Bio& 242 Unit 4: (Hormone Flow Charts)

Posterior Pituitary - *ADH* (anti-diuretic hormone)

An increase in osmotic pressure and/or thirstiness tell the hypothalamus to produce ADH. ADH is then secreted via the posterior pituitary gland targeting blood vessels, renal tubules, and sweat glands resulting in.. blood vessel >> vasodilation renal tubules >> increased H2O reabsorption Sweat glands >> decreased sweat production

Adrenal - Cortisol

CRH released from the hypothalamus tells Corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH. ACTH targets the Zona Fasculata of the adrenal cortex to secrete Cortisol. The secretion of Cortisol targets general body cells, and results in an anti-inflammatory response to stress.

Anterior Pituitary: *FSH* (Follicle stimulating hormone)

Decrease in Estrogen (in women)/Testosterone (in males) stimulates the Hypothalamus to release GnRH. GnRH tells Gonadotrophs in the Anterior pituitary to produce FSH. FSH targets the ovaries and testes, resulting in.. Ovaries >> Estrogen and Follicle production. Testes >> Spermatogenesis (sperm production).

Testes- *FSH* (Follicle stimulating hormone)

Decrease in Testosterone (in males) stimulates the Hypothalamus to release GnRH. GnRH tells Gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to Secrete FSH. FSH secretion results in spermatogenesis, decreased blood cholesterol, production of "Z sex charecteristics" and follicle development.

Anterior Pituitary: *ACTH* (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Decrease in blood Cortisol stimulates the hypothalamus to release CRH. CRH tells Corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce ACTH. ACTH targets the adrenal cortex resulting in... Zona Fasculata >> secretion of Glucocorteroids (Cortisol). Zona Reticularis >> secretion of Androgens (DHEA).

Anterior Pituitary: *MSH* (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

Decrease in blood Cortisol stimulates the hypothalamus to release MRH. MRH tells Corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce MSH. MSH targets the Melanocytes resulting in melanin production.

Anterior Pituitary: *TSH* (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Decrease in blood Iodine, and T3,T4 stimulates the Hypothalamus to release TRH. TRH tells Thyrotrophs in the Anterior pituitary to produce TSH. TSH tells Follicular cells in the thyroid gland to produce T3, and T4. T3,T4 target general body cells resulting in general growth, metabolism regulation, and nervous system reactivity.

Anterior Pituitary: *hGH* (human growth hormone)

Decrease in blood sugar stimulates the hypothalamus to release GHRH. GHRH tells Somatrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce hGH. hGH targets general body tissues, resulting in growth, general building, and tissue repair.

Pineal gland - Melatonin

Fluctuations in sunlight tell the hypothalamus to either increase or decrease NE (norepinephrine) production. This increase/decrease in NE stimulates pinealocytes to increase/decrease melatonin production, resulting in diurnal clock (Circadian rhythm) regulation.

Overies- *LH* (luteinizing hormone)

GnRH originating in the hypothalamus stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete LH. (In women) The secretion of LH stimulates mature follicles and the corpus luteum to produce estrogen/progesterone, Inhibin, and relaxin resulting in... Estrogen/Progesterone >> Ovulation, preparation of uterus for implantation, ready for milk secretion. Inhibin >> enlarge birth canal, inhibit release Relaxin >> mantain uterus in a resting state

Thyroid - *Calcitonin*

High blood Ca++ stimulates parafollicular cells in the Thyroid gland to produce Calcitonin. Calcitonin targets bone tissue resulting in the inhibition of osteoclasts (demineralizing) and stimulation of osteoblasts (building), therefore *decreasing* blood Ca++ levels.

Testes- Inhibin

High sperm production stimulates sertoli cells in the testes to secrete Inhibin Inhibin tells the Pituitary gland to inhibit the secretion of FSH. Result - spermatogenesis (sperm production) decreases.

Adrenal Medulla - Epinephrine and Norepinephrin

High stress and/or low blood sugar stimulate the Hypothalams to release Acetyl-choline. Acetyl-choline stimulates Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla to secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrin. Epinephrine and Norepinephrin target general body cells resulting in a "fight or flight" response.

Placental Hormones

Hormones produced in the placenta include HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin, and HCS. These hormones target the corpus luteum, Uterus, Cervix, Pubic Symphysis, and Mammary cells resulting in... (HCG, Estrogen, Progesterone) Corpus Luteum >> maintain estrogen and progesterone for pregnancy. (Relaxin) Uterus, Cervix, Pubic Symphasis >> Relaxed state, dilation, flexibility. (HCS) Mammary Cells >> prepare for lactation.

Heart- *ANP* (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

Increased blood volume stimulates the atria of the heart to produce ANP. The secretion of ANP targets the kidney tubules resulting in a decrease in H2O reabsorption. decreasing overall blood volume.

Testes- *LH* (luteinizing hormone)

LH secretion targeting leydig's cells in the testes produces Testosterone. This testosterone targets the general cells of the body and immature sperm cells resulting in... General body cells >> Protien synthesis, fetal development of male anatomy, sexual characteristics, and sex drive. Immature sperm cells >> maturation

Parathyroid- *PTH*

Low blood Ca++ stimulates Principal cells in the Parathyroid gland to produce PTH. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to demineralize bone, therefore *increasing* blood Ca++ levels.

Kidneys - Calcitriol

Low blood Ca++ tells the kidneys to produce calcitriol. Calcitriol targets the GI tract increasing Ca++ absorbtion, therefore increasing blood Ca++ levels.

Kidneys- Erythropoietin

Low blood O2 tells the kidneys to produce Erythropoietin. Erythropoietin targets red bone marrow, increasing RBC production, therefore increasing blood O2 levels .

Adrenal- Aldosterone

Low blood pressure, and/or high blood K+ (potassium) stimulate the production of Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone. Aldosterone targets the kidney tubules and muscle of arterioles resulting in.. Kidney tubules >> Increased H2O and Na+ reabsorption, increased K+ secretion Arterioles >> vasoconstriction (Increased blood pressure and lowered blood K+ levels)

Pancreas- Alpha and Beta cells

Low blood sugar stimulates *Alpha cells* in the pancreas to secrete *Glucagon*. The secretion of glucagon causes an *increase in blood sugar* due to glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. High blood sugar stimulates *Beta cells* to secrete *Insulin*. The secretion of insulin causes a *decrease in blood sugar* by (getting sugar into the cells) glycogenesis, Lipogenesis, and protien anabolism.

Pancreas- Deta cells

Pancreatic Delta cells release Somatostatin which inhibits the secretion of Glucagon, Insulin, and inhibits GI absorption.

Pancreas- F cells

Pancreatic F cells produce pancreatic polypeptide which inhibits all pancreatic enzymes.

Anterior Pituitary: *LH* (luteinizing hormone)

Rapid increase in Estrogen/progesterone and Low testosterone cause the Hypothalamus to release GnRH. GnRH stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete LH. LH targets the corpus luteum, and ovaries, and Leydig's Cells (testes) resulting in.. Women >> ovulation (LH surge) and Progesterone production. Men >> Testosterone production

Skin - Vitamin D

Sunlight exposure stimulates the skin to produce vitamin D. Vitamin D is converted into calcitriol in the kidneys.

Anterior Pituitary: *PRL* (Prolactin releasing hormone)

The Hypothalamus releases PRH. PRH tells Lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary to produce PRL. PRL targets the mammary glands resulting in milk production (in women).

Posterior Pituitary - Oxytocin

Uterine distention or nursing tells the hypothalamus to produce Oxytocin. Oxytocin is secreted via the posterior pituitary, targeting mammary glands and the uterus resulting in.. Mammary >> "letting down" of milk Uterus >> Uterine contractions (reinforced in a positive feedback loop)

Thymus - Thymopoietin

When a virus is present the Thymus secretes Thymopoietin. Thymopoietin targets foreign bodies resulting in the proliferation and maturation of T-Lymphocytes.