Bio Test CH. 7,8,9

Matching:

-ATP & NADPH- provides energy, povides hydrogen atoms and electrons -Stroma- semi flouid area that surrounds the grana -Carbon dioxide & sunlight -Carbon- and water needed to carry on photosynthesis -Thyklakoid membrane- where light independent reactions occur, the internal membrane system of the chloroplasts, they're folded into grana and channels

Mitosis (chart)

(threadlike) -diploid (two) cells with 2 of each kind of chromosome -Somatic cells- body growth and tissue repair -the number of chromosomes remains the same

Meiosis (chart)

(to diminish) -haploid (single) 1 of each kind of chromosome -germ cells: prior to process they are diploids -give rise to gametes (sperm and cell) -sexual reproduction -# of chromosomes reduce -Egg + Sperm = zygote

CHART

*Mitosis is used by multi-celled organisms for growth by repeated division of somatic cells. *Meiosis occurs only in germ cells that divide to form gametes

Mitosis VS. Meiosis

*Mitosis is used by multi-celled organisms for growth by repeated division of somatic cells. *Meiosis occurs only in germ cells that divide to form gametes

Matching:

- cytoplasm: Glycolisis reactions occur in the cytoplasm without the use of oxygen -an energy carrier: ATP - pyruvate: compound with a backbone of 3 carbon atoms -ATP: Prime energy carrier for allcells. It is produced by all organisms -NADH:

Between meals or during exercise, _____ are attacked as alternatives to glucose.

Triglycerides

Glycose is ____

a simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates. (first stage of the energy releasing pathways)

Chlorophyll pigments

absorb blue and red, but reflect green

Carotenoid pigments

absorb violet and blue, but reflect red, orange, and yellow

Electron Transport System (ETS)

are organized sequences of enzymes and other proteins bound in a cell membrane. They transfer energy stepwise from one compound to antoher. Electrons expelled from chlorophyll molecule go through one or two electron systems in the thylakoid membrane.

Main source of energy in the human diet

carbohydrates

_______ is the constricted region of a duplicated chromosome with attachment sites for microtubules.

centromere

4 of 5 listed below are participants in photosynthesis. Select the exception:

chlorophyll, chloroplasts, thylakoid MITOCHONDRIA IS NOT

Heterotrophs

feed on autotrophs, eachother and organic wastes, acquire carbon and enery from autotrophs, *include animals, protistans, bacteria, and fungi*

In somatic cells, chromosomes exist as pairs also known as _____

homologous chromosomes

Eukaryotic chromosome consists of _____

is a molecule of DNA with proteins attatched

Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells produce ____

lactate

The conversion of solar energy to chemical energy occurs during ________

light dependent reactions

ATP

Aerobic respiration produces thee most ATP for reach glucose molecule- typically 36

Yeasts use this pathway _____

Alcoholic Fermetation

Participants in the synthesis of carbohydrates

-ATP which provides energy - NADPH which provided hydrogen atoms and electrons -Atmosphere air which provides the carbon and oxygen from cabon dioxide (the reactions are not dependent on sunlight directly)

plant cells v. animal cells (cytoplasmic division)

-Cytokinesis AKA Cytoplasmic division- defined as splitting of parental cell into daughter cells. -Cytoplasmic division of a plant cell is brought about by cell plate formation -Animal cells divide by pinching in two a mechanism called cleavage

Cell cycle

-Mitosis is only one phase of the cell cycle -The cell cycle is a recurring sequence of events that extends from the time of a cell's formation until its division is completed

Stages

-Phrophase- threadlike chromosomes start to condense -Metaphase (middle)- all chromosomes are at the equator -Anaphase- sister chromatids of each chromosome seperate -Telephase- chromosomes de-condense and daughter nuclei form

Light independent reactions

-The light independent reactions assemble sugars and other organic molecules using ATP, NADPH, and CO2 -Reactions occur in the stroma (semi fluid) area that surrounds the grana.

Thylakoid disks

-The thylakoids are folded into grana (stacks of disks) and channels -The interior spaces of the thylakoid disks and channels are continuous and filled with hydrogen ions during ATP synthesis.

Aerobic respiration (WITH OXYGEN)

-is the main pathway for energy release from carbohydrate to ATP -is the mechanism that evolved to enable living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose.

Stages of Mitosis

1) Prophase 2) Metaphase 3) Anaphase 4) Telephase

3 series of reactions required for aerobic respiration (sequence)

1. Glycolosis- is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate ( small amounts of ATP are generated) 2. Krebs cycle- degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide, water, ATP, hydrogen ions and electrons 3.Electron transport Phospholation- processes the hydrogen ions and electrons to generate high yields of ATP

Which of the following statements is not true?

2 photons, 1 wavelenghts, 1 chlorophyl, 1, pigments, 1 visible light -pigments trap light energy. (light absorbing molecule) -light energy is packaged as photons, which vary in energy as a function of wavelengths -the most energetic photons travel as short wave lengths and the least energetic as long wave lengths -photons with different energy levels produce different colours.

Minimum evidence of anything being alive _____

CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION

Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?

CO2 & H2O

Excess ____ intake is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle for future use

Carbohydrates

______ & ______ are metabolic byproducts produced by living cells

Carbon Dioxide & Water

For all multi-celled organisms, growth as well as reproduction depends on _________.

Cell division

Aerobic respiration reaction (C6 H12 O6 + 6O2) in words

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy.

ATP

Glycolysis- 2 ATP Krebs cycle- 2 ATP ETP- 32 ATP Aerobic respiration- 36 ATP

Human Chromosomes

Humans have 46 chromosomes AKA 23 pairs

Light trapping pigment

In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, pigments trap light energy and give up electrons

Cell cycle

Interphase of cell cycles- the time interval between nuclear division in which a cell increases its mass, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and finally duplicates its chromosomes aka replicates its DNA. The interval is different for different species. Most of the cells existence is spent in interphase.

ATP

Is the prime energy carrier for all cells. It is produced by all organisms.

Photosynthesis

Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis

Most of the carbon enters the web of life through ____

photosynthesis

ATP

prime energy carrier for all cells, it is produced by all organisms.

When a eukaryotic cell divides, the daughter cells _____

receive enough of the organelles to start up the new cells and produce additional organelles as needed.

Ultimate source of energy for living things

sunlight

The internal membrane system of the chloroplast is a _______

thykaloid membrane system

Plants manufacture glucose (why?)

to function as the beginning of more complex molecules