BIO100 Final
A difficult wound for the immune system to respond to is
A puncture wound, because the first and second lines of defense can be bypassed.
Shortages of iron in our diet can cause deficiency anemia, a condition that reduces the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is a potentially serious condition that is characterized primarily by
A reduction in the blood's capacity to transport oxygen.
The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to
Act as a barrier to prevent entry of pathogens.
The human liver produces bile, a substance that
Allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut.
Which of the following features could be found in a vein, but NOT in an artery?
An one-way valve.
Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is
An organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.
Each T cell and each B cell binds to only one specific type of
Antigen.
The pulmonary ______ carries ______ blood from the heart to the lungs.
Artery; oxygen-poor
As nutrients move across an intestinal villus, most of the nutrients are absorbed by
Capillaries.
The blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are
Capillaries.
The function of the esophagus is to
Carry food to the stomach.
Which of the following events is the first to occur during inflammation?
Damaged cells release key signaling molecules.
One of the advantage of the villi that line the small intestine is that they
Increase the surface area available for food absorption.
The body responds to tissue damage by mounting an immediate and coordinated sequence of events called the
Inflammatory response
Blood leaving the right ventricle of the heart travels next to the
Lungs.
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a potato chip through our digestive tract?
Mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus.
After about an hour of basking in the sun, the body temperature of the marine iguana reaches 37C, and the animal dives into the water to feed. In the water, its body temperature rapidly drops, and the iguana must return to the rocks to warm up. This process is an example of
Negative feedback
Which of the following statements about negative feedback is true?
Negative feedback slows down or shuts off a process when a set point is reached.
Which level of biological organization do mouth, stomach, and small intestines belong to?
Organ systems
Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes tissues from organs?
Organs consist of multiple tissues types, whereas tissues consist of one or more cell types.
Which of the following things happens during inhalation?
Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli.
Why is it important that white blood cells are able to travel outside the human circulatory system?
Pathogens may be found in other areas of the body besides the circulatory vessels.
Which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the pharynx to an alveolus?
Pharynx - trachea - bronchus - bronchiole - alveolus.
Activated B cells are responsible for
Producing antibodies that bind to pathogens.
The advantage of chewing food is that this process
Provides mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion.
Which of the following is a type of epithelial tissue?
Skin
The power that moves food along your esophagus comes from
Smooth muscle.
Which of the following is a component of the immune system's third line of defense?
T cells
Which of the following structures has the smallest diameter?
The bronchioles.
When blood arrives at an alveolus,
The concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in the blood than in the alveolus.
Insulin is a protein hormone that helps cells use glucose. In type 1 diabetes, insulin-making cells in the pancreas are attacked and destroyed. This is an example of
The endocrine, digestive, circulatory, and immune systems affecting one another.
Which of the following prevents both blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?
The formation of blood clots.
Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?
The large intestine.
One side of the heart pumps blood into pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?
The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.
Some species of fish that live in the cold water of the Arctic Ocean have evolved an "antifreeze" protein. Why might this protein be important to homeostasis?
The protein might prevent ice crystals from forming inside fish cells, which would prevent damage to the plasma membrane when temperatures are low.
What prevents pathogens from entering our bodies through the delicate tissues of the lungs?
The tubes that enter the lungs are lined with mucus that traps pathogens and is then removed from the respiratory system.
The breaking open of alveoli in people who have emphysema decreases their rate of gas exchange because
Their lungs have less surface area available for diffusion.
Carbohydrates and fats are both
Used as energy sources.
Large blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the legs to the heart are
Veins.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an organ used for gas exchange?
Very thin tissues.
Which of the following is most likely to be target of a T cell?
Virally infected self cells.