Bio183 Exams
What molecule most closely resembles ATP (adenosine triphosphate)? a.An amino acid b.A nucleotide c.Glycerol d.A monosaccharide e.A fatty acid
A nucleotide
The molecule represented above is most likely a _______
disaccharide
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. How many neutrons does elemental hydrogen (H) contain?
0
What are these?
Geometric isomers
A Gram positive bacterium would... a.Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan b.Not have any cell wall c.Have a thin cell wall made of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane
Have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
The molecule represented above is a(n)...
RNA Nucleotide
The functional group above is called a ____ group
carboxyl
lemon juice is approximately ____ than urine a. 10,000 times as acidic as urine b. 100,000 as acidic as urine c.100 times as acidic as urine d.4 times as alkaline (basic) as urine e.1000 times as acidic as urine f.4 times as acidic as urine g.40 times as acidic as urine
10,000x more acidic
Which of the following is accurate regarding lactose? a.Lactose is a milk protein AND it is composed of galactose and glucose b.Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose c.Lactose is a protein found in milk and some of its derivatives d.Lactose is a lipid e.Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and fructose Feedback
B. Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose
Which polysaccharides are you most likely to find in the exoskeleton of a beetle? a.Amylose b.Glycogen c.Cellulose d.Chitin e.Starch
Chitin
G protein-coupled receptors are generally found floating around in the cytoplasm of a cell Select one: True False
False
Water has its highest density when it is in its _________ a.Solid state b.Liquid state c.Gaseous state
Liquid state
Which of the following is/are not a reason for mitotic cell division? a. Bacterial proliferation b.Tissue repair after injury c.Regular tissue regeneration d.Fetal growth e.Tumor formation f.Pollen production in flowers
Pollen production in flowers, Bacterial proliferation
Linear sequence of amino acids ("beads on a string") → ______ structure
Primary
As you eat a hamburger (bean or meat patty + lettuce + tomato + mayonaise + bread), what macromolecule(s) are you ingesting? a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Carbohydrates d. Nucleic acids
Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Carbohydrates
Assembly of 2 or more subunits into a functional protein → ________ structure
Quaternary
The amino group of an amino acid placed in a solution of baking soda would look like what?
R-N-H2 (no charge)
Hydrogen bonding within the polypetide sequence, leading to the formation of either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet → ________ structure
Secondary
3-dimensional assembly of a single polypeptide chain → ________ structure
Tertiary
Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthesis are likely to take place simultaneously in thylakoid membranes Select one: True False
True
In class, on Monday, we saw that the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein has the ability to restrain the E2F transcription factor. An Rb protein that loses its ability to bind to the E2F transcription factor would automatically lead to an increase in cell proliferation. a.False b.True
True
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor) for an extended period of time, how many ATPs would you expect to be produced per molecule of glucose? a.2 b.12 c.36 d.24 e.48
a. 2
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of calcium, as this system changes toward equilibrium? cell- 10mM to beaker- 100mM a.Calcium would move into the cell b.Calcium would move out of cell c.There wouldn't be any net movement of calcium
a. Calcium would move into the cell
In general, how do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria? a.Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP. b.Chloroplasts take in sugars to produce ATP, whereas mitochondria take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars. c.Chloroplasts and mitochondria have virtually the same function, except that chloroplasts are found only in plant cells whereas mitochondria are found only in animal cells d.The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.
a. Chloroplasts take in H2O and CO2 to produce sugars, whereas mitochondria take in sugars to produce ATP., d. The ATP produced by mitochondria is used throughout the cell, whereas the ATP produced by chloroplasts stays inside them.
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect lactate production to be a.Higher than in a healthy cell b.The same as in a healthy cell c.Lower than in a healthy cell
a. Higher than in a healthy cell
The liver is heavily involved in detoxifying the blood. Based on this statement, which of the following characteristic would you expect to best describe hepatocytes (= liver cells)? a.Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum b.Very large nucleus c.Absence of lysosomes d.Absence of Golgi apparatus e.High concentration of mitochondria
a. Very large smooth endoplasmic reticulum
In your skin cells, the difference in ATP production between conditions when oxygen is available and conditions when it's not available is approximately... FYI: ("fold" = times) a.18-fold b.2-fold c.100-fold d.36-fold e.38-fold Feedback
a.18-fold
In order to oxidize NADPH into NADP+, NADPH has to lose... a.2 electrons and 1 proton b.2 electrons and 2 protons c.1 electron and 2 protons d.1 electron and 1 proton
a.2 electrons and 1 proton
Which of the following structures would least likely be found in a bacterium? a.A lysosome b.A cell wall c.Ribosomes d.A plasma membrane e.A nucleotide
a.A lysosome
The Ras protein circled above is a kinase found downstream of RTKs and that promotes cell proliferation. The gene that encodes for this Ras protein may be classified as a a.A proto-oncogene b.A tumor-suppressor gene c.None of the above
a.A proto-oncogene
The main advantage of using a pyramid-shaped cascade of events downstream of membrane-bound receptors is a.Signal amplification and speed b.Increase in signal diversity c.ATP/GTP conservation d.Signal accuracy
a.Signal amplification and speed
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of chloride, as this system changes toward equilibrium? cell- 25mM to beaker- 50mM a.There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride b.Chloride would move out of the cell c.Chloride would move into the cell
a.There wouldn't be any net movement of chloride
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) can be activated or deactivated via phosphorylation and dephosphorylation a.True b.False
a.True
Based on your knowledge of the definition of pH, you would expect the intermembrane space in mitochondria to be a.acidic b.basic c.close to neutral
a.acidic
The plant hormones that stimulate cellular proliferation and mediate phototropism are called...
auxin
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a modified ... a.Amino acid b.Nucleotide c.Fatty acid d.Monosaccharide e.NAD+
b.Nucleotide
Growth factors are typically a.Autocrine signals b.Paracrine signals c.Synaptic signals d.Endocrine signals e.Cell-cell contact signals
b.Paracrine signals
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by a.Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction AND converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones b.Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction c.Converting endergonic reactions into exergonic ones d.Converting exergonic reactions into endergonic ones e.Converting substrates into products in their allosteric site
b. Lowering the activation energy necessary to start the reaction
Which of the following is/are true about tumors a.Tumors can sometimes be fought by immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy b.Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases. c.Tumors typically release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels d.Tumors that do not metastasize are called benign tumors e.Cancer often originates from a single mutation
b. Malignant tumors can release cancerous cells in the bloodstream. These cells are called metastases., c. Tumors typically release angiogenic signals that attract blood vessels, Tumors can sometimes be fought by immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, d. Tumors that do not metastasize are called benign tumors
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect pyruvate production to be a.Higher than in a healthy cell b.The same as in a healthy cell c.Lower than in a healthy cell
b. The same as in a healthy cell
The average intracellular voltage of most cells varies between a.-5 and -100 volts b.-5 and -100 millivolts c.-500 and -1000 volts d.5 and 100 volts e.-70 and +90 millivolts
b.-5 and -100 millivolts
How many checkpoints does a typical eukaryotic cell cycle have? a. 4 b.3 c.1 d.12 e.2 f.5
b.3
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of small hydrophobic molecules (SHM), as this system changes toward equilibrium? cell- 30mM to beaker- 100mM a.Small hydrophobic molecules would move out of the cell b.Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell c.There wouldn't be any net movement of hydrophobic molecules
b.Small hydrophobic molecules would move into the cell
The making of ATP during glycolysis (phosphorylation of ADP) is best described as a.Oxidative phosphorylation b.Substrate-level phosphorylation
b.Substrate-level phosphorylation
A pair of mutated receptor tyrosine kinase that becomes constitutively active could lead to uncontrolled mitosis, and ultimately formation of a tumor a.False b.True
b.True
In order for NAD+ to be reduced into NADH, NAD+ requires the addition of... a.1 electron and 1 proton b.2 electrons and 2 protons c.2 electrons and 1 proton d.1 electron and 2 protons
c. 2 electrons and 1 proton
In photosynthesis, NADPH donates electrons to the Calvin cycle. In this REDOX reaction, NADPH may be called a.An oxidizing agent b.A special agent (kinda like James Bond) c.A reducing agent
c.A reducing agent
The chemiosmotic gradient that is established in the intermembrane space of mitochondria allows the activation of which of the following? a.Low-energy electrons b.NADH dehydrogenase c.ATP synthase d.Cytochromes e.Ubiquinone
c.ATP synthase
The proteins that hold sister chromatids at the level of the centromeres at the end of the S phase of the cell cycle are called a.Kinetochores b.Telomeres c.Cohesins
c.Cohesins
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of water, as this system changes toward equilibrium? a.Water would move into the cell b.There wouldn't be any net movement of water c.Water would move out of the cell
c.Water would move out of the cell
The process through which albumin (egg white) changes changes conformation (as well as other physical, chemical, and functional properties) during cooking is called __________
denaturation
The recognizable subunit of a protein that performs a specific function and that can be composed of any combination of primary, secondary, and/or tertiary structures is called a _______
domain
The electrons that enter the electron transport chain in thylakoid membranes come from a. sugars such as glucose and fructose b. CO2 c. Rubisco d. Oxygen e. Water
e. Water
Which of the following factors would have the ability to denature an enzyme that is commonly found in prokaryotes that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone (pH= 2.0 and Temp = 40 degrees Celcius)? a.Placing the enzyme in the freezer (around -20 C) b.Placing the enzyme in a neutral pH environment (pH = 7.0) c.Placing the enzyme at room temperature. d.Placing the enzyme in the oven (around 350 degrees C) e.Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme f.All of these conditions would denature the enzyme
e. Both a neutral pH and an oven temperature of 350 degrees C could denature the enzyme
Hydroxylamine lowers catalase activity by fitting within its active site. This suggest that a.Hydroxylamine is an allosteric inhibitor of catalase b.Hydroxylamine has the ability to denature catalase c.Hydroxylamine is an allosteric activator of catalase d.Hydroxylamine is most likely the main substrate of catalase e.Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
e. Hydroxylamine is a competitive inhibitor of catalase
At the end of the G2 phase, a tetraploid cell with an n=5 has a total of _____ sister chromatids a.4 b.5 c.80 d.9 e.40 f.20
e.40
The membrane that forms at the end of telophase in plants to separate daughter cells is known as a.Cytokinetic constriction b.A mitotic split c.A septum d.A cleavage furrow e.A cell plate
e.A cell plate
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about ATP? a.ATP serves as an energy "currency" inside the cell b.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is coupled to endergonic reactions c.The reaction of ATP to ADP + P is an exergonic reaction d.The main source of ATP production for an entire cell is its mitochondria e.All these answers are correct
e.All these answers are correct
The main difference between active and passive transport across a cell membrane is a.Active transport requires channels while passive transport does not b.Active transport requires transport proteins while passive transport does not c.Active transport requires energy while passive transport does not d.Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient e.Both answers C and D are correct
e.Both answers C and D are correct
Which of the following is true regarding your mitochondrial DNA? a.It is almost identical to your mother's mitochondrial DNA b.It is virtually identical in all the cells of your body c.It is almost identical to your father's mitochondrial DNA d.In any cell of your body, it is nearly identical to your genomic DNA (the one found in the nucleus) e.Both answers a and b are correct
e.Both answers a and b are correct
In eukaryotes, endocytosed solid particles are broken into smaller subunits by a.The rough endoplasmic reticulum b.Vacuoles c.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum d.The Golgi apparatus e.Lysosomes
e.Lysosomes
In plant cells, most of the ATP to be used by the cell is produced by which of the following? a.The smooth endoplasmic reticulum b.Ribosomes c.The rough endoplasmic reticulum d.Chloroplasts e.Mitochondria
e.Mitochondria
Which of the following best describes the process of fermentation in your muscle cells? a.It mostly takes place when cells do not receive enough oxygen b.It leads to the production of lactic acid c.It allows the production of approximately 18 ATPs per glucose d.It takes place in mitochondria e.It allows glycolysis to proceed in oxygen-poor environment by oxidizing NADH into NAD+ f.Answers a, b, and e are all correct g.None of these answers is correct
f.Answers a, b, and e are all correct
If you wanted to produce a 5-10% alcoholic beverage, which of the following ingredients would NOT be a requirement? a.A sugar (glucose or fructose) b.Bacteria c.Yeast d.Oxygen e.An air-tight container f.Water g.Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required h.Neither yeast nor an air-tight container would be required
g. Neither bacteria nor oxygen would be required
Which of the following reaction categories would be most likely to have the lowest ΔG value? a.Catalyzed Endergonic Reaction b.Catalyzed Exergonic Reaction c.Uncatalyzed Endergonic Reaction d.Uncatalyzed Exergonic Reaction e.a and b f.a and c g.b and d h.c and d
g.b and d
The type of bonds that link nucleotides within a single strand of DNA (in the sugar-phosphate backbone) are called ______ bonds.
phosphodiester
Proportionally to its volume, a basketball has _____ surface area than a tennis ball. a.Less b.More
a.Less
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect CO2 production to be a.Lower than in a healthy cell b.Higher than in a healthy cell c.The same as in a healthy cell
a.Lower than in a healthy cell
The hypothetical cell represented below has a plasma membrane made of phospholipids in which are embedded a few leak channels only - nothing else. When the cell is immersed in the following environment, some molecules are able to cross the cell membrane while others are not. Which of the following answers best describes the NET MOVEMENT of oxygen, as this system changes toward equilibrium? cell- 1% to beaker- 10% a.Oxygen would move into the cell b.Oxygen would move out of the cell c.There wouldn't be any net movement of oxygen
a.Oxygen would move into the cell
Which of the following factors contribute significantly to increasing cell membrane fluidity at room temperature? a.Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains b.Long fatty acyl chains on phospholipids c.Saturation of the fatty acyl chains on phospholipids d.Presence of cholesterol in the membrane e.None of these conditions would significantly increase cell membrane fluidity at room temperature
a.Presence of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains
Growth factors affect the cell cycle by binding to a.Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) b.Cyclin/CDK complexes c.Intracellular receptors d.Rb proteins e.G protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
a.Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)
The plasma membrane is best described as: a.A double layer of proteins that is impermeable to water, but allows free movement of ions b.A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates c.A stiff double membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids d.A double layer made entirely of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol e.None of these answers is correct
b.A double layer of phospholipids arranged in a fluid-mosaic of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates & None of these answers is correct?
During the "firing" of a neuron, sodium moves along (down) its concentration gradient, from the extracellular environment into the cell. This is an example of a.Osmosis b.Facilitated diffusion c.Secondary active transport d.Primary active transport e.Simple diffusion
b.Facilitated diffusion
A human karyotype is composed of 45 autosomal chromosomes and 1 sex chromosome a.True b.False
b.False
A nucleosome is composed of 5 loops of DNA wrapped around 9 histones (1H1, 2H2A, 2H2B, 2H3, and 2H4) a.True b.False
b.False
The average weight of an Asian elephant is approximately 60 times larger than the average human weight. Hence, you would expect the average elephant cell to be approximately 60 times larger than the average human cell. a.True b.False
b.False
The small intercellular connections made of the protein connexin that allow the passage of small molecules such as Ca++ and ATP between adjacent animal cells are known as... a.Desmosomes b.Gap junctions c.Tight junctions d.Plasmodesmata
b.Gap junctions
Which of the following is true about a diploid organism with a n=6 during the G1 phase of the cell cycle a.It would have 6 X-shaped chromosomes b.It would have 12 linear chromosomes c.It would have 3 linear chromosomes d.It would have 12 X-shaped chromosomes e.It would have 6 linear chromosomes f.It would have 2 X-shaped chromosomes
b.It would have 12 linear chromosomes
Does glycolysis require oxygen? a.Yes b.No
b.No
The proteinaceous structures that assist in the proper folding of proteins inside of cells are called _____
chaperones
The types of bonds found within a water molecule are called _______ bonds.
covalent
An uncharged species of nitrogen that has a mass of 15 AMUs (or daltons) would be called a nitrogen ion. T or F
false
DNA and RNA nucleotides have a sugar component. T or F
true
Which of the following is/are a monosaccharide? a.Fructose b.Lactose c.Both sucrose and lactose are monosaccharides d.Cellulose e.Sucrose
A. Fructose
Urea is used in your body as a way to eliminate nitrogenous wastes. Which macromolecule(s) would you expect to contributes to the production of nitrogen-containing wastes? a. Nucleic acids b. Carbohydrates c. Proteins d. Lipids
Nucleic acids, Proteins
what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
Oxygen
The p53 gene that encodes for the P53 protein is classified as a _ gene
tumor suppressor
You would be more likely to find this molecule in the cell membrane of... (VERYYYYY long CH chains) a.Alaskan salmon's skin cell b.A lion's skin cells
a.Alaskan salmon's skin cell
Which of the following molecules are steroid hormones derived from? a.Cholesterol b.Phospholipids c.Glycogen d.The amino acid tryptophan e.Testosterone f.Fatty acids
a.Cholesterol
Which of the following structures allows cells to "read" the extracellular matrix and be influenced by it? a.Integrin proteins b.Gap junctions c.Desmosomes d.Collagen fibers e.Tight junctions
a.Integrin proteins
Based on the difference in organism complexity, you would expect a chimpanzee to have more chromosomes than a potato a.True b.False
b.False
Centrioles are only found in a cell during the M phase of the cell cycle a.True b.False
b.False
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect NADH production to be a.Higher than in a healthy cell b.Lower than in a healthy cell c.The same as in a healthy cell
b.Lower than in a healthy cell
In a mammalian cell that was exposed to potassium cyanide (a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor), you would expect oxygen consumption by the cell to be a.Higher than in a healthy cell b.Lower than in a healthy cell c.The same as in a healthy cell
b.Lower than in a healthy cell
The bonds that link 2 strands of DNA together are called _________ bonds.
hydrogen
The types of bonds found between water molecules are called _________ bonds.
hydrogen
Proteins are broken down into individual amino acids during a process known as _____ a.Decarboxylation b.Hydrolysis c.Denaturation d.Dehydration e.Deglycosylation
hydrolysis
During mitosis, the protein complexes that anchor replicated chromosomes to the spindle apparatus are called...
kinetochore
Vitamin D2 is a hydrophobic molecule required to facilitate the absorbption of calcium in your digestive system. Based on your knowledge of macromolecules and the information provided in this question, you would categorize vitamin D2 as a _____ a. Carbohydrate b. Nucleic acid c. Lipid d.Protein
lipid
