

capsid, bacterial

In the process of transduction, when new phages are assembled, ______ proteins may accidentally enclose a piece of ______ DNA that carries a specific gene. Upon release, this transducing phage binds to another E. coli cell and inserts the cargo DNA into it.

terrestrial and aquatic

In which of the following locations are biofilms likely to be beneficial rather than harmful?

thylakoids

Intracellular membranous tubules whose surfaces bear chlorophyll

pili

Locomotion using ______________is described more as gliding or twitching, as opposed to swimming.

orient in space

Magnetosomes allow bacteria to

antibiotics

Many microorganisms are known to secrete ______, which are chemicals that kill or slow down the growth of other microorganisms.

plants

Many nitrogen fixers have evolved to have close relationships with:

photosynthesis

Most algae are protists that can produce organic compounds by means of

protein

Most archaea possess a cell composed of

oxygen disables nitrogenase

Most nitrogen fixers do not fix nitrogen in the presence of oxygen because:

aerobes, anaerobes

Obligate__________ require oxygen for survival, whereas obligate __________ are actually poisoned by the presence of oxygen.

kinetoplastids

Pathogenic A large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion

primary

Phagocytosis without digestion of a bacterial cell by a simple protist (one that lacks a plastid) can result in ___________ endosymbiosis.

UV

Pigmented slime sheaths coat some bacterial filaments helping them to prevent _____ damage

habitat

Plankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton are informal groupings of protists classified according to:

two membranes

Primary endosymbiosis is associated with a plastid that possesses:

decomposers

Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and other organic matter, thus releasing minerals for uptake, are called

periphyton

Protists that live within communities of microorganisms attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces are called

ciliates

Protists that move through their aquatic environment by means of cilia are known as .

flagella

Red algae are characterized by the absence of_______ . The lack of these structures is a feature that has strongly influenced the evolution of red algae and resulted in unusually complex life cycles.

Alveolata

Saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Secondary or tertiary plastids Flagella or cilia Cellulose plates

feeding, dispersal of gametes

Sedentary protists utilize their flagella for:

cocci, bacilli

Spherical prokaryotic cells are known as _________and include species such as Lactococcus and Streptococcus. Rod-shaped prokaryotic cells are called ________ and include species such as Lactobacillus.

mutualistic

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live in the tissues of tube worms that inhabit deep-sea thermal vents exemplify a(n) ______ relationship with these eukaryotes.

Chemoautotrophs

The autotroph that uses inorganic compounds as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source is called a(n) ____________ .

oxygen, nitrate

The bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis oxidizes sulfide with ______ when this element is available but is also capable of using ______ for sulfide oxidation.

peptidoglycan

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed of ________ which is not present in archaea.

large vats of bacterial culture

The chemical industry produces insulin, vaccines, and antibiotics using:

coccolithophorids

The cliffs of Dover, England are deposits of calcium carbonate produced by __________

plastids

The cyanobacteria gave rise to the _________ of eukaryotic algae and plants.

ether, ester

The membrane lipids of archaea are formed with ______ linkages, whereas those of eukaryotes and bacteria are formed with ______ linkages.

antibiotics

The outer lipopolysaccharide envelope of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of

secondary

The plastids of Cryptomonads and Haptophytes originated from ________ endosymbiosis.

earths carbon cycle

The production and consumption of methane by bacteria and archaea have an important influence on:

excavata

The protist supergroup Discoba is also known as

convergent evolution

The similarities in body form of fungus-like protists and true fungi is a result of:

pili

The type IV secretion system of bacterial pathogens is an example of descent with modification; the injection machinery is evolved from:

bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to break down organic compounds in wastewater, industrial discharges, and oil spills is called .

heterotrophic flagellate

Trichomonas vaginalis is a metamonad. It is best described as a(n):

false

True or false: True fungi and fungus-like protists constitute a monophyletic group.

cyptomonads

Unicellular flagellates that contain red, blue-green, or brown secondary plastids and are closely related to plants are:

heterocytes

What is the name of the specialized cells many cyanobacteria species use to fix nitrogen?

protozoans

Which group of protists obtain nutrients by ingesting food particles or by absorbing small organic molecules from the environment?

archaea and eukarya

Which of the three domains are most closely related to each other?

Lipoplysaccharide layer

Which structure of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of penicillin and similar antibiotics?

photoheterotroph

You isolate a bacterium or maybe an archaeon. You find that it uses light as an energy source but it requires organic compounds as a carbon source. You would classify this organism as a(n) ________

kinetoplastids

______ are heterotrophic, often parasitic, flagellate protists that obtain nutrition through phagocytosis and possess a large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion.

euglenoids

______ are often photosynthetic with a unique light-sensing system and conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles. They use flagella and flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane for locomotion.

heterotrophic

______ bacteria, along with fungi and some animals, decompose dead organisms and organic matter, thus freeing minerals for use.

aerotolerant anaerobes

______ do not use oxygen for survival, but they are not harmed in its presence either.

biofilms

_______ are aggregations of microbes that secrete adhesive mucilage, which helps them stick to surfaces.

autotrophic

_______ bacteria, along with algae and plants, produce organic compounds that other organisms consume.

histone

________ proteins are associated with the DNA of eukaryotes and archaea, but not bacteria.

Discoba

__________ obtain nutrients for energy by small particles entering the feeding groove, ingested through phagocytosis and digested into small molecules

pili

___________ are short threadlike cell surface structures used by some prokaryotes for gliding motion.

gram positive

___________ bacteria have cell walls with a thick peptidoglycan layer.

secondary endosymbiosis

____________ __________occurs when a eukaryotic host cell consumes another eukaryotic cell.

gram negative

_______________ bacteria have a relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, and an outer coating of lipopolysaccharide.

maintain shape, prevent lysing, help prevent against pathogenic microbes

benefits of possessing a rigid cell wall?

specialized cells, intercellular chemical communication, cellular attachment, programed cell death

characteristics of multicellularity demonstrated by some of the filamentous cyanobacteria.

vibrios

comma-shaped

branched, filamentous body structure, multicellular bodies

common characteristics of protists that live within periphyton?

small size, moist habitats

common to nearly all protists?

amoeboid movement

creeping motion caused by flow cytoplasm into the pseudopodia

algae, protozoa, fungus-like

ecological roles filled by protists?

spirochetes

flexible spiral-shaped

giardia

member of the Metamonads of the supergroup Discoba

green algae

most possess primary plastids, many possess flagella

flagellate

move using flagella

amoeba

move using pseudopodia

coccolithophorids

reflect sun and produce compounds that foster cloud formation

spirilli

rigid spiral-shaped

phytoplankton

single cells, ability to float, short filaments of cells, colonies held together with mucilage

flagella

the _________ of bacteria are driven by a multi-part molecular machine composed of a filament, hook, and motor.

internal cytoskeleton of microtubuals, a plasma membrane covering, motor protein dynein

these are present in eukaryotic flagella and not prokaryotic flagella.

mitochondria

Discoba is a protist supergroup, whose name refers to the presence of disc-shaped cristae in the ________of the cells of these protists.

akinetes, endospores

A few species of bacteria respond to harsh conditions by entering a dormant state. What can these bacteria persist as?

dinoflagellates

About half of ______ species are heterotrophic, and half possess photosynthetic plastids that were derived by secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis.

fermentation

Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen to procure energy; instead, they use_____________ or anaerobic respiration, which uses molecules other than oxygen for electron transport processes.

photoautotrophic

Algae are _______ protists.

methane

An important part of the role of microbes in the Earth's carbon cycle is that of producing and consuming ______.

oxygen, eukaryotes

Ancient cyanobacteria are thought to have generated the first_________ -rich atmosphere on Earth, paving the way for the rise of the___________ .

reduce competition for resources have benefited humans a great deal protect the microorganism from attack from other microorganisms

Antibiotics secreted by bacteria and other microorganisms:

paraphyletic

Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, but they are considered to be a _________ group because they do not include all the descendants of a single common ancestor.

inorganic sources

Autotrophs use_______ _____________ for all or most of their carbon molecules.

light

Bioluminescent bacteria have the ability to produce or emit

euglenoids

Conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles A light-sensing system at the base of the flagellum Flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane

secondary

Cryptomonads and haptophytes have ______ plastids.