Bio102 Unit 4 Mastering Biology Quizzes

Evolution works by __________.

"tinkering" with existing structures

Which of the following organism pairs is/are an example of secondary endosymbiosis? I. red algae--heterotrophic eukaryote II. green algae−−heterotrophic eukaryote III. E. coli bacteria−−photosynthetic cyanobacterium IV. Chlamydomonas and Gonium

I and II

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the models used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible.

I and III only

Which of the following is (are) mutualistic partnerships between a protist and a host organism? I. cellulose-digesting gut protists−−wood-eating termites II. dinoflagellates−−reef-building coral animals III. Trichomonas −−humans IV. algae−−certain foraminiferans

I, II, and IV

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and I. mosses. II. cyanobacteria. III. green algae. IV. gymnosperms.

II and III

Why can eukaryotes be considered "combination" organisms?

Some of their genes and cellular characteristics were derived from archaea, and others from bacteria.

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) alveoli B) flagella C) bladders D) holdfasts

D) holdfasts

Which of the following processes occurs first in order to begin speciation? A) formation of mechanical barrier to reproduction B) single gene change C) postzygotic hybrid sterility in Drosophila D) interruption of gene flow between two populations

D) interruption of gene flow between two populations

Which of the following criteria used in classification is the most easily evaluated by the observer? A) physiology B) DNA sequence C) biochemistry D) morphology

D) morphology

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A)It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. B) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. C) It has an endospore. D) It has multiple alveoli. E) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

E) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than 1 million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by

Founder effect

In the generalized life cycle for land plants, which structure produces haploid gametes by mitosis?

Gametophyte

In evolution, which driving factor most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?

Genetic drift

There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with genotype AA, and there are 40 individuals in population 2, all with genotype aa. Assume that these populations are located far from each other and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation most likely resulted from __________.

Genetic drift

If the original finches that flew over to the Galápagos Islands from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of

Genetic drift and the founder effect

Archaeplastids, which include red and green algae and land plants, are thought to have descended from a heterotrophic protist that engulfed a(n) __________.

cyanobacterium

Radiometric dating is based on the

decay of radioactive isotopes

What type of selection has two peaks if frequency of individuals?

disruptive selection

All protists are

eukaryotic

Exaptations

evolve in one environment but are used for another function

In pine, the embryo develops within the __________

female gametophyte

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

ferns

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have __________

flowers

Which mechanism would reverse speciation?

increased gene flow

Natural selection changes allele frequencies because some __________ survive and reproduce better than others.

individuals

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________

presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

The seed coat's most important function is to provide

protection for the embryo

The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existed among the cichlids of Lake Victoria in the past is

sexual selection

The last common ancestor of fungi and animals was most likely a

single-celled eukaryote

In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the __________

sporophyte

When evolution occurred on the Galápagos Islands, the finch beaks

varied in size across the population and sometimes conferred benefits in feeding, survivorship, and reproduction that were passed down to surviving offspring.

What is the founder effect?

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and their gene pool differs from that source population

Microevolution occurs

when species populations undergo changes in allele frequencies over time.

A species is represented by individuals that form a population

whose members have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes, which one contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants?

Archaeplastida

The colonization of dry land environments by seed plants was made possible by the evolution of __________

pollen

If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth, or about 4.6 billion years, as a one-hour clock, then out of one hour, multicellular eukaryotes have been present on the planet for about

15 seconds

Among known plant species, which of these are the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1. allopatric speciation 2. sympatric speciation 3. sexual selection 4. polyploidy

2 and 4 only

If we visualize the time that has passed since the origin of our solar system and Earth, or about 4.6 billion years, as a one-hour clock, then out of one hour, humans have been present on the planet for about

2/10ths of a second.

Suppose a BB female mouse mates with a Bb male mouse. Which of the following represents the probabilities of each genotype occurring among their offspring? A) 1/2 BB, 1/2 Bb B) 1/2 Bb, 1/2 bb C) 1/4 BB, 1/4 Bb, 1/2 bb D) 1/4 BB, 1/2 Bb, 1/4 bb

A) 1/2 BB, 1/2 Bb

Which of the following is true of secondary endosymbiosis? A) An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont. B) It is indicated by the presence of a nucleomorph. C) It is indicated by the presence of a mixotroph. D) It is indicated by the presence of a double membrane surrounding the endosymbiont. E) An organism containing one endosymbiont engulfs another organism, and that organism becomes an endosymbiont.

A) An organism containing an endosymbiont is engulfed by another organism and becomes an endosymbiont.

A diploid (2n) cell divides by meiosis, producing four daughter cells. Next, each daughter cell divides by mitosis, producing a total of eight granddaughter cells. Which of the following statements about the granddaughter cells is true? A) Each granddaughter cell is haploid (n). B) Four of the granddaughter cells are genetically identical. C) All of the granddaughter cells are genetically identical. D) Each granddaughter cell is diploid (2n).

A) Each granddaughter cell is haploid (n).

Which statement is correct with regard to the origins of multicellular organisms? A) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors. B) None of the early multicellular organisms that arose on Earth are still alive today. C) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from a single common ancestor. D) Early colonial multicellular organisms had cells that were highly differentiated.

A) Multicellular organisms with differentiated cells likely originated from multiple different ancestors.

Based on the phylogenetic tree in figure 28.2 which of the following statements is correct A) The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined. B) The most recent common ancestor of nucleariids and fungi is older than that of red algae and plants. C)Excavata and SAR are sister groups. D) Excavata is the most basal eukaryotic supergroup.

A) The most basal (first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannot be determined.

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants D) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants

A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

Which of the following is the first step in allopatric speciation? A) geographic isolation B) formation of a reproductive barrier C) hybridization D) polyploidy E) genetic drift

A) geographic isolation

Which of the following is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions than the typical spore? A) integument(s) B) ability to be dispersed C) waxy cuticle D) an internal reservoir of liquid water E) a different type of sporopollenin

A) integument(s)

Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells? A) membrane-enclosed organelle B) plasma membrane C) DNA D) cell wall

A) membrane-enclosed organelle

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? A) petals B) anthers C) stamens D) ovaries E) carpels

A) petals

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages? A) stomata B) tracheids C) cuticle D) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

A) stomata

How does continental drift affect living organisms? A) It happens so slowly that it does not affect current species. B) All but one of the listed responses are correct. C) It may cause an increase or decrease in competition among different species. D) It causes climate change, which puts selective pressure on organisms. E) It causes changes in habitats, such as when large amounts of shallow marine habitat were lost in the formation of Pangaea.

B) All but one of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to allopatric speciation? A) A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. B) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. C) The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. D) The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.

B) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.

What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins? A) It is a good example of punctuated equilibrium. B) It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth. C) It shows that mammals and birds evolved from the same kind of dinosaur. D) It indicates that mammals and dinosaurs did not overlap in geologic time.

B) It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.

Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today? A) It represents the result of selection for acquired characteristics. B) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes. C) It is synonymous with the process of gene flow. D) It is the descent of humans from the present-day great apes.

B) It is the differential survival and reproduction of the most-fit phenotypes.

Which of the following statements about speciation is correct? A) The end result of natural selection is always speciation. B) Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution. C) It always takes millions of years for speciation to occur. D) Natural selection chooses the reproductive barriers for populations.

B) Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution.

Consider the following mutations to the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Which of these mutations would not alter the reading frame of the gene's genetic message? A) a single nucleotide-pair deletion B) a single nucleotide-pair substitution C) a single nucleotide-pair insertion D) a deletion that removes 4 nucleotides

B) a single nucleotide-pair substitution

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable? A) reduced hybrid viability B) gametic isolation C) hybrid breakdown D)behavioral isolation

B) gametic isolation

Which of the following traits was most important in enabling the first plants to move onto land? A) alternation of generations B) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) apical meristems E) peroxisome enzymes that minimize losses from photorespiration

B) the development of sporopollenin to prevent the desiccation of zygotes

How did Mendel's model of inheritance help explain Darwin's theory of natural selection?

By proposing a mechanism of how organisms could transmit discrete, heritable units to offspring

Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct? A) Meiosis in a diploid cell produces diploid daughter cells. B) Crossing over cannot occur during meiosis. C) Meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from the parent cell. D) In meiosis, each cell division produces two genetically identical daughter cells.

C) Meiosis produces cells that differ genetically from the parent cell.

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A) mitochondrion B) hydrogenosome C) chloroplast D) mitosome

C) chloroplast

Which of the following refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) endosymbioses B) lichens C) endophytes D) mycorrhizae E) pathogens

C) endophytes

One explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipators for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air, and selection later refined them as flight-producing wings. If this hypothesis is correct, modern insect wings could best be described as A) adaptations. B) isolating mechanisms. C) exaptations. D) mutations.

C) exaptations

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of three of the following four factors. What is the exception. A) evolutionary innovation B) vacant ecological niches C) genetic drift D) colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species

C) genetic drift

The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of A) brown algae B) diatoms C) green algae D) dinoflagellates

C) green algae

Mammals share a most recent common ancestor with which groups? A) amphibians and lizards and snakes B) amphibians C) lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and birds D) lizards and snakes

C) lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and birds

What is a mechanism for generating more genes?

Duplication

Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true? A) Each bird evolved a deeper, stronger beak as the drought persisted. B) The frequency of the strong-beak alleles increased in each bird as the drought persisted. C) Each bird that survived the drought produced only offspring with deeper, stronger beaks than seen in the previous generation. D) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.

D) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.

Which of the following is correct about genetic variation? A) A population that has a higher average heterozygosity has less genetic variation than one with a lower average heterozygosity. B) It is created by the direct action of natural selection. C) It tends to be reduced when diploid organisms produce gametes and reproduce. D) It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population. E) It arises in response to changes in the environment.

D) It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds were reclassified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A) The two forms have many genes in common. B) The two forms are very similar in appearance. C) The two forms live in similar habitats and have similar food requirements. D) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.

D) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring survive and reproduce well.

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? A) an unbranched sporophyte B) the presence of photosystem II C) a chitinous cuticle D) a well-developed vascular system E) a dominant gametophyte

D) a well-developed vascular system

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi? A) vascular plants B) mossess C) lime molds D) animals

D) animals

Of the following, which is the most abundant source of fossil evidence? A) amber, because a large portion of Earth is vegetated and insects often become trapped in sap B) ice, because most of Earth has been covered in ice at some point or another C) mud, because such material is heavy and organisms cannot escape from it easily D) sedimentary rock, because such rock forms in areas sediment moved by water can cause the burial of organisms

D) sedimentary rock, because such rock forms in areas sediment moved by water can cause the burial of organisms

How can reproductive barriers form between sympatric populations while their members stay in contact with them?

Increased polyploidy

How does diploidy help to preserve genetic variation?

It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes.

What is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution?

Natural selection

The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the

Permian extinctions

The ____________ mass extinction event is thought to have been caused by extraordinary volcanic activity, while the _____________ mass extinction event is believed to have been precipitated by a large meteor strike.

Permian; cretaceous

According to the __________ model, morphological change occurs in spurts; species evolve relatively rapidly and then remain unchanged for long periods.

Punctuated equilibrium

A mutation that is neither harmful nor beneficial is termed a

Silent Mutation

The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when __________.

The population size is small

In evolutionary terms, an organism's relative fitness is measured by its __________.

contribution to the gene pool of the next generation

Which event stimulated the rapid development of eukaryotes?

addition of oxygen to the atmosphere

The history of continental drift on Earth has

allowed for both speciation and extinction to occur

Adaptive radiation

allows new species to occupy different habitats

The oldest fossils usually __________.

are found in the deepest strata

Seedless plants include __________

bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes

The evolution of multicellularity in animals has primarily occurred by

changing how existing genes are used

In a sample of pond water, a new organism is identified with the following characteristics: It consists of 70 cells surrounded by rigid cell walls that join the cells together. Inside each of these identical cells are mitochondria and chloroplasts. Such an organism would most likely be classified as a

colonial photosynthetic eukaryote

Learning from the history about plate tectonics on Earth, scientists now predict that

continents may come back together during the next few hundred million years, forming new mountain ranges and larger continents

Part complete More species tend to be found in regions subdivided by rivers, canyons, mountains, or other human-induced barriers because of

geographic isolation

All fungi are __________

heterotrophic

It is estimated by a wide body of scientists that in recent decades we have begun another mass extinction event on Earth. Amphibians in particular have been in decline, sometimes due to climate change, and they therefore provide a possible early sign of dramatic biodiversity change to come. With respect to climate change and natural selection acting upon a population of one species of frog in a tropical rain forest, mutations of DNA sequences of the frog genome that are inherited by offspring

may have no effect at all, be beneficial, or be harmful.

Which life form has been present on Earth the longest?

microbes such as bacteria

During the generalized life cycle for land plants, which processes may result in haploid structures?

mitosis and meiosis

According to the punctuated equilibria model, __________.

most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species

After geographic separation, what process would be the last step before reproductive isolation?

natural selection

The evolution of complex multicellularity in eukaryotes __________.

occurred independently in several eukaryotic lineages

In asexual reproduction,

one parent passes copies of all of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

Scientists estimate that 50% of the world's photosynthesis is done by ________, 20% is carried out by _________, and 30% is performed by __________.

plants; photosynthetic prokaryotes; aquatic protists