Bio102 Unit 4 Mastering Biology Quizzes
Evolution works by __________.
"tinkering" with existing structures
Which of the following organism pairs is/are an example of secondary endosymbiosis? I. red algae--heterotrophic eukaryote II. green algae−−heterotrophic eukaryote III. E. coli bacteria−−photosynthetic cyanobacterium IV. Chlamydomonas and Gonium
I and II
Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the models used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible.
I and III only
Which of the following is (are) mutualistic partnerships between a protist and a host organism? I. cellulose-digesting gut protists−−wood-eating termites II. dinoflagellates−−reef-building coral animals III. Trichomonas −−humans IV. algae−−certain foraminiferans
I, II, and IV
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and I. mosses. II. cyanobacteria. III. green algae. IV. gymnosperms.
II and III
Why can eukaryotes be considered "combination" organisms?
Some of their genes and cellular characteristics were derived from archaea, and others from bacteria.
A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) alveoli B) flagella C) bladders D) holdfasts
D) holdfasts
Which of the following processes occurs first in order to begin speciation? A) formation of mechanical barrier to reproduction B) single gene change C) postzygotic hybrid sterility in Drosophila D) interruption of gene flow between two populations
D) interruption of gene flow between two populations
Which of the following criteria used in classification is the most easily evaluated by the observer? A) physiology B) DNA sequence C) biochemistry D) morphology
D) morphology
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A)It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. B) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. C) It has an endospore. D) It has multiple alveoli. E) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.
E) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.
Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than 1 million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by
Founder effect
In the generalized life cycle for land plants, which structure produces haploid gametes by mitosis?
Gametophyte
In evolution, which driving factor most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
Genetic drift
There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with genotype AA, and there are 40 individuals in population 2, all with genotype aa. Assume that these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from __________.
Genetic drift
If the original finches that flew over to the Galápagos Islands from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of
Genetic drift and the founder effect
Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) __________.
cyanobacterium
Radiometric dating is based on the
decay of radioactive isotopes
What type of selection has two peaks if frequency of individuals?
disruptive selection
All protists are
eukaryotic
Exaptations
evolve in one environment but are used for another function
In pine, the embryo develops within the __________
female gametophyte
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
ferns
Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have __________
flowers
Which mechanism would reverse speciation?
increased gene flow
Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some __________ survive and reproduce better than others.
individuals
The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________
presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
The seed coat's most important function is to provide
protection for the embryo
The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existed among the cichlids of Lake Victoria in the past is
sexual selection
The last common ancestor of fungi and animals was most likely a
single-celled eukaryote
In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the __________
sporophyte
When evolution occurred on the Galápagos Islands, the finch beaks
varied in size across the population and sometimes conferred benefits in feeding, survivorship, and reproduction that were passed down to surviving offspring.
What is the founder effect?
when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and their gene pool differs from that source population
Microevolution occurs
when species populations undergo changes in allele frequencies over time.
A species is represented by individuals that form a population
whose members have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.
Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes, which one contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants?
Archaeplastida
The colonization of dry land environments by seed plants was made possible by the evolution of __________
pollen
If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth, or about 4.6 billion years, as a one-hour clock, then out of one hour, multicellular eukaryotes have been present on the planet for about
15 seconds
Among known plant species, which of these are the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. sexual selection 4. polyploidy
2 and 4 only
If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth, or about 4.6 billion years, as a one-hour clock, then out of one hour, humans have been present on the planet for about
2/10ths of a second.
Suppose a BB female mouse mates with a Bb male mouse. Which of the following represents the probabilities of each genotype occurring among their offspring? A) 1/2 BB, 1/2 Bb B) 1/2 Bb, 1/2 bb C) 1/4 BB, 1/4 Bb, 1/2 bb D) 1/4 BB, 1/2 Bb, 1/4 bb
A) 1/2 BB, 1/2 Bb
Which of the following is true of secondary endosymbiosis? A) An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont. B) It is indicated by the presence of a nucleomorph. C) It is indicated by the presence of a mixotroph. D) It is indicated by the presence of a double membrane surrounding the endosymbiont. E) An organism containing one endosymbiont engulfs another organism, and that organism becomes an endosymbiont.
A) An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont.
A diploid (2n) cell divides by meiosis, producing four daughter cells. Next, each daughter cell divides by mitosis, producing a total of eight granddaughter cells. Which of the following statements about the granddaughter cells is true? A) Each granddaughter cell is haploid (n). B) Four of the granddaughter cells are genetically identical. C) All of the granddaughter cells are genetically identical. D) Each granddaughter cell is diploid (2n).
A) Each granddaughter cell is haploid (n).
Which statement is correct with regard to the origins of multicellular organisms? A) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors. B) None of the early multicellular organisms that arose on Earth are still alive today. C) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from a single common ancestor. D) Early colonial multicellular organisms had cells that were highly differentiated.
A) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors.
Based on the phylogenetic tree in figure 28.2 which of the following statements is correct A) The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined. B) The most recent common ancestor of nucleariids and fungi is older than that of red algae and plants. C)Excavata and SAR are sister groups. D) Excavata is the most basal eukaryotic supergroup.
A) The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.
The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants D) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants
A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants
Which of the following is the first step in allopatric speciation? A) geographic isolation B) formation of a reproductive barrier C) hybridization D) polyploidy E) genetic drift
A) geographic isolation
Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? A) integument(s) B) ability to be dispersed C) waxy cuticle D) an internal reservoir of liquid water E) a different type of sporopollenin
A) integument(s)
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? A) membrane-enclosed organelle B) plasma membrane C) DNA D) cell wall
A) membrane-enclosed organelle
Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? A) petals B) anthers C) stamens D) ovaries E) carpels
A) petals
The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? A) stomata B) tracheids C) cuticle D) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
A) stomata
How does continental drift affect living organisms? A) It happens so slowly that it does not affect current species. B) All but one of the listed responses are correct. C) It may cause an increase or decrease in competition among different species. D) It causes climate change, which puts selective pressure on organisms. E) It causes changes in habitats, such as when large amounts of shallow marine habitat were lost in the formation of Pangaea.
B) All but one of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric speciation? A) A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. B) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. C) The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. D) The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.
B) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.
What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins? A) It is a good example of punctuated equilibrium. B) It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth. C) It shows that mammals and birds evolved from the same kind of dinosaur. D) It indicates that mammals and dinosaurs did not overlap in geologic time.
B) It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.
Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today? A) It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics. B) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes. C) It is synonymous with the process of gene flow. D) It is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes.
B) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes.
Which of the following statements about speciation is correct? A) The end result of natural selection is always speciation. B) Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution. C) It always takes millions of years for speciation to occur. D) Natural selection chooses the reproductive barriers for populations.
B) Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution.
Consider the following mutations to the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Which of these mutations would not alter the reading frame of the gene's genetic message? A) a single nucleotide-pair deletion B) a single nucleotide-pair substitution C) a single nucleotide-pair insertion D) a deletion that removes 4 nucleotides
B) a single nucleotide-pair substitution
Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable? A) reduced hybrid viability B) gametic isolation C) hybrid breakdown D)behavioral isolation
B) gametic isolation
Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? A) alternation of generations B) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) apical meristems E) peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration
B) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes
How did Mendel's model of inheritance help explain Darwin's theory of natural selection?
By proposing a mechanism of how organisms could transmit discrete, heritable units to offspring
Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct? A) Meiosis in a diploid cell produces diploid daughter cells. B) Crossing over cannot occur during meiosis. C) Meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from the parent cell. D) In meiosis, each cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
C) Meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from the parent cell.
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A) mitochondrion B) hydrogenosome C) chloroplast D) mitosome
C) chloroplast
Which of the following refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) endosymbioses B) lichens C) endophytes D) mycorrhizae E) pathogens
C) endophytes
One explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipators for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air, and selection later refined them as flight-producing wings. If this hypothesis is correct, modern insect wings could best be described as A) adaptations. B) isolating mechanisms. C) exaptations. D) mutations.
C) exaptations
Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of three of the following four factors. What is the exception. A) evolutionary innovation B) vacant ecological niches C) genetic drift D) colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species
C) genetic drift
The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of A) brown algae B) diatoms C) green algae D) dinoflagellates
C) green algae
Mammals share a most recent common ancestor with which groups? A) amphibians and lizards and snakes B) amphibians C) lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and birds D) lizards and snakes
C) lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and birds
What is a mechanism for generating more genes?
Duplication
Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true? A) Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as the drought persisted. B) The frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted. C) Each bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation. D) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.
D) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.
Which of the following is correct about genetic variation? A) A population that has a higher average heterozygosity has less genetic variation than one with a lower average heterozygosity. B) It is created by the direct action of natural selection. C) It tends to be reduced when diploid organisms produce gametes and reproduce. D) It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population. E) It arises in response to changes in the environment.
D) It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds were reclassified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A) The two forms have many genes in common. B) The two forms are very similar in appearance. C) The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements. D) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
D) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.
Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? A) an unbranched sporophyte B) the presence of photosystem II C) a chitinous cuticle D) a well-developed vascular system E) a dominant gametophyte
D) a well-developed vascular system
Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) vascular plants B) mossess C) lime molds D) animals
D) animals
Of the following, which is the most abundant source of fossil evidence? A) amber, because a large portion of Earth is vegetated and insects often become trapped in sap B) ice, because most of Earth has been covered in ice at some point or another C) mud, because such material is heavy and organisms cannot escape from it easily D) sedimentary rock, because such rock forms in areas sediment moved by water can cause the burial of organisms
D) sedimentary rock, because such rock forms in areas sediment moved by water can cause the burial of organisms
How can reproductive barriers form between sympatric populations while their members stay in contact with them?
Increased polyploidy
How does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation?
It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes.
What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution?
Natural selection
The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the
Permian extinctions
The ____________ mass extinction event is thought to have been caused by extraordinary volcanic activity, while the _____________ mass extinction event is believed to have been precipitated by a large meteor strike.
Permian; cretaceous
According to the __________ model, morphological change occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly and then remain unchanged for long periods.
Punctuated equilibrium
A mutation that is neither harmful nor beneficial is termed a
Silent Mutation
The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when __________.
The population size is small
In evolutionary terms, an organism's relative fitness is measured by its __________.
contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes?
addition of oxygen to the atmosphere
The history of continental drift on Earth has
allowed for both speciation and extinction to occur
Adaptive radiation
allows new species to occupy different habitats
The oldest fossils usually __________.
are found in the deepest strata
Seedless plants include __________
bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes
The evolution of multicellularity in animals has primarily occurred by
changing how existing genes are used
In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Such an organism would most likely be classified as a
colonial photosynthetic eukaryote
Learning from the history about plate tectonics on Earth, scientists now predict that
continents may come back together during the next few hundred million years, forming new mountain ranges and larger continents
Part complete More species tend to be found in regions subdivided by rivers, canyons, mountains, or other human-induced barriers because of
geographic isolation
All fungi are __________
heterotrophic
It is estimated by a wide body of scientists that in recent decades we have begun another mass extinction event on Earth. Amphibians in particular have been in decline, sometimes due to climate change, and they therefore provide a possible early sign of dramatic biodiversity change to come. With respect to climate change and natural selection acting upon a population of one species of frog in a tropical rain forest, mutations of DNA sequences of the frog genome that are inherited by offspring
may have no effect at all, be beneficial, or be harmful.
Which life form has been present on Earth the longest?
microbes such as bacteria
During the generalized life cycle for land plants, which processes may result in haploid structures?
mitosis and meiosis
According to the punctuated equilibria model, __________.
most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species
After geographic separation, what process would be the last step before reproductive isolation?
natural selection
The evolution of complex multicellularity in eukaryotes __________.
occurred independently in several eukaryotic lineages
In asexual reproduction,
one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
Scientists estimate that 50% of the world's photosynthesis is done by ________, 20% is carried out by _________, and 30% is performed by __________.
plants; photosynthetic prokaryotes; aquatic protists