Cellular Energy

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a ribonucleotide molecule that consists of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

ATP

How is an ATP molecule built?

By bonding phosphate molecules (P) to ADP molecules, converting it to APT by using glucose energy.

Explain the equation of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide (6 CO2) and water (6 H2O) are used in the presence of light to produce carbohydrates (C6 H12 O2) and oxygen (6 O2)

Which cycle uses oxygen?

ETS

Describe the cycle of glycolysis

Glucose reacts with ATP, splitting into two PGALs. Phosphate is added to the PGAL. Hydrogen atoms are picked up by NAD. Phosphates removed from PGAL form ATP and pyruvic acid is formed.

What does aerobic respiration do?

It uses oxygen to produce ATP (energy)

the series of reactions in the matrix of a mitochondrion that convert acetate from pyruvate to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms, making a small amount of ATP (also known as the TCA or citric acid cycle)

Krebs cycle

explain the process of light reactions

Light reactions produce oxygen gas and convert NADP to ATP and NADH. The energy of the sun is captured in order to make energy storing compounds. The reaction takes place on photosynthetic membranes in chloroplasts. They use two groups of pigments, PI and PII. PII transfers electrons and pumps protons to PI. PI then transfers the electrons to NADP. PII gets the electrons by splitting water, releasing oxygen gas. Electrons move from PI to PII in a cycle, forming ATP from their energy.

the coenzyme of respiration that transfers hydrogen atoms from substrates to the cytochromes of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

NAD

the molecule that carries hydrogen atoms from the thylakoid membrane light reactions to the enzymes of the dark reaction for the construction of glucose

NADP

Explain the process of dark reactions

The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high energy sugars. Carbon dioxide is combined with a five carbon sugar to form two three carbon sugars (PGA). Then three three carbon sugars are used to make more five carbon sugars and glucose, using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. PGA and PGAL conversions require ATP and NADPH.

a process that does require oxygen to occur

aerobic

a process that does not require oxygen to occur

anaerobic

Explain the Krebs cycle

begins with pyruvate. an enzyme takes a carbon off of it, turning it into acetate. acetate bonds with oxalate and becomes a six carbon acid. enzymes break it down to a five carbon acid. then another enzyme breaks it down into a four carbon acid, and the cycle is repeated.

a molecule that consists of a porphyrin ring with a magnesium atom at its center held onto a membrane by a hydrocarbon 'tail' responsible for capturing light during photosynthesis

chlorophyll

a double-membrane-bound organelle found in photosynthetic autotrophs which takes in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen gas

chloroplast

Light or dark: which one makes glucose?

dark

the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that use carbon dioxide, ATP, and hydrogen atoms to produce glucose

dark reaction

the series of cytochrome proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion that pass electrons to one another to pump protons and produce ATP from ADP and P

electron transport system

the transfer of hydrogen atoms from NADH + H+ to an organic molecule during an anaerobic phase of a cell's life

fermentation

made by the dark reaction

glucose

Explain anaerobic respiration

glucose goes through glycolysis, producing 2 ATPs and 2 lactic acids.

explain aerobic respiration

glucose undergoes glycolysis, producing 2 ATP. then oxygen is added, and it goes through Krebs cycle and ETS, releasing carbon dioxide and water. 38 ATPs are now formed.

the enzymatic reaction that breaks down glucose to pyruvate, using ATP and producing ATP and hydrogen atoms

glycolysis

pyruvate is made where?

in the cytoplasm

where does glycolysis take place?

in the cytoplasm

carbon dioxide is used

in the stroma

sugar is made

in the stroma

where is oxygen made?

in the thylakoids

Why is the ATP molecule important?

it plays a large part in respiration and photosynthesis

Explain the ETS

it uses hydrogen and oxygen to pump protons around the cytoplasm of the mitochondrion.

the product of fermentation reactions in human cells, when hydrogen atoms from NADH + H+ are transferred to pyruvic acid

lactic acid

Light or dark: which one makes oxygen?

light

Light or dark: which one uses water?

light

the series of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis that use sunlight, water, ADP, and P to produce ATP, oxygen gas, hydrogen atoms and a proton pool

light reaction

the mixture of enzymes in the center of a mitochondrion that are responsible for the reactions of the Krebs cycle

matrix

Krebs cycle takes place?

matrix of the mitochondrion

carbon dioxide is made?

matrix of the mitochondrion

a double-membrane-bound organelle that takes in pyruvate, ADP, and P to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

mitochondrion

electron transport system takes place?

on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

oxygen is used where?

on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

waste product of photosynthesis

oxygen

glycolysis produces what?

pyruvate and glucose

dark reactions occur on the

stroma

the enzyme-rich fluid within a chloroplast's inner membrane that carries out the complex light-independent ('dark') reactions of photosynthesis

stroma

How is an ATP molecule used?

the cell removes the phosphate from ATP to form ADP and phosphate, releasing cellular energy. This glucose is used by other organelles to store energy.

hydrogen is released from here

thylakoid

light reactions occur on the

thylakoid

the small membrane-bound disks within the stroma of a chloroplast that hold chlorophyll and cytochromes to carry out the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

thylakoid

water is broken down here

thylakoid


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