Bio Unit 3 Test

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

peripheral protein

A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids)

in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

nuclear envelope

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

the central dogma of molecular biology

outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Plasma cells

produce antibodies

hormones (including digestive, reproductive, osmoregulatory)

provide internal feedback mechanisms for homeostasis at the cellular level and in whole organisms.

complementary activity of major body systems

provides cells with oxygen and nutrients and removes toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide.

role of the skin

providing nonspecific defenses against infection.

chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast

store energy for ATP production.

centriole

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules

supports cell, provides shape, and used in cell movement

mitochondria

takes in nutrients from the cell, breaks it down, and turns it into energy.

Phagocytosis

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

pinocytosis

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.

facilitated diffusion

the movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

homeostatic role of the kidneys

the removal of nitrogenous wastes

hydrophobic tail

the tails of phospholipids that do not like interacting with water

hydrophobic head

"Water Hating" Part of the Phospholipid - Repels water to stay

Exocytosis

- a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Endocytosis

- the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

golgi

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

integral protein

A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein).

Cytotoxic T-cells

A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells

phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

Be able to explain, in a general way, how vaccines work.

A vaccine works by training the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens, either viruses or bacteria. ... By injecting these antigens into the body, the immune system can safely learn to recognize them as hostile invaders, produce antibodies, and remember them for the future.

Explain what happened in the cell size diffusion lab. What was in the agar that can change color? What was in the water that diffused into the cubes and reacted... etc.

AGAR + Phenylphalein + NaOH = PINK... ACID solution neutralizes the base & turns it CLEAR.

What provides the energy that drives the sodium-potassium pump?

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, provides the energy that drives the sodium-potassium pump. ATP is the main energy molecule used by cells.

What is passive immunity vs active immunity?

Active Natural exposure Like fighting off an infection Deliberate (aquired) Through a vaccine (injection of the weakened for of an antigen to stimulate the production of antibodies) Passive Short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body Short-term due to the body destroying foreign antibodies

compare and contrast Active transport with Passive Transport

Active transport is the movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient (from an area of lower to higher concentration), which does not ordinarily occur, so enzymes and energy are required. Passive transport is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher to lower concentration.

What are antibiotics?

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Describe the difference between and pathogen and an antigen and antigen and antibody.

Antigen is regarded as a threat to the immune system and is capable of simulating an immune response. Antigens are proteins found on the surface of the pathogen - produces antibodies.

Put the following "levels of biological organization" in order from smallest to largest: cell, tissue, atom, macromolecule, chemical building blocks (monomer), multicellular organism, organ, organ system.

Atom, molecule, chemical building block (monomer), macromolecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, multicellular organism,

Be able to explain how B cells and T cells are mobilized to defend the body.

B Cells - fight bacteria and viruses by making Y-shaped proteins called antibodies T Cells - slow down the workings of the body's defense, so that the immune system "calms down" again after the infectious agent has been destroyed.

Explain why the term "fluid mosaic" is used to describe the cell membrane. What is "Grout"? What is the "tile"? Why is it "fluid"?

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL grout = phospholipid bilayer tiles = proteins

vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

B-cells

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.

chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Explain the difference between active transport and passive transport. List three examples of each.

Compare and contrast above Active - sodium-potassium pump, exocytosis, and endocytosis Passive - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis.

ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Memory Cells

General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.

If you put a cell into an isotonic solution what happens???

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, that means the amount of stuff inside the cell and outside the cell is equal. ... There will be some movement of water and salt across the cell membrane, but there will be no net concentration change. The cell will remain the same in an isotonic solution.

The sodium-potassium pump pumps how many of each ion in which direction?

In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell.

Describe three parts of non-specific responses to infection- 3 types of cells & what they do (one = inflamation).

Innate, or nonspecific, immunity is the defense system with which you were born. It protects you against all antigens. Innate immunity involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body. These barriers form the first line of defense in the immune response. Examples of innate immunity include: Cough reflex Enzymes in tears and skin oils Mucus, which traps bacteria and small particles Skin Stomach acid

Define each term (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) & predict the movement of water and dissolved substances in response to a concentration gradient.

Isotonic- same Hypertonic- (hyper means above) more solute & less water Hypotonic- (hypo means below) Less solute & more water Water always flows from the hypOtonic to the hypertonic.

Why are cells so small? Explain in terms of surface area to volume ratio and diffusion.

It is important for molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide to be able to pass in and out of cells efficiently. A high SA: V ratio allows for a lot of diffusions. Small Objects= high SA:V = GOOD for diffusion. Small is favorable for the diffusion of nutrients/gas.

Describe three external barriers to infection.

Natural barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid. Also, the normal flow of urine washes out microorganisms that enter the urinary tract.

Describe the structure of the cell membrane. How is it like an oreo cookie? Use terms like hydrophilic and hydrophobic and relate it to what happens when you dunk it in milk!

Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties (amphipathic). The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.

explain the ways in which a model of a PLANT CELL would differ from the animal cell model provided.

Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are mostly round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes. Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic cells, so they have several features in common, such as the presence of a cell membrane, and cell organelles, like the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

What are the differences between viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes? Which has a nucleus? A nucleoid? No membrane/phospholipid bilayers or organelles (including ribosomes)?

Prokaryotes - no nucleus (small and simple) Eukaryotes - nucleus (more complex, several organelles) Viruses - a nonliving particle composed of a nucleic acid and protein coat VIRUSES (smallest/simplest/ NOT cells) DNA or RNA in a protein shell (CAPSID) Ex. HIV, HPV, Influenza, Rhino Virus, Rabies, measles, mumps, rubella, NOT ALIVE... need to infect a cell host for reproduction, growth, etc. No MR. CHOMEG on own. Can't be "killed" because they aren't alive but can create immunity to them via vaccines/immunization. Intracellular Parasite.

Which two scientists are credited with the discovery of the cell?

Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What is the cell theory? What are the three parts? Scientists?

Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow Three parts All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells

If you put a cell into salt water (hypertonic) solution, what will happen to the cell?

Seawater is hypertonic. If you place an animal or a plant cell in a hypertonic solution, the cell shrinks, because it loses water ( water moves from a higher concentration inside the cell to a lower concentration outside ).

Define the term "selectively permeable."

Selectively permeable means a membrane allows the passage of some molecules or ions and inhibits the passage of others. The capacity to filter molecular transport in this manner is called selective permeability.

What function do carrier proteins perform in facilitated diffusion & active transport?

Some carrier proteins facilitate diffusion, transporting compounds down a concentration gradient, while others are integrated into an energy-requiring active transport system for transport of substances against a concentration gradient.

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

explain the cell membrane model in terms of structure and function.

Structure - These are lipid molecules made up of a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails. The properties of phospholipid molecules allow them to spontaneously form a double-layered membrane. ... In addition, the cell membrane contains glycolipids and sterols. Function - The cell membrane, therefore, has two functions: first, to be a barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out and, second, to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.

if you put a cell into pure water (hypotonic) solution, what will happen to the cell.?

Tapwater and pure water are hypotonic. A single animal cell ( like a red blood cell) placed in a hypotonic solution will fill up with water and then burst.

smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

receptor protein

a protein that binds specific signal molecules, which causes the cell to respond

carrier protein

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane

gradient

a rate of inclination; a slope

Mitochondria definition

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).

role of antibodies

body's response to infection.

usable energy

captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.

enzymes

catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

Be able to explain how the immune system can mount a specific defense to a specific antigen- what is clonal selection and how does this relate to swollen lymph nodes.

clonal selection occurs when a lymphocyte does this in response to a specific antigen (2) differentiates. aka forms more highly specialized cells. clonal selection. result of which is the formation of a population of clones that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte.

the role of the liver in blood

detoxification and glucose balance.

T Cells

develops in the thymus gland and plays a central role in the immune response.

T-lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

eukaryotic cells

given shape and internal organization by a cytoskeleton or cell wall or both.

cells

enclosed within semipermeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings.

B-lymphocytes

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections