BIO test 5

The ________ system uses a hierarchical model for classification.

Linnaean

Natural selection ________.

makes it possible for some individuals to thrive

Gel electrophoresis ________.

separates DNA based on size

Sanger developed the method widely used to ________.

sequence DNA

Homologous structures are shared anatomical features found in ________.

(not) different individuals of a species

The primary goal of agricultural GMOs is to ________.

(not) reduce the need for pesticides

Scientists utilize ________ to introduce new DNA into plants.

A. tumefaciens

________ is recognized as the father of evolution but ________ also helped develop the idea.

Charles Darwin; Alfred Wallace

The discovery of _________ is quite possibly the most valuable piece of biological evidence that supports our theories of evolution today.

DNA

Current ________ for law enforcement utilizes short tandem repeats.

DNA fingerprinting

A key observations of ________ was that species of organisms on different islands were clearly similar, yet had distinct differences.

Darwin

________ provided multiple lines of evidence to support the idea of descent with modification. He did this by studying several species found on the Galapagos islands, such as finches, and noting how they adapted to different geographical regions over time.

Darwin

The HMS Beagle was a sailing ship used by British explorers during the 1700s. Charles Darwin spent nearly 5 years aboard this ship as a naturalist looking for evidence of evolution. At the end of his trip Darwin wrote the book "On the Origin of Species". Which of the following contributions did Darwin make to our knowledge of evolution?

Darwin proposed the idea of natural selection.

The first reproductively cloned animal was ________.

Dolly the sheep

________ are created by introducing recombinant DNA into an organism.

GMOs

Which of the following statements does NOT support natural selection?

Natural selection is not affected by selective pressures

________ is used to amplify a target gene of interest.

PCR

________ is no longer recommended in healthy men because it does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer.

PSA screening

Based on Charles Darwin's observations in the Galapagos Islands, why did the variety finches have different types of beaks? Choose the best answer.

The varied beaks of each finch helped the birds acquire specific types of food.

Based on Charles Darwin's observations in the Galapagos Islands, why did tortoises in the Galapagos Islands have longer necks than tortoises in dry lowlands? Choose the best answer.

Those with long necks could reach more leaves and access more food than those with short necks.

________ summarizes the evolution of various life forms on earth

a phylogenetic tree

Human growth hormone produced by molecular cloning is ________.

a recombinant protein

Insulin produced by molecular cloning is ________.

a recombinant protein

A trait that increases the environmental fitness of an organism is called a ________.

adaptation

Changes in ________ are at the core of how evolution occurs.

allele frequencies

________ are the ratios of alleles within a population.

allele frequencies

Typically, islands are ________ for increased evolutionary pressures.

an ideal setting

Members of the public often believe GMO crops should be banned because they ________.

are not safe

Cellular cloning can be used to study ________.

asexual reproduction

Natural selection is ________.

based on present environmental conditions

Once a branch point occurs, ________ of the branches evolve.

both, one, or neither

Sister taxa differ only in the feature indicated by a ________.

branch point

Evolution is fundamentally a ________.

change in gene variation over time

Species that are ________ will have a lot of genetic similarities.

closely related

One of the principles of natural selection is that organisms will ________.

compete for resources

Northern blots are used to ________.

detect gene expression

Global warming has caused the once snowy mountainside to now turn into a rocky landscape with little snow. Over the last century the species mice which reside in these mountains have started to change in coat color. The population of mostly white mice have shown an increase in frequency of gray individuals. What type of evolutionary process is happening to this population of mice?

directional selection

When two species evolve in unique directions from a common point, the process of ________ is at work.

divergent evolution

A common misconception about evolution is that ________.

environmental changes cause genetic mutations

What does the field of pharmacogenomics focus on?

evaluating drug effectiveness using an individual's genomic sequence

Changes in allele frequencies are at the core of how ________ occurs.

evolution

During ________, populations change over time.

evolution

________ is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive.

evolution

The ability of an individual to contribute to the gene pool of the next generation is an organism's ________ fitness.

evolutionary

Mitochondrial genomics trace ________.

female lineages

The Linnaean taxonomic system is ________.

fluid

The Linnaean taxonomic system is ________.

fluid (updated as new evidence is found)

Transgenic organisms receive ________ through genetic manipulation.

foreign DNA from a different species

DNA can be separated based on fragment size using ________.

gel electrophoresis

A specific gene can be altered in order to study its basic function via ________.

gene targeting

Biotechnology has made many advances in the medical field possible. Which of the following biotechnology techniques involves the insertion of a "good" or non defective gene into the genome in order to potentially cure a disease?

gene therapy

Phylogenetic trees are usually based on ________ evidence.

genetic and morphological

Identify the factors necessary for evolution by natural selection.

genetic based variation among individuals

Adam has a family history of testicular cancer and is worried about his own health. Which of the following could he use to assess his risk of potentially developing this cancer?

genetic screening

Genomics is necessary in ongoing agricultural GMO efforts because ________.

genetic signatures need to be linked to traits

In order for organisms to change over generations, there must first be ________.

genetic variation

Binomial nomenclature is based on information that can be derived from the taxonomic classification system of species. If you were to discover a new species of primate you would name it by first using the ________ followed by the ________ taxon.

genus, species

A rooted phylogenetic tree ________.

has a single lineage at the base

Scientists studying shared anatomical features are looking at ________.

homologous structures

One of the foundational concepts of natural selection was an essay on ________.

human economic pressures

mutations in organisms can ____ fitness. Mutations can also ______ fitness.

increase; decrease

A trait that________ of an organism is called a adaptation.

increases the environmental fitness

The branches in phylogenetic trees ________.

indicate evolutionary order

Natural selection is limited because it works at the ________ level.

individual

Scientists utilize A. tumefaciens to ________.

introduce new DNA into plants

Evolution ________.

is the sum of various forces which may not all be adaptive

In order to ________, macromolecules and RNA must be destroyed.

isolate DNA

Phenotypically similar species ________.

may arise under similar conditions without being related

________ is the study of the collective genome of multiple species.

metagenomics

When the FBI traced the post-9/11 anthrax mailings, this became the first use of ________ in forensics.

microbial genomics

Genetics and evolution go hand in hand. Darwin explained that some favorable traits would increase in frequency over time. We now know that these traits are controlled by alleles. This shift in frequency of alleles is known as

microevolution

Genealogies are often traced using ________.

mitochondrial genomics

________ trace female lineages.

mitochondrial genomics

What technique can be used for studying the gene for cystic fibrosis?

molecular cloning

More closely related species will have ________.

more genetic similarities

According to ________, increased reproductive success is based on traits favored by a particular environment.

natural selection

According to the theory of ________ certain individuals will thrive better than others.

natural selection

In order for ________ to occur, genetic variation must already be present in a population.

natural selection

Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells ________.

of tissues to cure inheritable disease

Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells ________.

of tissues to cure inheritable diseases

Once a branch point occurs, ________ of the branches evolve.

one, both, or neither

Why is there often a lot of backlash and stigma surrounding GMO crops?

people believe GMOs are not safe

________ involves evaluating drug effectiveness using an individual's genomic sequence.

pharmacogenomics

During evolution, ________ change over time.

populations

Allele frequencies are the ________.

ratios of alleles within a population

The first ________ animal was Dolly the sheep.

reproductively cloned

Scientists use shared biological components such as ________ to determine relationships among the three domains of life.

ribosomes

A(n) ________ phylogenetic tree has a single lineage at the base.

rooted

A species is the ________ taxonomic category

specific

A mouse population that originally ranges from white to black becoming mostly grey over several generations is an example of what type of selection?

stabilizing

Over the past 4.6 billion years, all of the living organisms that exist today have come to be by a process referred to as evolution. All of the following are examples of physical evidence of evolution EXCEPT for which one?

structures present in the embryos of frogs that are also present in the adult form.

Which statement below best describes a phylogenetic tree?

summarizes the evolution of various life forms on earth

Darwin came up with the idea of natural selection because he noticed ________.

that some individuals of a species were more successful than others

Define the term metagenomics.

the study of the collective genome of multiple species

Sally believes one of the common misconceptions about evolution which is that individuals themselves evolve. If someone was trying to refute Sally's belief, which of the following statements about the theory of evolution could they NOT use as a reasonable argument?

the theory of evolution is responsible for the origin of life on Earth

Scientists use shared biological components such as ribosomes to determine relationships among ________.

the three domains of life

Jayde is going to be doing an activity where she has to draw the phylogenetic relationship between various plants. What are some limitations to her drawing a phylogenetic tree to show the evolutionary relationship between these plants?

the tree will not account for the length of time between the evolution of different species

The first genetically modified crop introduced onto the market was a ________.

tomato

If an organism receives foreign DNA from a different species through genetic manipulation, it is called ________.

transgenic

Genetic testing is commonly used to inform ________.

treatment plans for cancer patients ???

Darwin reasoned that the finches on the Galapagos Islands ________.

were modified descendants of mainland finches

Fossil evidence allows scientists to determine ________.

when organisms lived relative to each other