Bio Test 3 review

Electron transport takes place in the ______. mitochondria ribosomes cytoplasm chloroplasts

mitochondria

What are grana? What are grana? convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane stacks of membranous sacs thick fluids inside chloroplasts pigments found in chloroplasts

stacks of membranous sacs

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago. 2.7 billion 500,000 3.5 billion 10 million

2.7 billion

What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? lactic acid ethyl alcohol citric acid acetyl CoA

acetyl CoA

Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis? Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

On a lab bench, there are four balloons filled with identical volumes of different salt solutions: 0% (balloon A), 5% (balloon B), 10% (balloon C), and 15% (balloon D). There are also four beakers each filled with identical volumes of a 10% salt solution. The balloons are semi-permeable; that is, only water can enter and exit the balloon. All four balloons are placed in separate beakers at the same time and are allowed to come to equilibrium. Which is the correct order of balloon volumes at equilibrium, from largest to smallest? A < B < C < D D < C < B < A D < B < A < C All balloons will be of equal volume at equilibrium.

A < B < C < D

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ________. RuBP and O2 ATP and NADP+ ATP and NADPH ATP and NADH

ATP and NADPH

The Calvin cycle requires ________ and ________ from the light reactions in order to operate. glucose... carbon dioxide RuBP... NADP+ ATP... NADPH electrons... NADH

ATP... NADPH

Which one of the following is TRUE? Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions. Enzymes emerge changed from the reactions they catalyze. Enzymes work generally on a broad range of substrates. An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.

An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.

Several students were talking about which came first in the history of the Earth. Which student has the best understanding of what happened? Photosynthetic producers must have come first to provide oxygen for other organisms. Photosynthetic producers must have come first to provide food for other organisms. Anaerobic bacteria must have come first because there was no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? Benign tumors do not form lumps; malignant tumors do form lumps. Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are. Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not. Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________. CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar light energy and CO2... sugar CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar and O2 light energy, CO2, and water... sugar and O2

CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

Which of the following occurs during interphase? Which of the following occurs during interphase? The mitotic spindle forms. Sister chromatids separate. Chromosome duplication. Chromatin becomes tightly coiled.

Chromosome duplication.

Chromatin consists of ______. Chromatin consists of ______. RNA and protein protein only DNA only DNA and protein

DNA and protein

Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? CO2 H2O NADPH C6H12O6

H2O

________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. ________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. CO2 C6H12O6 H2O Chlorophyll a

H2O

In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ________ to ________. H2O... C6H12O6 C6H12O6... O2 H2O... CO2 O2... CO2

H2O... CO2

The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______. O2 NAD+ H2O CO2

NAD+

Which of the following statements is true? Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis. Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation. Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules. Which of the following is a true statement about this process? Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. The electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another. Glucose is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another.

Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water.

Usually, enzymes are ________. proteins fats chemical reactions steroids

Proteins

Which of these events occurs during anaphase? The nuclear envelope breaks up. Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The nuclear envelope reappears.

Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.

Which of the following occurs during prophase? Which of the following occurs during prophase? Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell. The mitotic spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope forms. Sister chromatids separate.

The mitotic spindle begins to form.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is TRUE? The solution in the balloon is isotonic; the solution in the beaker is hypertonic. The solution in the balloon is hypotonic relative to the solution in the beaker. The solution in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the solution in the balloon. The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. What will happen when the balloon is submerged in the beaker? The volume of water in the beaker will decrease. The volume of water in the beaker will increase. The amount of glucose in the beaker will decrease. The amount of glucose in the beaker will increase.

The volume of water in the beaker will decrease.

A horse eating some hay is an example of ________. an autotroph eating a consumer an autotroph eating a producer a consumer eating a producer a consumer eating a heterotroph

a consumer eating a producer

Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings? active transport osmosis diffusion facilitated diffusion

active transport

In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will ________. undergo plasmolysis burst become turgid become flaccid

become turgid

Which of the following are produced as a result of cellular respiration? ATP and water carbon dioxide, water, and ATP carbon dioxide and ATP oxygen and glucose

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? chlorophyll b chlorophyll a carotenoids RuBP

carotenoids

Sister chromatids are joined at the ______. Sister chromatids are joined at the ______. centromere centriole spindle centrosome

centromere

What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem? What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem? phycobilins chlorophyll a carotenoids chlorophyll b

chlorophyll a

During metaphase ______. During metaphase ______. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell the nuclear envelope breaks up sister chromatids separate centromeres divide

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? citric acid cycle fermentation glycolysis electron transport chain

citric acid cycle

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid production of CO2 a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule conversion of NADH to NAD+

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis? Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis? Calvin cycle citric acid cycle electron transport chain glycolysis

electron transport chain

Which one of the following is TRUE? Which one of the following is TRUE? Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction. Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. Enzymes are the products in a chemical reaction. Enzymes' functions require inhibitors.

enzymes catalyze specific reactions

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? lactic acid creatine pyruvic acid ethyl alcohol

ethyl alcohol

When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state. When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state. positive excited energetic quantum

excited

When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ________. exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration

exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? phagocytosis endocytosis exocytosis passive transport

exocytosis

What is the function of stomata? What is the function of stomata? gas exchange water absorption location of photosystems Calvin cycle

gas exchange

ATP synthase plays a role in ______. glycolysis pulling electrons down the electron transport chain pumping hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane generating ATP

generating ATP

] Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration? energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water glucose → lactic acid + energy glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy none of the above

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown? conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid glycolysis the electron transport chain the citric acid cycle

glycolysis

Which of these stages of cell respiration can occur without the others? glycolysis the electron transport chain the citric acid cycle lactic acid fermentation

glycolysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? citric acid cycle, electron transport, glycolysis citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport electron transport, glycolysis, citric acid cycle

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______. A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______. have two nuclei not have completed anaphase have its chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell have less genetic material than it started with

have two nuclei

Lactic acid build up in muscles is a sign that ________. aerobic respiration capacity has not been reached respiration is operating effectively insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles the muscles will be able to operate continuously for a long time

insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ________. contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan is isotonic to the protozoan is hypertonic to the protozoan is hypotonic to the protozoan

is hypotonic to the protozoan

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______. Golgi apparatus nucleolus centriole nucleus

nucleus

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________. carbon dioxide oxygen carbohydrates ATP

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______. NAD+ oxygen lactic acid ATP

oxygen

The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ________. exocytosis diffusion osmosis phagocytosis

phagocytosis

What name is given to a discrete packet of light? What name is given to a discrete packet of light? quantum wavelength photon phaser

photon

Which of the following is an autotroph? Which of the following is an autotroph? fish mushroom pine tree human

pine tree

Diffusion ________. Diffusion ________. is the result of the potential energy of atoms occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated proceeds until equilibrium is reached requires an input of cellular energy

proceeds until equilibrium is reached

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________. produce more ATP than is possible through complete aerobic respiration produce ATP without O2 produce ATP using the electron transport chain regenerate NADH

produce ATP without O2

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________. produces oxygen produces glucose produces ATP uses carbon dioxide

produces ATP

Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT production of sperm and eggs. cell replacement. growth of a multicellular organism. asexual reproduction.

production of sperm and eggs.

A product of glycolysis is ______. ethyl alcohol lactic acid pyruvic acid O2

pyruvic acid

An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________. shape pH size temperature

shape

A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. centromeres centrosomes sister chromatids genomes

sister chromatids

Plants use photosynthesis to harvest energy, and they use cellular respiration to store chemical energy. store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy. change light energy into chemical energy as well as to harvest chemical energy. change light energy into sugars.

store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy.

Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose sucrose sucrase glucose fructose

sucrase

Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose fructose glucose sucrose sucrase

sucrose

Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________. taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates) taking in oxygen and making wood synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose converting sugar to oxygen and water

taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis. Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis. metaphase telophase anaphase prophase

telophase

Which of the following is a stage of mitosis? Which of the following is a stage of mitosis? cytokinesis telophase DNA synthesis interphase

telophase

The second stage of aerobic respiration is ______. the citric acid cycle lactic acid fermentation ATP production glycolysis

the citric acid cycle

Osmosis can be defined as ________. Osmosis can be defined as ________. the diffusion of a solute across a selectively permeable membrane active transport across a selectively permeable membrane the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane the diffusion of nonpolar molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

During telophase, ________. sister chromatids become separate chromosomes the events of prophase are reversed chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell the nuclear envelope breaks up

the events of prophase are reversed

In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ______. the electron transport chain the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane fermentation the citric acid cycle

the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ______. the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise

the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole

the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ________. In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ________. outer chloroplast membrane endomembrane thylakoid membrane inner chloroplast membrane

thylakoid membrane

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient. energy... down transport proteins... against transport proteins... down energy and transport proteins... against

transport proteins... down

Photosynthetic organisms like grass are able to ________. use water they take in through their leaves as a final electron acceptor. use substances in the air as a major source of carbon. convert light energy to chemical energy in mitochondria make all of their organic matter from organic molecules in the soil.

use substances in the air as a major source of carbon.

The waste products of cellular respiration include ________. water only carbon dioxide only water and carbon dioxide water and glucose

water and carbon dioxide