BIO325 Topics 5 & 6
Calculate the evolutionary distance between Microbes 3 and 4.
0.27 (number of differences divides by length of rows)
The comparison of microbial G+C content is a simple technique used to determine DNA base composition. If two organisms differ in their G+C content in more than ________, their genomes are considered to have markedly different base sequences. Multiple Choice 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
10
The class Negativicutes was recently established. Although these organisms have an outer membrane like Gram-negative bacteria, they are placed among the Gram-positive based on the analysis of what molecule? Multiple Choice Peptidoglycan 16S rRNA Membrane phospholipids RNA polymerase
16S rRNA
The accompanying figure illustrates the portion(s) of a typical bacterial or archaeal genome that are surveyed by three different genetic fingerprinting techniques. If you have isolated a strain of Bacillus and you wish to identify the species rapidly, which technique would you use? Whole genome sequencing Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis 16S rRNA sequencing
16S rRNA sequencing (only one of them)
The core genome for the bacterium Lactococcus lactis is 1,500 genes. What is the most likely representation of its pan-genome? Multiple Choice 0 genes 1,300 genes 1,500 genes 1,700 genes
1700
The correct order of the stages for phage replication are 1 = assembly 2 = attachment 3 = transcription/replication 4 = release 5 = penetration
2, 5, 3, 1, 4
rue to their habitat diversity, archaea account for _______ of the prokaryotic biomass on Earth. Multiple Choice 10% 20% 35% 50%
20%
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they first appear in the alternative pathway of complement activation. 1. Factor B 2. Factor D 3. C3
3, 1, 2
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur during legume nodule formation. 1. Bacteroid formation 2. Bacteria movement through infectious thread 3. Root hair curling
3, 2, 1
Choose the proper order of the following events of the rotavirus life cycle. 1 Formation of double-layered particles upon release from endosome 2 Assembly within viroplasm 3 Attachment and entry by endocytosis 4 Uncoating and release from endosome 5 Formation of outermost layer of virus
3, 4, 1, 2, 5
From the complete genome sequence of an organism, you have determined the following percentages of each nucleotide: Adenine (20); Cytosine (30); Guanine (30); Thymine (20). The mol% G + C for this organism is _______.
60
Before the discovery of the species _________, all methane oxidation was believed to occur at pH 4.2 and above. Multiple Choice Oscillatoria limnetica Porphyromonas gingivalis Acidimethylosilex fumarolicum Borrelia burgdorferi
Acidimethylosilex fumarolicum
Classifying microorganisms poses a greater challenge compared to higher organisms largely because __________. Multiple Choice microscopic unicellular organisms cannot be classified into functional groups based on anatomical characteristics classification based on biological properties excludes organisms that lack obvious characteristics many organisms cannot be grown in pure culture, which limits analysis All of the choices are correct.
All are correct
Chytrids are the only fungi with motile spores. Which of the following hypotheses best describes the evolution of fungal spores? Multiple Choice All fungi were thought to have flagellated spores, but other fungal taxa lost flagella with the evolution of other forms of dispersal. All fungi were thought to have flagellated spores, but other fungal taxa lost flagella when they became free living (no longer parasites). Only free-living members of Chytridiomycota evolved flagella. Only parasitic members of Chytridiomycota evolved flagella.
All fungi were thought to have flagellated spores, but other fungal taxa lost flagella with the evolution of other forms of dispersal.
The Human Microbiome Project is evaluating the role the microbiome plays in human homeostasis. Which statement reflects the role the microbiome plays in homeostasis of the immune system? Multiple Choice The normal microbiome competitively excludes pathogens for nutrients and space. Antimicrobial peptides secreted by host Paneth cells requires the presence of gut flora. Soluble factors, such as short-chain fatty acids like butyrate and acetate, produced by the gut microbiome influence immune cell maturation throughout the body. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The phylum Chlorobi includes the green sulfur bacteria, which can be found in __________. Multiple Choice arid environments lakes and ponds marine waters mucous membranes of animals
lakes and ponds
_________ mycorrhizal hyphae penetrate the host root cell wall but not the plasma membrane. Multiple Choice Arbuscular Ectomycorrhizae Endomycorrhizae
Arbuscular
A unicellular microorganism was recovered from a hot spring (95°C) in Wyoming. After observation, it was determined that the microbes lack a nucleus, have a cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan, and have 70S ribosomes. Analysis of the plasma membrane reveals that the lipids contain long-chained branched hydrocarbons with ether linkages. Choose the domain in which this organism would be classified, based on the description provided. Multiple Choice Fungi Bacteria Protist Archaea
Archaea
Which genus of organisms are sulfate reducers, and are considered thermophiles, but not extremely so? Multiple Choice Archaeoglobus Halobacterium Thermoplasma Pyrococcus
Archaeoglobus
Which of the following is not a step in the catabolism of arginine to produce ATP during substrate-level phosphorylation? Multiple Choice Arginine + H2O → citrulline + NH3 Citrulline + Pi → ornithine + carbamyl-P Arginine + H2S → citrulline + NH3 + H2O Carbamyl-P + ADP → ATP + CO2 + NH3
Arginine + H2S → citrulline + NH3 + H2O
Members of the ____________, known as urediniomycetes and ustilaginomycetes, include important plant pathogens causing "rusts" and "smuts." Multiple Choice Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Complement protein C3a ________. Multiple Choice increases permeability of blood vessels to neutrophils attracts neutrophils to infection site blocks phagocytosis prevents bacteria from attaching to tissues breaks down viruses
increases permeability of blood vessels to neutrophils
Choose the answer below that best matches the characteristics of the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus. Multiple Choice Gram-positive cell wall structure; spherical or rod-shaped and nonmotile Cell wall has outer membrane; lack teichoic acid; contain L-ornithine in their peptidoglycan Stain Gram positive; are extraordinarily sensitive to all sources of oxidative stress, including desiccation and radiation Stain Gram negative; natural habitat is human
Cell wall has outer membrane; lack teichoic acid; contain L-ornithine in their peptidoglycan
Because you have always been fascinated by spiders and bacteria, you decide to study the microbiome of a species of spider that is locally abundant. You are able to cultivate many bacteria from the spiders gut in the lab, and the spiders do not appear to be negatively affected by treatment with antibiotics that you know will inhibit the growth of these bacteria. Based on this evidence, which of the following types of symbiotic relationships do you suspect might be occurring between the spider and the bacteria? Multiple Choice Cooperative Mutualistic Commensalistic Ammensalistic
Commensalistic
Patients who take antibiotics sometimes experience overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans in their mouths and throats (a condition called thrush). C. albicans is considered part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract but its population is typically limited by the presence of other microorganisms. Based on this evidence, which of the following types of symbiotic relationship do you think occurs between members of the normal flora and C. albicans? Multiple Choice Cooperative Competition Commensalistic Mutualistic
Competition
Which of the following statements best describes the origin of the three carbon molecules in pyruvate formed by the reductive acetyl CoA pathway? Multiple Choice Each of the three carbon atoms in pyruvate comes from a separate molecule of carbon dioxide Oxaloacetate with four carbons is decarboxylated to form pyruvate Succinate with four carbons is decarboxylated to form pyruvate Two molecules of acetyl CoA join to form pyruvate
Each of the three carbon atoms in pyruvate comes from a separate molecule of carbon dioxide
Rice seedling blight is a plant disease caused by the fungus Rhizopus microsporus that harbors intracellular bacteria in the genus Burkholderia. Interestingly, a toxin produced by the Burkholderia bacteria kills the seeds; the fungus then consumes the poisoned seeds. In the laboratory R. microsporus and the Burkholderia bacteria can be grown in pure culture. Which of the following pairs of words best describe this microbial symbiosis? Multiple Choice Endosymbiont; Mutualism Ectosymbiont; Commensalism Endosymbiont; Cooperation Ectosymbiont; Ammensalism Endosymbiont; Commensalism
Endosymbiont; Cooperation
Enterococci differ from streptococci in that the enterococci occur more regularly _________. Multiple Choice in chains and inhabit the respiratory tract in pairs and inhabit the gastrointestinal tract in pairs and inhabit the respiratory tract in chains and inhabit the gastrointestinal tract more regularly in tetrads and inhabit the urogenital tract
In pairs and inhabit the gastrointestinal tract
Viral nucleic acid is made inside the bacterium and is combined with viral protein coat already present outside the bacterial cell. T/F
False
Choose the statement below that is true about flagellar structure. Multiple Choice The hook anchors the flagellum in the cell membrane The basal body is a short, curved segment The filament extends out of the cell
Filament extends out of the cell
Which protozoan group contains the pathogen Hexamida salmonis? Multiple Choice Fornicata Parabasalia Tubulinae Euglenozoa
Fornicata
Choose the correct statement about the lifestyle of the chytrid fungi. Multiple Choice Free-living chytrids are parasitic; saprophytic forms infect aquatic plants and animals, including insects. Free-living chytrids are saprophytic; parasitic forms infect terrestrial plants and animals, including insects, while a few are found in the anoxic rumen of herbivores. Free-living chytrids are saprophytic; parasitic forms infect aquatic plants and animals, including insects, while a few are found in the anoxic rumen of carnivores. Free-living chytrids are saprophytic; parasitic forms infect aquatic plants and animals, including insects, while a few are found in the anoxic rumen of herbivores.
Free-living chytrids are saprophytic; parasitic forms infect aquatic plants and animals, including insects, while a few are found in the anoxic rumen of herbivores.
In which environment are methanogens found? Multiple Choice Fresh water pond sediment On human skin White water rivers Associated with plant roots
Fresh water pond sediment
Complement protein C5a ________. Multiple Choice blocks phagocytosis stimulates antibody production prevents bacteria from attaching to tissues breaks down viruses increases permeability of blood vessels to phagocytes
increases permeability of blood vessels to phagocytes
Which of the following is a true statement about the role of fungi? Multiple Choice Fungi are important decomposers; they are nonpathogenic, but play an essential role in the cycling of nutrients in the world's ecosystems. Fungi are important in the growth of plants, forming beneficial relationships called mycorrhizae; they are nonpathogenic, but play an essential role in the cycling of nutrients in the world's ecosystems. Fungi are important decomposers; members of the fungi are strictly pathogens of plants; they also play an essential role in the cycling of nutrients in the world's ecosystems. Fungi are important decomposers; they are important pathogens of animals and plants; they also play an essential role in the cycling of nutrients in the world's ecosystems.
Fungi are important decomposers; they are important pathogens of animals and plants; they also play an essential role in the cycling of nutrients in the world's ecosystems.
Where could you find Trypanosoma cruzi from the group Euglenozoa in nature? Multiple Choice Contaminated streams Gut of the tsetse fly Termite gut Gut of Triatominae, the "kissing bugs"
Gut of Triatominae, the "kissing bugs"
A fundamental pathology of metabolic syndrome stems from __________. Multiple Choice high blood pressure insulin resistance large waist circumference poor diet lack of exercise
insulin resistance
_________ fungal species are self-fertilizing and produce sexually compatible gametes on the same mycelium. Multiple Choice Heterothallic Homothallic Blastophoric
Homothallic
Which statement is a unique characteristic of archaerhodopsin? Multiple Choice It can harvest ATP energy without the use of cytochromes in the electron transport system It can provide gliding motility It can harvest light energy without the use of chlorophyll It can maintain osmotic stress using a single monolayer membrane
It can harvest light energy without the use of chlorophyll
What type of macromolecule is thaumarchaeol? Multiple Choice Nucleic acid Protein Carbohydrate Lipid
Lipid
The accompanying figure illustrates the portion(s) of a typical bacterial or archaeal genome that are surveyed by three different genetic fingerprinting techniques. If you have isolated a strain of Listeria from an ice cream packaging facility and you need to compare it promptly to strains of Listeria that sickened consumers, which technique would you use? Whole genome sequencing Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) 16S rRNA sequencing DNA-DNA hybridization
MLST
The membrane attack complex consists of the following complement components. Multiple Choice One copy of each of C5b, C6, and C7, and multiple copies of C8 and C9. One copy of each of C6, C7, C8, and C9, and multiple copies of C5b. One copy of each of C5b, C6, C7, and C8, and multiple copies of C9. One copy of each of C4b, C5, C6, and C7, and multiple copies of C8 and C9. One copy of each of C4b, C5, C6, C7, and C8, and multiple copies of C9.
One copy of each of C5b, C6, C7, and C8, and multiple copies of C9.
Sexual reproduction in zygomycetes and ascomycetes requires the participation of opposite mating types. Which of the following best explains the evolution of sexual reproduction in these fungi? Multiple Choice Only fungi of opposite mating types can produce a zygote Only fungi of opposite mating types can fuse nuclei Only fungi of opposite mating types ensure genetic diversity will be achieved Only fungi of opposite mating types produce different pheromones
Only fungi of opposite mating types ensure genetic diversity will be achieved
If you were studying a bacterium that uses snapping division, what would you look for under the microscope? Multiple Choice Pairs of cocci connected to one another Round cells in packets of four Rows of cells lined up side by side Exospores at the ends of aerial hyphae Hyphae that fragment
Rows of cells lined up side by side
You have isolated a soil protozoan, which you are now trying to grow in pure culture. You have tried many different types of media but find you can only grow the protozoan if bacteria are also present in the medium. You note that the bacterial population declines as the protozoan population increases. Based on this evidence, which of the following types of symbiotic relationships do you suspect might be occurring between the protozoan and the bacteria? Multiple Choice Commensalistic Mutualistic Predatation Ammensalistic
Predatation
Which genus of organisms are sulfate reducers and are considered to be extremely thermophilic S-reducers? Multiple Choice Pyrococcus Archaeoglobus Thermoplasma Halobacterium
Pyrococcus
Which of the following genera is capable of nitrogen fixation? Multiple Choice Bacillus Corynebacterium Aspergillus Rhizopus Rhizobium
Rhizobium
If you were studying Bifidobacterium, what would you look for under the microscope? Multiple Choice Irregular clusters of cocci Slightly curved rods that are swollen at one end Long filamentous rods with variable staining A single endospore formed in the middle of every cell Flagellated spores
Slightly curved rods that are swollen at one end
Which of the following is true about some species of Aspergillus? Multiple Choice Aspergillus species produce an ascocarp that help them survive winter temperatures, allowing them to release many ascopores when the temperature rises. Some species of Aspergillus that infect plants form sclerotia to remain viable in the soil, where they can take advantage of nutrient resources when the temperature rises. Aspergillus species produce appressoria, compact masses of hyphae that allow the fungi to survive winter temperatures.
Some species of Aspergillus that infect plants form sclerotia to remain viable in the soil, where they can take advantage of nutrient resources when the temperature rises.
Choose the pertinent structure(s) involved in bacterial gliding motility. Multiple Choice Specialized cell-surface proteins, slimy polysaccharides, and flagella Flagella Specialized cell-surface proteins and slimy polysaccharides Specialized cell-surface proteins Slimy polysaccharides
Specialized cell-surface proteins and slimy polysaccharides
Which of the following statements is correct about antigen presentation by class I and class II MHC molecules? Multiple Choice Class II MHC molecules bind to fragments that initially come from antigens outside the cell, thus they undergo endogenous antigen processing. An antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as a macrophage, dendritic cell, or B cell, takes in the MHC molecule by receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis and produces MHC fragments by digestion in the phagolysosome. Class I MHC molecules bind to fragments that initially come from antigens outside the cell, thus they undergo exogenous antigen processing. The class I MHC molecule is presented on the surface together with its endogenous antigen, enabling the host cell to present the antigen to a subset of T cells known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
The class I MHC molecule is presented on the surface together with its endogenous antigen, enabling the host cell to present the antigen to a subset of T cells known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Where does nitrogen fixation take place? Multiple Choice Nucleus Infectious thread Symbiosome Bacteroid Cellulosic tube
Symbiosome
Which genus of organisms lacks cell walls and grows in refuse piles from coal mines? Multiple Choice Archaeoglobus Thermoplasma Pyrococcus Halobacterium
Thermoplasma
Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins that cause apoptosis of infected cells. T/F
True
Self proteins of infected cells are not recognized by cytotoxic T cells. T/F
True
Which organism causes Chagas disease? Multiple Choice Trichonympha campanula Trypanosoma cruzi Trypanosoma gambiense Tritrichomonas foetus
Trypanosoma cruzi
The relationship between the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and its nematode host, Steinernema carpocapsae, is classified as cooperation because both organisms benefit and _________. Multiple Choice X. nematophila lives in the gut of S. carpocapsae X. nematophila lives in the gut of S. carpocapsae as well as on the nematode's insect home X. nematophila and S. carpocapsae can be grown separately X. nematophila protects the home of S. carpocapsae X. nematophila stimulates maturation of S. carpocapsae
X. nematophila and S. carpocapsae can be grown separately
The cyanobacteria can be separated from other groups of Gram-negative photosynthetic bacteria because they _________. Multiple Choice are anoxygenic contain bacteriochlorophylls are anaerobic photoorganoheterotrophs are oxygenic phototrophs
are oxygenic phototrophs
Bifidobacterium is used _________. Multiple Choice to make Swiss cheese to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons for antibiotic production as a probiotic for soil mineralization
as a probiotic
The stage of T4 replication that involves the protein fibers on the phage and receptors on the bacterial cell wall is the _________. Multiple Choice assembly stage attachment stage lysis stage transcription stage penetration stage
attachment stage
The rounded host cell formed following bdellovibrio infection is termed the _________. Multiple Choice bdellophore bdellosome bdelloplast bdellocyte bdellophage
bdelloplast
Comparative genomic analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has revealed the emergence of this antibiotic resistant strain is due to _________. Multiple Choice acquiring large, mobile genetic elements the presence of four large chromosomes the presence of mycolic acids resulting in a tough, waxy cell wall the loss of structures that antibiotics attack
acquiring large, mobile genetic elements
The bacterial flagellum moves ___________. Multiple Choice by rotation that is powered by ATP by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force in a wavelike fashion that is powered by ATP in a wavelike fashion that is powered by the proton motive force in a wavelike fashion that is powered by enzymes
by rotation that is powered by the proton motive force
In humans, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis are _________. Multiple Choice common parasitic microorganisms of the genital tract; however, they are not transmitted by sexual activity common parasitic microorganisms of the genital tract, and their transmission is related to sexual activity rarely found in the genital tract but can be transmitted through sexual activity usually found in the respiratory tract and transmitted through coughing and sneezing
common parasitic microorganisms of the genital tract, and their transmission is related to sexual activity
Due to the acidic environment of the stomach, gastric juices ________. Multiple Choice are always free of bacteria have a large population of endospore producers are populated by resistant archaea contain a few viable bacteria per milliliter
contain a few viable bacteria per milliliter
A lysosome _________. Multiple Choice is found only inside the bacterium being ingested contains enzymes specific to the receptors on the bacterium being eliminated contains lysozyme and proteases that digest bacteria is an organelle that makes a bacterium motile
contains lysozyme and proteases that digest bacteria
The importance of the human gut microbiota on metabolism is that ________. Multiple Choice it is consistent from person to person providing a basis for accurate study it allows humans to eat large amounts of food without gaining weight regardless of the metabolic biproducts produced by the microbiome, host metabolism is unaffected human cells metabolize relatively few molecules into usable calories; most of our cellular energy is derived from microbial metabolism
human cells metabolize relatively few molecules into usable calories; most of our cellular energy is derived from microbial metabolism
Which organelle is used by Trichomonadida organisms for the production of ATP energy? Multiple Choice Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Hydrogenosomes Mitosomes
hydrogenosomes
Infected cells ________. Multiple Choice lyse T cells are not affected by T cells have class II MHC antigens on their cell surface display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell surface
display peptide fragments of degraded viral proteins on their cell surface
Theories that address the origin of the eukaryote nucleus must take into account the fact that _________. Multiple Choice eukaryotes are more closely related to bacteria archaea evolved after the emergence of eukaryotes eukaryotes possess both archaeal and bacterial traits bacteria and archaea probably coevolved archaea and bacteria evolved independently of eukaryotes
eukaryotes possess both archaeal and bacterial traits
In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by _________. Multiple Choice endocytosis opsonization exocytosis C3b
exocytosis
The rhizobia group of microbes _________. Multiple Choice produce endospores during times of unfavorable environmental conditions stimulate tumor-like growths in plants to obtain nutrients stimulate tumor-like growths in animals to obtain nutrients form nodules that create an endosymbiotic relationship between a host plant and the rhizobia cells form nodules that create an endosymbiotic relationship between host animals and the rhizobia cells
form nodules that create an endosymbiotic relationship between a host plant and the rhizobia cells
Bdellovibrio _________. Multiple Choice has a flagellum at all stages of its life cycle produces a flagellum only inside the host cell loses its flagellum as it enters the host cell steals the flagellum of the host cell does not have a flagellum
loses its flagellum as it enters the host cell
Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT _________. Multiple Choice lysosomes components of the complement system phospholipids released by injured cells chemical products of microorganisms
lysosomes
Protist contractile vacuoles are used to _________. Multiple Choice propel (move) in the environment engulf large particles (food) maintain osmotic balance within the cell modify the solution that the cell lives within
maintain osmotic balance within the cell
For protists, which of the following nutritional strategies uses reduced organic molecules and CO2 as carbon sources? Multiple Choice Saprophytic nutrition Holozoic nutrition Osmotrophy Mixotrophy
mixotrophy
Actinoplanete spores are unusual because in some species they are _________. Multiple Choice motile by flagella arranged in coiled or parallel chains found in branched clusters hairy located in a sporangium
motile by flagella
A microorganism that must grow and reproduce within host cells is known as a(n) __________. Multiple Choice extracellular pathogen symbiotic pathogen obligate intracellular pathogen
obligate intracellular pathogen
In phage replication ________. Multiple Choice only the phage nucleic acid enters the bacterial cell the whole phage particle enters the cell and the protein outer coat is removed multiple phage particles enter the same host bacterial cell at the same time only the phage protein enters the bacterial cell
only the phage nucleic acid enters the bacterial cell
The stage of T4 replication that involves the ejection of phage DNA is the ________. Multiple Choice assembly stage attachment stage lysis stage transcription stage penetration stage
penetration stage
Cytotoxic T cells produce ______. Multiple Choice antibodies, which make holes in cell membrane of infected cells perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells class II MHCs self proteins
perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
After attacking the host cell, Bdellovibrio reproduces in the ________. Multiple Choice nucleoid nucleus cytoplasm periplasmic space cytoplasm and periplasmic space
periplasmic space
The second edition of Bergey's Manual of Systemic Bacteriology is largely based on ________ classification. Multiple Choice phenetic genotypic phyletic natural
phyletic
The ustilaginomycete Ustilago maydis is a pathogen that has become a model organism for _________. Multiple Choice plant smuts ergotism human disease hallucinogens
plant smuts
Zygomycetes are involved in all of the following beneficial ways EXCEPT _________. Multiple Choice production of anesthetics production of meat tenderizers treatment of soybeans to make a curd called sufu production of antibiotics such as penicillin
production of antibiotics such as penicillin
In the attachment step of phage replication _________. Multiple Choice attachment is nonspecific carbohydrate receptors in the phage tail attach to specific receptors on the bacterial cell wall protein fibers in the phage tail attach to specific receptors on the bacterial cell wall phage DNA exits the protein coat and attaches to receptors on the bacterium
protein fibers in the phage tail attach to specific receptors on the bacterial cell wall
Dictyostelium discoideum can form a large cellular mass called a __________. Multiple Choice plasmodium tegument pseudoplasmodium pseudopodia
pseudoplasmodium
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an enzyme that acts as a ________ by catalyzing the synthesis of plus-strand RNA. Multiple Choice replicase transcriptase primase ligase
replicase
Pick the best answer to identify the terminal electron acceptors used during anaerobic respiration by Desulfotomaculum sp. During anaerobic respiration, Desulfotomaculum sp. reduce _________. Multiple Choice sulfate and sulfite sulfate and nitrate sulfite and oxygen sulfate and carbonate
sulfate and sulfite
The fusion of haploid protist cells is called _________. Multiple Choice conjugation syngamy binary fission gamonts
syngamy
An amoeba covered by material that is either made by the protist itself or collected by the organism from the environment is called a ________ amoeba. Multiple Choice walled testate naked uniform
testate
While inspecting the genome sequence of your newly discovered organism, you note that while the genome overall is 50% G + C, there is a cluster of genes comprising about 20,000 bp that is 64% G + C. The best explanation for this is _______. Multiple Choice the 20,000 bp segment is a recent acquisition via horizontal gene transfer the 20,000 bp segment likely contains a cluster of housekeeping genes the 20,000 bp segment is an adaptation to a more thermophilic environment this represents normal variation within a chromosome
the 20,000 bp segment is a recent acquisition via horizontal gene transfer
The broad basis of the relationship between microbes and cancer in the human host is __________. Multiple Choice the ability of pathogens to suppress the normal function of the microbiome the ability of microbes to disrupt the normal cell cycle and to damage or mutate DNA the ability of microbes to halt the normal cell cycle in host cells the ability of microbes to cause high levels of acute inflammation that leads to tumor formation
the ability of microbes to disrupt the normal cell cycle and to damage or mutate DNA
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an enzyme that acts as a ________ by catalyzing the synthesis of viral mRNA. Multiple Choice transcriptase ligase primase replicase
transcriptase
The stage of T4 replication that involves the copying of the phage DNA and the synthesis of various phage proteins is the _________. Multiple Choice assembly stage attachment stage lysis stage transcription stage penetration stage
transcription stage
The morphology of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) typically consists of _________. Multiple Choice two silica shells fitting together akin to a Petri dish a meshwork of silica wrapping around the cell a fine layer of peptidoglycan a mesh work of sugar polymers wrapping around the cell
two silica shells fitting together akin to a Petri dish
Cytotoxic T cells recognize ________. Multiple Choice fragments of self proteins of infected cells receptors on B cells viral antigens and class I MHC viral antigens and class II MHC
viral antigens and class I MHC
Motility in the spirochetes is uniquely adapted for movement through ___________. Multiple Choice viscous solutions water plant tissues cellular membranes
viscous solutions
Humans are holobionts; they contain approximately three times as many microbial cells as human cells. Recent metagenomic investigations reveal that human microbial flora is extremely diverse and is best described as ________. Multiple Choice occasionally beneficial to the host vital to our survival a cooperative relationship a parasitic relationship
vital to our survival
Recent metagenomic investigations reveal that human microbial flora is extremely diverse and is best described as _________. Multiple Choice vital to our survival a cooperative relationship occasionally beneficial to the host a parasitic relationship
vital to our survival