Biochem immune system
Ab/Ig (scouts) are a Y shaped, tetramer protein composed of ____ heavy chains and ____ light chains.
-2 -2
In the classic complement pathway, the activation of mast cells and basophils requires?
-C4b and C2a -C3a and C3b -C5b and C5a
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
-IL-1 -TNF-beta
2 types of antibodies that can be passed from mother to fetus
-IgG -IgA
2 types of lymphocytes
-T cells -B cells
The 2 components of the adaptive/specific immunity system
-cell mediated immune system -humoral immune system
MHC I CD8 co-receptors are found on the surface of what type of cells (2)?
-cytotoxic T lymphocytes -NK
Anti-inflammatory molecules found in basophils include (3)?
-histamine -heparin -elastase or lysophospholipase
3 types of forces/bonds that hold together the Y shaped Ab/Ig tetramer protein
-hydrophilic forces -hydrophobic forces -disulfide bonds
Ag/Ig expressed on B cells interact with Th2 to differentiate into what (2)?
-memory B cells -plasma cells
Kinases that phosphorylate SMAD proteins that can transit to the nucleus and act as DNA transcription inducers and/or suppressors
-tumor growth factor beta receptors -serine threonine
Activate phospholipase C and subsequent Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) gene activation
Ig receptors and IL-1 receptors
A dimer, secreted by B cells in the mucosal lining of tears and saliva ducts
IgA
J chain marks it for secretion
IgA
Monomer, co-expressed on plasma membrane with IgM
IgD
Monomer, produced by plasma cells, involved in type I hypersensitivity "allergic" reactions
IgE
Plays a pivotal role in anaphylactic reactions to certain drugs and bee stings
IgE
Binds to pathogens causing immobilization, agglutination, and opsonization
IgG
Monomer, involved in types II and III hypersensitivity reactions
IgG
Monomer, produced by plasma cells, a major Ig of secondary immune responses to viral, bacterial, fungal, and other pathogens
IgG
Plays a key role in Ab-dependent cell-mediated immunity
IgG
Pentamer, possesses high avidity (multiple affinities)
IgM
Pentamer, produced by plasma cells, first Ab to appear in response to initial exposure to Ag
IgM
The classic complement pathway starts with C1 complex binding to?
IgM and IgG
Allergy or anaphylactic reaction within 15 to 30 minutes via IgE
type I hypersensitivity reaction
Response by mast cells or basophils, repeat exposure to certain allergens --> damage tissues
type I hypersensitivity reaction
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity IgM or IgG antibodies and complement (phagocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils)
type II hypersensitivity reaction
Immune complex reaction, IgG or IgM Ab and complement, neutrophils and platelets, 3-8 hours up to weeks, deposits in small blood vessels, joints, and glomeruli
type III hypersensitivity reaction
Cell mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity, T lymphocytes, 2-3 days or more, cellular damage
type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Most of the major cytokines and Interferons (INFs) and are activated via the Janus Kinase (JAK) mechanism for these cytokine receptors
types I and II receptors
The bodily system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response
Immune system
During APC activation, ICAM 1 binds to ____ on the T cell?
LFA 1
Acts as an extracellular indicator of proper or dysfunctional intracellular protein balance
MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
Normally occur only on designated APCs (Ag presenting cells)
MHC II
Neutrophils kill bacterial and fungal pathogens by forming what?
NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)
Produce perforin, granulysin, and granzyme leading to cell death
NK cells
The Ab binding Fc receptor provides a target for the activity of _____ cells?
NKs
Th1 cells increase the production of ____ to assist in the killing of bacteria and viruses
NO (nitric oxide)
ITAM phosphorylation leads to what?
zeta chain associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP 70)
Immunophilin inhibitors block production of cytokines that support?
T cell clonal expansion/activity
CD4 co-receptors recognize Ag presented by MHC II on the surface of APCs on this type of cell
T helper cell (Th)
MHC on an APC binds to what type of cell?
T helper cell (Th0)
APC Ag on MHC II complex is recognized by which type of cells?
T helper cells with CD4
Peptides digested from cellular proteins are taken up by ____, found in the ER and sorted into vesicles?
TAP transporters (transporter associated with Ag processing)
Produced mainly by macrophages, regulates inflammation response, increases cytokine, and cell adhesion molecule expression
TNF-alpha
Produced by T cells and monocytes, regulates inflammatory response, inhibits immune cell growth and proliferation
TNF-beta
Cell that activates B cells that make Ab that specifically recognize the Ag that initially activated the T cell
Th2 (T helper cell 2)
Generates a response to a specific antigen of an invading organism or molecule
adaptive (specific) immunity
First line of defense against infection before an immune response can be mounted
alternative pathway
Ab generator, a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an Ab
antigen (Ag)
Where does Lck double phosphorylate cytosolic subunits of T cell receptors?
at the immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif (ITAM)
The loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self Ag
autoimmune diseases
WBCs recruited to sites of inflammation or infection in response to allergies or parasites
basophils
Leukocyte specific tyrosine kinase (Lck) with sarcoma homology domain do what?
bind cytoplasmic tail of CD4 or CD8
Develops leukocytes to attack the organism (T and B cells, macrophages, WBCs)
cell mediated immune system
T helper (Th) cells recognize the foreign antigen, and activate the Th1 cells (macrophages, NK, cytotoxic T cells)
cell mediated immunity system
T lymphocytes dominate the ____ immunity system, and consist of CTLs
cell mediated immunity system
The alternative complement pathway is what type of immune system response?
cell mediated immunity system
Function via Gq proteins release of intracellular calcium that elicits directed chemotaxis
chemokine receptor group
B cells respond to T cells and danger signals by switching the kind of antibody molecules they produce from larger, less efficient IgM to smaller, more efficient IgG
class switching
Pathway that is dependent upon Ig binding to pathogen
classic pathway
Upon activation, each epitope specific B cell will rapidly replicate itself, and the daughter B cells will become memory or plasma cells
clonal expansion
Genetic recombination early in cell development long before encountering an Ag. Lymphocyte becomes committed to react with a particular Ag before ever being exposed to it.
clonal selection theory
Activation of this leads to bacterial lysis
complement
Binds to infective organisms and promotes phagocytic ingestion by macrophages and other phagocytic cells
complement control protein, C3b
Helps to attract immune cells to the source of infection (chemotaxis)
complement control protein, C5a
Part of the immune system that helps the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism
complement system
CD8 co-receptors recognize Ag presented by MHC I on these types of cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
Thought to play a prime role in innate immunity by recognizing secreted molecules from bacteria/viruses via Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
dendritic cells
WBCs that mainly function in parasitic infections and allergies/asthma
eosinophils
A specific structural element on the surface of an Ag recognized by a specific Ab
epitope
Assist subsequent activation of B cell Ab production, macrophage phagocytosis and CTLs activation
helper T lymphocytes
The formation of blood cellular components
hematopoiesis
Functions as a neurotransmitter, hormone to stimulate parietal cells to produce gastric acid, and allergic inflammatory reactions
histamine
Multifunctional signaling molecule synthesized by the decarboxylation of histidine by the enzyme L-histidine decarboxylase
histamine
-Dilation/leakage of blood vessels (flushing) -Brochoconstriction -Endothelial contraction (hives & leakage of fluid) -Induction of unmyelinated C fibers (pain & itching) -Some forms of motion sickness
histamine 1 receptors
Most antihistamine medications block which type of histamine?
histamine 1 receptors
-Gi receptor class in CNS -Inhibit adenylyl cyclase to cAMP to GABA
histamine 3 receptors
Effects of this histamine are: -runny nose -congestion -watery eyes
histamine 4 receptors
Gi linked receptors, found in bone marrow and basophils, mast cells
histamine 4 receptors
Develops an army of antibodies against the organism
humoral immune system
Antibody mediated immunity, recognize foreign antigens by an antigen/immunoglobulin
humoral immunity system
B lymphocytes dominate the ____ immunity system with an array of antibodies
humoral immunity system
The classic complement pathway is what type of immune system response?
humoral immunity system
Occur by excessive immune response resulting in undesired damage to the body's tissues and (in some cases) death
hypersensitivity reaction
Generated during primary response because of: 1. creation of memory cells from clonal expansion 2. memory cells respond more readily to Ag
immunological memory
Immunities that are present at birth and passed down genetically from parents to children
innate immunity
The complement system is part of which immunity system?
innate system
Activated TH1 cells produce ____ to aid in differentiation and making more Th1 cells
interferon-gamma (IFN gamma)
How is IgG passed from mother to fetus
it binds to neonatal Fc (fragment, crystallizable) receptors in the placenta
Type of phagocyte, cell responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells; require opsonization
macrophage
HIV causes the depletion and destruction of which type of cells
mature CD4 T cells
Mimic the bodies immune system, can develop to interfere with cell mediated immunity
monoclonal Ab
Most abundant leukocyte
neutrophils
Phagocytize invading organisms or particles and release reactive oxygen species/superoxides
neutrophils
Where are histamine 2 receptors found?
on parietal cells
Recognition and binding of bacteria leading to the covering of bacteria by Ab
opsonization
Eosinophils have a highly toxic protein to what?
parasites
The transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready made Ab from one individual to another
passive immunity
A specialized center of protein cleaving enzymes
proteosomes
How is IgA passed from mother to fetus
Ab via breast milk, provides initial protection against pathogenic microorganisms
Immunity, not present at birth, occurs when the immune system fights off a pathogen and creates antibodies against that pathogen to provide future immunity
Acquired immunity
Occurs within a week after transplant and can last for up to 3 months usually because of mismatch of human leukocyte antibody (found in all cells) leading to T lymphocyte cell-mediated immunity
Acute transplant rejection
These T cells act to limit activation of the immune system and phagocytosis in order to maintain balance between activated and surveying immune system
suppressor or regulatory T cells
The alternative complement pathway is activated by cleavage of a thirster bond in what?
C3 --> C3a/C3b
In the classic complement pathway, opsonization of bacteria requires?
C3a and C3b
In the classic complement pathway, chemotaxis of WBCs requires?
C5b and C5a
In the classic complement pathway, lysis of cells requires?
C5b6789
During APC activation, co-stimulatory molecules CD80/86 bind to what?
CD 28
T cell receptors of naive helper T cells (Th0) have a ____ co-receptor that recognizes MHC II
CD4
These cells are the main targets for HIV infections, because they have high affinity receptors for HIV
CD4 T helper cells
MHC I helps mediate cellular immunity, recognized by ____ co-receptor
CD8
MHC I on an APC binds with what type of cell?
CTLs
APC Ag on MHC I complex is recognized by which type of cells?
CTLs with CD8
Occurs months to years after transplant usually secondary to gradual breakdown and scarring of blood vessels in the transplant by poorly understood mechanisms
Chronic transplant rejection
Host cell monitoring is also known as?
Class I MHC
APC-interacting is also known as?
Class II MHC
May bind to the surface of receptors of several cell types
Fc (fragment, crystallizable) receptors
Viral infections normally invoke an IFN-alpha response, but this virus inhibits its gene expression
HPV
Virus that directly inhibits the activation of Langerhan's cells
HPV
Acts via Gq protein in target cells, which activates the phospholipase C or phosphatidylinositol
Histamine 1 receptor
Can occur within minutes caused by complement responding immediately to donor organ/blood because of pre-existing or cross-reacting antibodies
Hyperacute transplant rejection
Induce production of prostaglandin-E2 and cause fever, to stimulate macrophages and NK cells to kill viruses, and to increase MHC I expression
IFN-alpha
Produced predominantly by fibroblasts to stimulate macrophages and NK cells to kill viruses, and to increase MHC I
IFN-beta
Produced by Th1 cells, CTLs, NKs, directly inhibit viral replication
IFN-gamma
APCs express which class of MHC? They can present peptides to CD4 on helper T cells (Th)
II
Acts on the hypothalamus to raise body temperature
IL-1
Cytokines found in acute and chronic inflammation (7)
IL-1 IL-6 IL-11 IL-17 TNF-alpha Eotaxin GM-CSF
Increases adhesion factors (integrins) of endothelial cells for transmigration of other leukocytes to site of infection
IL-1 alpha and beta
Pro-inflammatory pyrogenic signalprokuced by first responders to infection
IL-1 alpha and beta
Continue to proliferate after leaving the surface of the APC, and activate nearby T cells
IL-2
Cytokines found in chronic inflammation (14)
IL-2,3,4,5,7,9,10,12,13,14,15 IFNs TGF-beta TNF-beta
Increases production of MCH II molecules
IL-4
Produced by Th2 cells to induce B cells switch classes of Ig production (class switching)
IL-4
Increases differentiation of activated B lymphocytes into plasma cells and promotes the production of antibodies, especially IgG and IgA
IL-6
Induces fever and acute inflammation, especially in the case of trauma, burns, or muscle overuse
IL-6
Produced by monocytes, macrophages, Th2 cells, endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and fat and smooth muscle cells
IL-6
Cytokines found in acute inflammation (3)
IL-8 IL-16 G-CSF
