Bio:ch5 study guide

21) In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water, but not sucrose, to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur? A) Water will leave the balloon. B) Water will enter the balloon. C) Sucrose will leave the balloon. D) Sucrose will enter the balloon.

A) Water will leave the balloon.

33) Aquaporins A) allow water to cross the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion. B) allow water to cross the plasma membrane against its concentration gradient. C) allow for the active transport of water. D) are found in all cells.

A) allow water to cross the plasma membrane via facilitated diffusion.

28) A plant cell in a hypotonic solution A) becomes turgid because of an inflow of water. B) bursts because of an inflow of water. C) shrivels because of an outflow of water. D) wilts because of an outflow of water.

A) becomes turgid because of an inflow of water.

42) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing A) chemical energy into kinetic energy. B) chemical energy into potential energy. C) kinetic energy into potential energy. D) kinetic energy into thermal energy.

A) chemical energy into kinetic energy.

14) Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids A) easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer. B) very slowly diffuse through a membrane's lipid bilayer. C) require transport proteins to pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer. D) are actively transported across cell membranes.

A) easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer.

52) When a cell uses chemical energy to perform work, it uses the energy released from a(n) ________ reaction to drive a(n) ________ reaction.

A) exergonic . . . endergonic

20) When two aqueous solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower free water concentration. B) exhibit a net movement to the side with higher free water concentration. C) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration. D) exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane.

A) exhibit a net movement to the side with lower free water concentration.

1) Many of the enzymes that control a deep-sea firefly squid's ability to produce light energy from chemical energy are located A) in membranes. B) within chloroplasts. C) outside of cells. D) within mitochondria.

A) in membranes.

23) A cell that neither gains nor loses water when it is immersed in a solution must be A) isotonic to its environment. B) hypertonic to its environment. C) hypotonic to its environment. D) metabolically inactive.

A) isotonic to its environment.

60) When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, A) it lowers the activation energy of the reaction. B) it raises the activation energy of the reaction. C) it acts as a reactant. D) it is used once and discarded.

A) it lowers the activation energy of the reaction.

24) In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will A) lyse. B) experience turgor. C) neither gain nor lose water. D) shrivel.

A) lyse.

51) Which of the following examples is classified as a metabolic pathway? A) protein synthesis B) osmosis C) cell lysis D) passive diffusion

A) protein synthesis

55) Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely A) result in cell death. B) force the cell to rely on lipids for energy. C) force the cell to rely on ADP for energy. D) have no effect on the cell.

A) result in cell death.

9) Relaying a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule that performs a specific function within a cell is called A) signal transduction. B) inhibition. C) competition. D) selective permeability.

A) signal transduction.

19) Osmosis can be defined as A) the diffusion of water. B) the diffusion of nonpolar molecules. C) active transport. D) the diffusion of a solute.

A) the diffusion of water.

65) A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107°F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower the child's temperature. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this action? A) Elevated body temperature will increase reaction rates in the child's cells and overload the limited number of enzymes found in the cell. B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzymes to catalyze vital chemical reactions. D) Elevated body temperatures cause molecules to vibrate more quickly and prevent enzymes from easily attaching to reactants. This would slow vital body reactions.

B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions.

32) Which of the following statements is true among all types of passive transport? A) Proteins are needed to transport molecules across the membrane. B) The concentration gradient is the driving force. C) Only small polar molecules are able to cross the plasma membrane. D) Ions never cross the plasma membrane by passive transport.

B) The concentration gradient is the driving force.

5) A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to A) glue cells together to form tissues. B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs. C) attach the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton. D) help the cell retain its shape.

B) allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs.

39) Phagocytosis is to eating as pinocytosis is to A) osmosis. B) drinking. C) chewing. D) lysis.

B) drinking.

37) Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? A) endocytosis B) exocytosis C) diffusion D) pinocytosis

B) exocytosis

4) The cholesterol associated with animal cell membranes A) is attached to membrane proteins and extends into the watery environment surrounding the cell. B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature. C) is an abnormality resulting from a diet high in cholesterol. D) helps solidify the membranes when the room temperature is below freezing.

B) helps to stabilize the cell membrane at body temperature.

26) In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. The solution in the balloon is ________ relative to the solution in the beaker. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) hypertonic D) hydrophilic

B) hypotonic

22) Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment A) is isotonic to the protozoan. B) is hypotonic to the protozoan. C) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan. D) is hypertonic to the protozoan.

B) is hypotonic to the protozoan.

18) Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of A) exocytosis. B) passive transport. C) active transport. D) endocytosis.

B) passive transport.

59) Most of a cell's enzymes are A) lipids. B) proteins. C) amino acids. D) carbohydrates.

B) proteins.

7) Most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by

B) proteins.

40) Cells acquire LDLs by A) diffusion. B) receptor-mediated endocytosis. C) pinocytosis. D) phagocytosis.

B) receptor-mediated endocytosis.

12) Which characteristic promoted the utilization of lipids as the first cell membrane? A) spontaneous degradation of the intracellular environment B) self-assembly into a simple membrane C) ability to form an impermeable membrane D) formation of a semi-solid membrane

B) self-assembly into a simple membrane

45) According to ________, energy cannot be created or destroyed. A) Aristotle's first principle B) the first law of thermodynamics C) the second law of thermodynamics D) the third law of thermodynamics

B) the first law of thermodynamics

10) Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that A) anything can pass into or out of a cell as long as the membrane is intact and the cell is healthy. B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others. C) glucose cannot enter the cell. D) plasma membranes must be very thick.

B) the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others.

46) A steer must eat at least 100 pounds of grain to gain less than 10 pounds of muscle tissue. This illustrates A) the first law of thermodynamics. B) the second law of thermodynamics. C) that some energy is destroyed in every energy conversion. D) that energy transformations are typically 100% efficient.

B) the second law of thermodynamics.

49) Which of the following processes is endergonic? A) the burning of wood B) the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water C) the breakdown of glucose D) cellular respiration

B) the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water

Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step called reverse osmosis. Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that's permeable to water, but not to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A contains tap water and Tank B contains the purified water. Under normal conditions, the purified water would cross the membrane to dilute the more concentrated tap water solution. In the reverse osmosis process, pressure is applied to the tap water tank to force the water molecules across the membrane into the pure water tank. 2) If you shut the system off and pressure was no longer applied to Tank A, you would expect A) the water to flow from Tank A to Tank B. B) the water to reverse flow from Tank B to Tank A. C) the water to flow in equal amounts in both directions. D) the water to flow against the concentration gradient.

B) the water to reverse flow from Tank B to Tank A.

30) Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient. A) energy and transport proteins . . . down B) transport proteins . . . down C) energy and transport proteins . . . against D) transport proteins . . . against

B) transport proteins . . . down

68) Which of the following is a coenzyme? A) zinc B) vitamin B6 C) iron D) iodine

B) vitamin B6

17) Which of the following statements regarding diffusion is false? A) Diffusion is a result of the thermal energy of atoms and molecules. B) Diffusion requires no input of energy into the system. C) Diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated. D) Diffusion occurs even after equilibrium is reached and no net change is apparent.

C) Diffusion occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated.

63) Which of the following statements regarding enzyme function is false? A) An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. B) Enzymes are very specific for certain substrates. C) Enzymes are used up when they catalyze a chemical reaction, so must be synthesized for each new chemical reaction. D) Enzymes emerge unchanged from the reactions they catalyze.

C) Enzymes are used up when they catalyze a chemical reaction, so must be synthesized for each new chemical reaction.

64) Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? A) Enzymes are inorganic. B) An enzyme's function is unaffected by changes in pH. C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions. D) All enzymes depend on protein cofactors to function.

C) Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.

50) What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions? A) Exergonic reactions involve ionic bonds; endergonic reactions involve covalent bonds. B) Exergonic reactions involve the breaking of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds. C) Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb it. D) In exergonic reactions, the reactants have less chemical energy than the products; in endergonic reactions, the opposite is true.

C) Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb it.

27) White blood cells (WBCs) are more resistant to lysis than red blood cells (RBCs). When looking at a sample of blood for WBCs, what could you do to reduce interference from RBCs? A) Mix the blood in a salty solution to cause the RBCs to lyse. B) Mix the blood in an isotonic solution and allow the WBCs to float to the top. C) Mix the blood in a hypotonic solution, which will cause the RBCs to lyse. D) Mix the blood in a hypertonic solution, which will cause the RBCs to lyse.

C) Mix the blood in a hypotonic solution, which will cause the RBCs to lyse.

15) Which of the following substances would have the most trouble crossing a biological membrane by diffusing through the lipid bilayer? A) O2 B) CO2 C) Na+ D) a small, nonpolar molecule such as butane (C4H10)

C) Na+

67) Which of the following substances could be a cofactor? A) a protein B) a polypeptide C) a zinc atom D) a ribosome

C) a zinc atom

3) Membrane phospholipids A) have hydrophobic heads that face the center of the membrane and are shielded from water. B) have hydrophilic tails that face outward and are exposed to water. C) are able to drift about in the plasma membrane D) remain fluid because they are tightly packed against one another.

C) are able to drift about in the plasma membrane

Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step called reverse osmosis. Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that's permeable to water, but not to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A contains tap water and Tank B contains the purified water. Under normal conditions, the purified water would cross the membrane to dilute the more concentrated tap water solution. In the reverse osmosis process, pressure is applied to the tap water tank to force the water molecules across the membrane into the pure water tank. 1) After the reverse osmosis system has been operating for 30 minutes, the solution in Tank A would A) be hypotonic to Tank B. B) be isotonic to Tank B. C) be hypertonic to Tank B. D) move by passive transport to Tank B.

C) be hypertonic to Tank B.

6) When physicians perform an organ transplant, they choose a donor whose tissues match those of the recipient as closely as possible. Which of the following cell components are being matched? A) plasma membrane phospholipids B) plasma membrane proteins C) cell-surface carbohydrates D) plasma membrane cholesterols

C) cell-surface carbohydrates

48) Living systems A) violate the first law of thermodynamics. B) violate the second law of thermodynamics. C) decrease their entropy while increasing the entropy of the universe. D) are examples of a closed system.

C) decrease their entropy while increasing the entropy of the universe.

56) ATP can be used as the cell's energy exchange mechanism because A) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP. B) ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell. C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP. D) ATP is a disposable form of chemical energy, used once and then discarded by the cell.

C) endergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP.

70) Bacterial production of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan declines with increasing levels of tryptophan and increases as tryptophan levels decline. This is an example of A) competitive inhibition. B) noncompetitive inhibition. C) feedback inhibition. D) irreversible inhibition.

C) feedback inhibition.

41) Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that A) kinetic energy is stored energy that has the potential to do work, and chemical energy is the energy of movement. B) kinetic energy can be converted into various forms of energy, whereas chemical energy can only be converted into heat. C) kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules. D) chemical energy is a particular form of kinetic energy.

C) kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules.

54) The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound is called A) carboxylation. B) ionization. C) phosphorylation. D) hydrogenation.

C) phosphorylation.

57) An energy barrier A) is the amount of energy that must be produced by the reactants to end a chemical reaction. B) is higher than the activation energy of a reaction. C) prevents the spontaneous breakdown of molecules in the cell. D) can only be overcome with the use of enzymes.

C) prevents the spontaneous breakdown of molecules in the cell.

43) In the reaction A → B + C + heat, A) there is a net input of energy. B) the potential energy of the products is greater than that of the reactant. C) the potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant. D) entropy has decreased.

C) the potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant.

62) The active site of an enzyme is A) the region of a substrate that is changed by an enzyme. B) the highly changeable portion of an enzyme that adapts to fit the substrates of various reactions. C) the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate. D) the region of a product that detaches from the enzyme.

C) the region of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.

29) You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result, A) you quench your thirst. B) your cells become turgid. C) you dehydrate yourself. D) your cells lyse from excessive water intake.

C) you dehydrate yourself.

36) Which of the following statements regarding active transport is false? A) Active transport uses ATP as an energy source. B) Active transport can move a solute against its concentration gradient. C) Active transport requires the cell to expend energy. D) Active transport is driven by the concentration gradient.

D) Active transport is driven by the concentration gradient.

44) Which of the following statements regarding thermodynamics is false? A) Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. B) A single cell or the planet Earth could be a thermodynamic system. C) An open system exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings. D) An automobile engine is a closed system because it does not exchange energy and matter with its surroundings.

D) An automobile engine is a closed system because it does not exchange energy and matter with its surroundings.

69) How does inhibition of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from inhibition by a noncompetitive inhibitor? A) Competitive inhibitors interfere with the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors interfere with the reactants. B) Competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme reversibly; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to it irreversibly. C) Competitive inhibitors change the enzyme's tertiary structure; noncompetitive inhibitors cause polypeptide subunits to dissociate. D) Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site.

D) Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site.

53) Which of the following statements about the ATP molecule is true? A) It contains five phosphate groups. B) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. C) It contains the sugar glucose. D) It releases energy when one phosphate group leaves ATP.

D) It releases energy when one phosphate group leaves ATP.

8) Which of the following statements regarding membrane protein function is false? A) Membrane proteins serve as enzymes. B) Membrane proteins act as receptors to molecules like hormones. C) Membrane proteins form junctions between cells. D) Membrane proteins transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm.

D) Membrane proteins transfer genetic information to the cytoplasm.

11) Which of the following statements regarding membrane function is false? A) The plasma membrane forms a selective barrier around the cell. B) The plasma membrane plays a role in signal transduction. C) The plasma membrane has receptors for chemical messages. D) The plasma membrane is the control center of the cell.

D) The plasma membrane is the control center of the cell.

35) Which of the following is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism? A) The transport protein must cross to the correct side of the membrane before the solute can bind to it. B) The transport protein is irreversibly phosphorylated as transport takes place. C) The transport protein catalyzes the conversion of ADP to ATP. D) The solute moves against the concentration gradient.

D) The solute moves against the concentration gradient.

61) Substrates bind to an enzyme's ________ site. A) allosteric B) inhibitory C) phosphate D) active

D) active

34) Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient? A) osmosis B) passive transport C) facilitated diffusion D) active transport

D) active transport

66) Heating inactivates enzymes by A) breaking the covalent bonds that hold the molecule together. B) removing phosphate groups from the enzyme. C) causing enzyme molecules to stick together. D) changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape.

D) changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape.

71) Inhibition of an enzyme is irreversible when A) a competitive inhibitor is involved. B) a noncompetitive inhibitor is involved. C) the shape of the enzyme is changed. D) covalent bonds form between inhibitor and enzyme

D) covalent bonds form between inhibitor and enzyme

2) The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as consisting of A) a phospholipid bilayer with embedded carbohydrates. B) two layers of phospholipids with cholesterol sandwiched between them. C) carbohydrates and phospholipids that can drift in the membrane. D) diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

D) diverse proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

47) Which of the following energy transfers is impossible in living systems? A) light energy to chemical energy B) chemical energy to kinetic energy C) light energy to potential energy D) heat to light energy

D) heat to light energy

16) Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by A) osmosis. B) active transport. C) pinocytosis. D) passive transport.

D) passive transport.

38) The process of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is A) osmosis. B) receptor-mediated endocytosis. C) pinocytosis. D) phagocytosis.

D) phagocytosis.

31) The molecules responsible for membrane transport are A) steroids. B) phospholipids. C) carbohydrates. D) proteins.

D) proteins.

13) All cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane that is similar in ________ and ________. A) thickness . . . composition B) permeability . . . content C) lucidity . . . texture D) structure . . . function

D) structure . . . function

58) The energy required to initiate an exergonic reaction is called A) exergonic energy. B) endergonic energy. C) input energy. D) the activation energy.

D) the activation energy.

25) If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? A) the expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole B) the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water C) the fact that plant cells are isotonic to tap water D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

D) the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall