Cellular Energy
a ribonucleotide molecule that consists of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups
ATP
How is an ATP molecule built?
By bonding phosphate molecules (P) to ADP molecules, converting it to APT by using glucose energy.
Explain the equation of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide (6 CO2) and water (6 H2O) are used in the presence of light to produce carbohydrates (C6 H12 O2) and oxygen (6 O2)
Which cycle uses oxygen?
ETS
Describe the cycle of glycolysis
Glucose reacts with ATP, splitting into two PGALs. Phosphate is added to the PGAL. Hydrogen atoms are picked up by NAD. Phosphates removed from PGAL form ATP and pyruvic acid is formed.
What does aerobic respiration do?
It uses oxygen to produce ATP (energy)
the series of reactions in the matrix of a mitochondrion that convert acetate from pyruvate to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms, making a small amount of ATP (also known as the TCA or citric acid cycle)
Krebs cycle
explain the process of light reactions
Light reactions produce oxygen gas and convert NADP to ATP and NADH. The energy of the sun is captured in order to make energy storing compounds. The reaction takes place on photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. They use two groups of pigments, PI and PII. PII transfers electrons and pumps protons to PI. PI then transfers the electrons to NADP. PII gets the electrons by splitting water, releasing oxygen gas. Electrons move from PI to PII in a cycle, forming ATP from their energy.
the coenzyme of respiration that transfers hydrogen atoms from substrates to the cytochromes of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
NAD
the molecule that carries hydrogen atoms from the thylakoid membrane light reactions to the enzymes of the dark reaction for the construction of glucose
NADP
Explain the process of dark reactions
The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high energy sugars. Carbon dioxide is combined with a five carbon sugar to form two three carbon sugars (PGA). Then three three carbon sugars are used to make more five carbon sugars and glucose, using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. PGA and PGAL conversions require ATP and NADPH.
a process that does require oxygen to occur
aerobic
a process that does not require oxygen to occur
anaerobic
Explain the Krebs cycle
begins with pyruvate. an enzyme takes a carbon off of it, turning it into acetate. acetate bonds with oxalate and becomes a six carbon acid. enzymes break it down to a five carbon acid. then another enzyme breaks it down into a four carbon acid, and the cycle is repeated.
a molecule that consists of a porphyrin ring with a magnesium atom at its center held onto a membrane by a hydrocarbon 'tail' responsible for capturing light during photosynthesis
chlorophyll
a double-membrane-bound organelle found in photosynthetic autotrophs which takes in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen gas
chloroplast
Light or dark: which one makes glucose?
dark
the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that use carbon dioxide, ATP, and hydrogen atoms to produce glucose
dark reaction
the series of cytochrome proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that pass electrons to one another to pump protons and produce ATP from ADP and P
electron transport system
the transfer of hydrogen atoms from NADH + H+ to an organic molecule during an anaerobic phase of a cell's life
fermentation
made by the dark reaction
glucose
Explain anaerobic respiration
glucose goes through glycolysis, producing 2 ATPs and 2 lactic acids.
explain aerobic respiration
glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing 2 ATP. then oxygen is added, and it goes through Krebs cycle and ETS, releasing carbon dioxide and water. 38 ATPs are now formed.
the enzymatic reaction that breaks down glucose to pyruvate, using ATP and producing ATP and hydrogen atoms
glycolysis
pyruvate is made where?
in the cytoplasm
where does glycolysis take place?
in the cytoplasm
carbon dioxide is used
in the stroma
sugar is made
in the stroma
where is oxygen made?
in the thylakoids
Why is the ATP molecule important?
it plays a large part in respiration and photosynthesis
Explain the ETS
it uses hydrogen and oxygen to pump protons around the cytoplasm of the mitochondrion.
the product of fermentation reactions in human cells, when hydrogen atoms from NADH + H+ are transferred to pyruvic acid
lactic acid
Light or dark: which one makes oxygen?
light
Light or dark: which one uses water?
light
the series of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that use sunlight, water, ADP, and P to produce ATP, oxygen gas, hydrogen atoms and a proton pool
light reaction
the mixture of enzymes in the center of a mitochondrion that are responsible for the reactions of the Krebs cycle
matrix
Krebs cycle takes place?
matrix of the mitochondrion
carbon dioxide is made?
matrix of the mitochondrion
a double-membrane-bound organelle that takes in pyruvate, ADP, and P to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
mitochondrion
electron transport system takes place?
on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
oxygen is used where?
on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
waste product of photosynthesis
oxygen
glycolysis produces what?
pyruvate and glucose
dark reactions occur on the
stroma
the enzyme-rich fluid within a chloroplast's inner membrane that carries out the complex light-independent ('dark') reactions of photosynthesis
stroma
How is an ATP molecule used?
the cell removes the phosphate from ATP to form ADP and phosphate, releasing cellular energy. This glucose is used by other organelles to store energy.
hydrogen is released from here
thylakoid
light reactions occur on the
thylakoid
the small membrane-bound disks within the stroma of a chloroplast that hold chlorophyll and cytochromes to carry out the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
thylakoid
water is broken down here
thylakoid