BIO201 Connect 2

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids_____________. a. hydrophobic tails; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell b. hydrophilic heads; facing in toward one another c. hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell d. hydrophobic and hydrophilic sides; facing in toward one another

c. hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

For each of the carbohydrates indicate whether it is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide.

MONOSACCHARIDE -C₆H₁₂O₆ -Fructose -Glucose DISACCHARIDE -C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ -Lactose -Maltose -Sucrose POLYSACCHARIDE -Cellulose -Glycogen -Starch

Decide which example best describes each property of water. 1. Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C. 2. Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed. 3. The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution. 4. The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor. 5. While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times. 6. Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract. 7. The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules. 8. Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule.

1. Ice floats 2. Turgid pressure in plants 3. Solvent 4. Evaporative cooling 5. Cohesive force 6. Lubricant 7. Hydrolysis 8. Dehydration reaction

Mark the following statements about carbon as true or false. 1. A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds. 2. A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell. 3. The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond. 4. Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron). 5. Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules. 6. The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds. 7. The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched. 8. Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile.

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False

Match the monomer with the appropriate macromolecule. 1. Amino Acid 2. Monosaccharide 3. Fatty Acid 4. Nucleotide

Protein - 1 Carbohydrate - 2 Lipid - 3 Nucleic Acid - 4

Indicate whether the statements describe a saturated fatty acid or an unsaturated fatty acid.

SATURATED FATTY ACID -solid at room temperature -no double bonds within carbon backbone -comes primarily from animals and animal products UNSATURATED FATTY ACID -liquid at room temperature -oil -primarily found in plants and plant products -double bonds within carbon backbone -trans fats are a synthetic form that has a higher melting point

A protein is a complex macromolecule with a 3-dimensional shape that determines its functions. Complete the following sentences and place them in order representing the levels of protein structure, starting with its building blocks and leading to its complex function. 1. ______a______ are the building blocks of proteins. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound to a positively charged ______b______ group and a negatively charged ______c______ group and a side chain. 5. In the ______d______ of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a complex ______e______ . 4. In the ______f______ of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanism of amino acids rotating around bonds and folding into a alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet structure and stabilized by ______g______ bonds. 2. ______h______ formed by ______i______ reactions link amino acids together, forming a linear chain. 6. The ______j______ of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein. 3. The _____k_______ of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that are attached together by _____l_______ bonds.

a. amino acids b. amino c. carboxyl d. tertiary structure e. 3-dimensional shape f. secondary structure g. hydrogen h. polypeptides i. dehydration j. quaternary structure k. primary structure l. peptide

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s). a. amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl b. phosphate and hydroxyl; carbonyl and carboxyl c. amino and methyl; sulfate and phosphate d. carboxyl; hydroxyl and amino e. phosphate and carbonyl; hydroxyl and amino

a. amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

A gram of fat stores _____ energy than a gram of starch due to ______ within fat molecules relative to starch molecules. a. more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds b. more; the presence of a higher proportion of double bonds c. more; the presence of more polar regions d. less; a higher proportion of C-OH bonds e. less; the presence of a higher proportion of single covalent bonds f. less; the formation of more hydrogen bonds

a. more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds

The formation of a protein is created using a hierarchy of structures. Match each description to its correct level of protein structure. a. Alpha helix; major determinant of a protein's characteristics. b. Beta-pleated sheet. Hydrogen bonds are formed between certain amino acids. c. A multi-subunit protein. Multiple subunits can be a mix of polypeptides or the same polypeptide. d. Polypeptides are made up of amino acids connected via peptide bonds, the sequence of which is determined by genes. e. The 3-D structure of a folded polypeptide.

a. secondary b. secondary c. quaternary d. primary e. tertiary

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word choice. ______a______ is a polysaccharide that is found primarily in plant cells as a form of energy storage. It is ______b______ and as a result, it is not very soluble in water. ______c______ is a polysaccharide that is stored in muscle tissue. It is ______d______ allowing hydroxyl side groups to be readily exposed to water in the surrounding tissue, for easy hydrolysis. ______e______ is ______f______ and most organisms lack the necessary enzyme to hydrolyze the beta-D glucose monomers. It is used primarily for ______g______ in plants.

a. starch b. moderately branched c. glycogen d. highly branched e. cellulose f. unbranched g. structural support

The best description of the bonds that form polypeptides and the difference between polypeptides and proteins is a. that carboxyl and amino groups join by a covalent bond and that a functioning protein can consist of several polypeptides. b. amino acids are joined via their hydroxyl groups with covalent bonds and many proteins make up a polypeptide. c. the functional group of one amino acid joins with the carboxyl end of another via covalent bonds; proteins and polypeptides are the same things. d. polypeptides form via hydrolysis, forming hydrogen bonds between amino acids; proteins have a functional group whereas polypeptides do not.

a. that carboxyl and amino groups join by a covalent bond and that a functioning protein can consist of several polypeptides.

Carbohydrate polymers are constructed of smaller monosaccharides. Select the monosaccharides in the list below. a. Sucrose b. Fructose c. Lactose d. Glucose e. Maltose f. Galactose

b, d, f

When two atoms are bonded together via electrons, and one of those atoms has a greater pull upon the electrons shared, the bond formed would be a. an ionic bond. b. a polar covalent bond. c. a nonpolar covalent bond. d. a nonpolar bond.

b. a polar covalent bond.

When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical equation, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction? a. Condensation. b. Saturation. c. Hydrolysis. d. Hydrophobic.

c. Hydrolysis.

If the products in a chemical equation include H2O, what specific type of reaction is occuring? Is a polymer being made or broken down in this equation? a. Hydration; polymers are broken down. b. Dehydration; polymers are broken down. c. Hydration; polymers are made. d. Dehydration; polymers are made.

d. Dehydration; polymers are made.