bio test 3
alveolata
Diverse protists that possess saclike membrane vesicles at the cell periphery, and may have cilia or flagella for movement, are classified in the supergroup called
degraded
During bacterial transformation, One strand is _________; the other strand enters the bacterial cytoplasm, and is then incorporated into the host chromosome
archea
Eukaryotes share a number of cellular features with the _______, suggesting common ancestry.
stay in micro environments (in which they thrive)
Existing in a biofilm helps microbes _______.
microtubules, dynein
Flagella are cellular extensions whose movement is controlled by interactions between ________and the motor protein ________
producers
For their role in synthesizing organic compounds that other organisms use as food, autotrophic bacteria are referred to as .
aquatic, buoyancy
Gas vesicles found in ______ bacteria are essential for adjusting ______.
gas vesicles
In aquatic bacteria, hollow gas filled tubes, whose walls are made of protein, are called ___________.
lactose, lactic acid
In cheese making, bacteria consume ______ and produce ______, which aids in curdling the milk.
creating low oxygen conditions
In cyanobacteria heterocytes promote the activity of the enzyme nitrogenase by:
capsid, bacterial
In the process of transduction, when new phages are assembled, ______ proteins may accidentally enclose a piece of ______ DNA that carries a specific gene. Upon release, this transducing phage binds to another E. coli cell and inserts the cargo DNA into it.
terrestrial and aquatic
In which of the following locations are biofilms likely to be beneficial rather than harmful?
thylakoids
Intracellular membranous tubules whose surfaces bear chlorophyll
pili
Locomotion using ______________is described more as gliding or twitching, as opposed to swimming.
orient in space
Magnetosomes allow bacteria to
antibiotics
Many microorganisms are known to secrete ______, which are chemicals that kill or slow down the growth of other microorganisms.
plants
Many nitrogen fixers have evolved to have close relationships with:
photosynthesis
Most algae are protists that can produce organic compounds by means of
protein
Most archaea possess a cell composed of
oxygen disables nitrogenase
Most nitrogen fixers do not fix nitrogen in the presence of oxygen because:
aerobes, anaerobes
Obligate__________ require oxygen for survival, whereas obligate __________ are actually poisoned by the presence of oxygen.
kinetoplastids
Pathogenic A large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion
primary
Phagocytosis without digestion of a bacterial cell by a simple protist (one that lacks a plastid) can result in ___________ endosymbiosis.
UV
Pigmented slime sheaths coat some bacterial filaments helping them to prevent _____ damage
habitat
Plankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton are informal groupings of protists classified according to:
two membranes
Primary endosymbiosis is associated with a plastid that possesses:
decomposers
Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms and other organic matter, thus releasing minerals for uptake, are called
periphyton
Protists that live within communities of microorganisms attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces are called
ciliates
Protists that move through their aquatic environment by means of cilia are known as .
flagella
Red algae are characterized by the absence of_______ . The lack of these structures is a feature that has strongly influenced the evolution of red algae and resulted in unusually complex life cycles.
Alveolata
Saclike, membranous vesicles at the cell periphery Secondary or tertiary plastids Flagella or cilia Cellulose plates
feeding, dispersal of gametes
Sedentary protists utilize their flagella for:
cocci, bacilli
Spherical prokaryotic cells are known as _________and include species such as Lactococcus and Streptococcus. Rod-shaped prokaryotic cells are called ________ and include species such as Lactobacillus.
mutualistic
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live in the tissues of tube worms that inhabit deep-sea thermal vents exemplify a(n) ______ relationship with these eukaryotes.
Chemoautotrophs
The autotroph that uses inorganic compounds as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source is called a(n) ____________ .
oxygen, nitrate
The bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis oxidizes sulfide with ______ when this element is available but is also capable of using ______ for sulfide oxidation.
peptidoglycan
The cell walls of most bacteria are composed of ________ which is not present in archaea.
large vats of bacterial culture
The chemical industry produces insulin, vaccines, and antibiotics using:
coccolithophorids
The cliffs of Dover, England are deposits of calcium carbonate produced by __________
plastids
The cyanobacteria gave rise to the _________ of eukaryotic algae and plants.
ether, ester
The membrane lipids of archaea are formed with ______ linkages, whereas those of eukaryotes and bacteria are formed with ______ linkages.
antibiotics
The outer lipopolysaccharide envelope of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of
secondary
The plastids of Cryptomonads and Haptophytes originated from ________ endosymbiosis.
earths carbon cycle
The production and consumption of methane by bacteria and archaea have an important influence on:
excavata
The protist supergroup Discoba is also known as
convergent evolution
The similarities in body form of fungus-like protists and true fungi is a result of:
pili
The type IV secretion system of bacterial pathogens is an example of descent with modification; the injection machinery is evolved from:
bioremediation
The use of microorganisms to break down organic compounds in wastewater, industrial discharges, and oil spills is called .
heterotrophic flagellate
Trichomonas vaginalis is a metamonad. It is best described as a(n):
false
True or false: True fungi and fungus-like protists constitute a monophyletic group.
cyptomonads
Unicellular flagellates that contain red, blue-green, or brown secondary plastids and are closely related to plants are:
heterocytes
What is the name of the specialized cells many cyanobacteria species use to fix nitrogen?
protozoans
Which group of protists obtain nutrients by ingesting food particles or by absorbing small organic molecules from the environment?
archaea and eukarya
Which of the three domains are most closely related to each other?
Lipoplysaccharide layer
Which structure of Gram-negative bacteria enables them to resist the effects of penicillin and similar antibiotics?
photoheterotroph
You isolate a bacterium or maybe an archaeon. You find that it uses light as an energy source but it requires organic compounds as a carbon source. You would classify this organism as a(n) ________
kinetoplastids
______ are heterotrophic, often parasitic, flagellate protists that obtain nutrition through phagocytosis and possess a large mass of DNA in a single large mitochondrion.
euglenoids
______ are often photosynthetic with a unique light-sensing system and conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles. They use flagella and flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane for locomotion.
heterotrophic
______ bacteria, along with fungi and some animals, decompose dead organisms and organic matter, thus freeing minerals for use.
aerotolerant anaerobes
______ do not use oxygen for survival, but they are not harmed in its presence either.
biofilms
_______ are aggregations of microbes that secrete adhesive mucilage, which helps them stick to surfaces.
autotrophic
_______ bacteria, along with algae and plants, produce organic compounds that other organisms consume.
histone
________ proteins are associated with the DNA of eukaryotes and archaea, but not bacteria.
Discoba
__________ obtain nutrients for energy by small particles entering the feeding groove, ingested through phagocytosis and digested into small molecules
pili
___________ are short threadlike cell surface structures used by some prokaryotes for gliding motion.
gram positive
___________ bacteria have cell walls with a thick peptidoglycan layer.
secondary endosymbiosis
____________ __________occurs when a eukaryotic host cell consumes another eukaryotic cell.
gram negative
_______________ bacteria have a relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, and an outer coating of lipopolysaccharide.
maintain shape, prevent lysing, help prevent against pathogenic microbes
benefits of possessing a rigid cell wall?
specialized cells, intercellular chemical communication, cellular attachment, programed cell death
characteristics of multicellularity demonstrated by some of the filamentous cyanobacteria.
vibrios
comma-shaped
branched, filamentous body structure, multicellular bodies
common characteristics of protists that live within periphyton?
small size, moist habitats
common to nearly all protists?
amoeboid movement
creeping motion caused by flow cytoplasm into the pseudopodia
algae, protozoa, fungus-like
ecological roles filled by protists?
spirochetes
flexible spiral-shaped
giardia
member of the Metamonads of the supergroup Discoba
green algae
most possess primary plastids, many possess flagella
flagellate
move using flagella
amoeba
move using pseudopodia
coccolithophorids
reflect sun and produce compounds that foster cloud formation
spirilli
rigid spiral-shaped
phytoplankton
single cells, ability to float, short filaments of cells, colonies held together with mucilage
flagella
the _________ of bacteria are driven by a multi-part molecular machine composed of a filament, hook, and motor.
internal cytoskeleton of microtubuals, a plasma membrane covering, motor protein dynein
these are present in eukaryotic flagella and not prokaryotic flagella.
mitochondria
Discoba is a protist supergroup, whose name refers to the presence of disc-shaped cristae in the ________of the cells of these protists.
akinetes, endospores
A few species of bacteria respond to harsh conditions by entering a dormant state. What can these bacteria persist as?
dinoflagellates
About half of ______ species are heterotrophic, and half possess photosynthetic plastids that were derived by secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis.
fermentation
Aerotolerant anaerobes do not use oxygen to procure energy; instead, they use_____________ or anaerobic respiration, which uses molecules other than oxygen for electron transport processes.
photoautotrophic
Algae are _______ protists.
methane
An important part of the role of microbes in the Earth's carbon cycle is that of producing and consuming ______.
oxygen, eukaryotes
Ancient cyanobacteria are thought to have generated the first_________ -rich atmosphere on Earth, paving the way for the rise of the___________ .
reduce competition for resources have benefited humans a great deal protect the microorganism from attack from other microorganisms
Antibiotics secreted by bacteria and other microorganisms:
paraphyletic
Archaea and bacteria are both prokaryotes, but they are considered to be a _________ group because they do not include all the descendants of a single common ancestor.
inorganic sources
Autotrophs use_______ _____________ for all or most of their carbon molecules.
light
Bioluminescent bacteria have the ability to produce or emit
euglenoids
Conspicuous carbohydrate storage particles A light-sensing system at the base of the flagellum Flexible protein strips beneath the plasma membrane
secondary
Cryptomonads and haptophytes have ______ plastids.