BIOL 1010-Photosynthesis Study Guide; Chp.5

Thylakoids can also be known as what?

"Teeny tiny pigment pancakes."

Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place? A. thylakoid membrane B. thylakoid space C. stroma D. granum

C. stroma.

Calvin Cycle

The reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules.

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from?

splitting water molecules.

Autotrophic eukaryotes, such as plants, convert sunlight into carbohydrates in organelles called ______.

Chloroplasts.

What are the two types of activation enzyme?

Cofactors and Conenzymes.

What are the types of inhibition in enzymes?

Competitive and allosteric.

Which of the following could be considered a product of the Calvin cycle, but a reactant in the light dependent reactions?

D. NADP+

The Calvin cycle is the ____________ reaction.

Dark.

Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes. C. The space surrounding thylakoids is called stroma. D. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll.

B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.

What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis? A. split a water molecule B. energize an electron C. produce ATP D. synthesize glucose

B. energize an electron

What two products result from photosynthesis? A. glucose and carbon dioxide B. glucose and oxygen C. water and oxygen D. water and carbon dioxide

B. glucose and oxygen.

Which of the following is involved in the process of photosynthesis? A. ribosomes B. stroma C. mitochondria D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B. stroma

Which of the following is a reactant used in the light-dependent reactions? A. carbon dioxide B. water C. glucose D. oxygen

B. water

Why are carnivores, such as lions, dependent on photosynthesis to survive (2)?

Because lions eat animals that eat plants. Plants are producers and the start of the food chain. Since animals cannot conduct photosynthesis like plants, they get energy from the energy in the plant they consume.

Chlorophyll absorbs _________ and ________ light but not _________, which is why ___________ is the color reflected.

Blue;red;green;green.

The energy that powers the Calvin cycle comes from which of the following? A. ADP NADP+ B. CO2 C. ATP and NADPH D. G3P

C. ATP and NADPH

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis? A. ATP B. glucose C. chlorophyll D. water

C. chlorophyll

From where do heterotrophs directly get their energy? A. sun B. the sun and eating other organisms C. eating other organisms D. simple chemicals in the environment.

C. eating other organisms

From where does a heterotroph directly obtain its energy? A. the sun B. the sun and eating other organisms C. eating other organisms D. simple chemicals in the environment

C. eating other organisms.

Which of the following is a product of the Calvin cycle? A. water B. oxygen C. glucose D. carbon dioxide

C. glucose

What two products result from photosynthesis? A. water and carbon dioxide B. water and oxygen C. glucose and oxygen D. glucose and carbon dioxide

C. glucose and oxygen

The Calvin cycle must happen six times to create one ______ molecule.

Carbohydrate.

What are some other pigments that absorb lights in plants besides chlorophyll (3)?

Carotenes, anthocyanins and xanthophyll.

A photon of light energy travels until it reaches a molecule of ____________.

Chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll is found in the ____________ in plant cells.

Chloroplast.

What is the energy of a photon first used to do in photosynthesis?

Energize an electron.

Calvin cycle reactions are an essential process by which plants produce lipids. T or F.

F.

What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose?

G3P.

Wavelength (2)

Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves. The distance between consecutive points of a wave.

Where do the light-dependent reactions exit?

In the membranes of thylakoids.

The Calvin cycle takes place where?

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

Light dependent reactions take place where?

In the thylakoid membrane.

What is the purpose of the light=dependent reaction?

Is to convert solar energy into chemical carriers that will be used in the Calvin cycle.

NADPH helps reducing power in the Calvin cycle. What does that mean?

It adds high energy electrons to the process

What happens to water during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

It is split into oxygen, electrons, and H+ ions.

On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis (2)?

Levels of carbon dioxide (a reactant) will fall, and the levels of oxygen (a product) will rise. A s a result, the rate of photosynthesis will slow down.

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent and Calvin cycle.

What are the two reactions that occur in the chloroplast for photosynthesis?

Light-dependent and light-independent.

The Calvin cycle is the same thing as the...

Light-independent reaction.

Carriers that move energy from the ____________ ____________ reactions to the _________ ___________ reactions can be thought of as "_________" because they bring energy.

Light;dependent;calvin;cycle;full.

Shorter wavelengths carry more ___________ and longer wavelengths carry ___________ energy.

More;less.

Does the Calvin cycle happen in the dark, in the chloroplast and at the same time as the light dependent reaction?

No, the name is misleading. Yes, it occurs in the chloroplast as well. Yes, because it uses the products of the light dependent reaction to start the next process.

Do both reactions use carrier molecules to transport energy from one to another?

Yes.

Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect? A. red and blue B. green C. red D. blue

B. green.

Plants are the __________ in the food chain.

Producers.

Where does the process of photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts.

How many glucose molecules are produced per 1 turn complete of the Calvin cycle?

1.

Pigments

A molecule that is capable of absorbing light energy.

Where in the eukaryotic cells does photosynthesis occur? A. mitochondrion B. chloroplast C. Golgi body D. ribosome

B. chloroplast.

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll.

Where do light-dependent reactions begin?

In a group of molecules and proteins called photosystem.

Where does the energy that drives photosynthesis come from?

The sun/sunlight.

Photosystem 1 Process (6)

1. After the energy is used in the Electron Transport Chain, the electron is accepted by a pigment molecule. 2. Energy from electrons fuels proton pumps in the membrane that move the H ions against their concentration gradient from the stroma to the thylakoid space. 3. The electron transport chain moves H ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. 4. Splitting of water adds more H ions into the lumen. 5. NADP+ removes H ions from the stroma to reduce to NADPH. 6. High concentration of H ions in thylakoid lumen + low concentration in the stroma creates electrochemical gradient to create ATP.

Carbon fixation process (4)

1. CO2 + RuBP are catalyzed by RuBisCO to form 6-carbon compound. 2. Immediately transformed into two 3-carbon compounds 3. Requires: 12 ATP & 12 NADPH. 4. CO2 is "fixed" from inorganic to organic

What are the process of a light dependent reaction?

1. Happens with light. 2. H₂O is split and chemical reaction occurs in the thylakoids. 3. Chemical energy is produced with oxygen (ATP and NADPH)

What is the process of the Calvin Cycle?

1. Inorganic carbon dioxide is transformed or "fixed" into a more organic useable form with the help of an enzyme. 2. ATP from the light dependent reaction helps supply energy and the NADPH helps in reducing power. 3. ATP, NADH and fixed CO2 finally make a product converted into glucose.

Regeneration process (2)

1. One G3P leaves the Calvin Cycle to contribute to the formation of carbohydrates (usually glucose) 2. The other G3P is used to regenerate RuBP

Photosystem 2 Process (7)

1. Pigment molecule absorbs a photon. 2. Photon travels until it reaches chlorophyll. 3. An electron in the chlorophyll becomes energized by the photon and breaks away from chlorophyll. 4. To replace the electron, a water molecule is split releasing oxygen as a byproduct 5. The electron from water replaces the lost one in chlorophyll. 6. This process allows chlorophyll to respond to more photons. 7. The energized electron is transferred to the electron transport chain where it is used to create the electrochemical gradient.

Reduction process (3)

1. The two 3-carbon compounds (3-PGA) gain electrons. 2. This forms 2 G3Ps, ADP, and NADP+. 3. Requires 6 ATP

How many G3P molecules does it take to create one glucose molecule?

2.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO₂ + 6H₂O --L-I-G-H-T--> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

Thylakoids

A disc-shaped membranous structure inside a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place using chlorophyll embedded in the membranes.

Photon

A distinct quantity or "packet" of light energy.

Photosystem (2)

A group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. It's to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy.

Chlorophyll a (3)

A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions. It's the form of chlorophyll that absorbs violet-blue and red light. I reflects the green color.

Granum/Grana (pl)

A stack of thylakoids located inside a chloroplast.

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions? A. ATP B. carbon dioxide C. water D. glucose

A. ATP

Which of the following statements about thylakoids in eukaryotes is correct? A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks. B. Thylakoids contain chromatin. C. The space surrounding thylakoids is called matrix. D. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.

A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks.

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from? A. splitting water molecules B. ATP synthesis C. the electron transport chain D. chlorophyll

A. splitting water molecules

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from? A. splitting water molecules B. ATP synthesis C. chlorophyll D. the electron transport chain

A. splitting water molecules.

Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation? A. the conversion of CO2 to an organic compound B. the use of RuBisCO to form 3-PGA C. the production of carbohydrate molecules from G3P D. the formation of RuBP from G3P molecules E. the use of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2

A. the conversion of CO2 to an organic compound

What are the two carriers of energy in a light-dependent reaction?

ATP and NADPH.

What does the energy from the sun get converted into during the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH.

Plants use photosynthesis to create...

ATP energy.

Chlorophyll b (2)

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. It's the form of chlorophyll that absorbs blue and red-orange light and carotenoids.

RuBisCO

An enzyme that converts inorganic carbon dioxide molecules into organic molecules during the final step of the Calvin cycle.

Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

Thylakoid membrane (2)

Are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

How many glucose molecules are produced during 6 complete turns of the Calvin cycle? A. 1 B. 6 C. 3 D. 2

B. 1

What is the molecule that leaves the Calvin cycle to be converted into glucose? A. ADP B. G3P C. RuBP D. 3-PGA

B. G3P

Autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food.

What components from the photosynthesis equation were from the light-dependent and Calvin cycle reaction?

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂0 --L-I-G-H-T-->6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ Components from light-dependent reaction: -6O₂ , H₂0 and light. Components from light-independent/Calvin Cycle reaction: -6CO₂ and C₆H₁₂O₆

Explain the reciprocal nature of the net chemical reactions for photosynthesis and respiration (3).

Photosynthesis takes the energy of sunlight and combines water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen as a waste product. The reactions of cellular respiration take sugar and consume oxygen to break it down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Thus, the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of respiration and vice versa.

Chlorphyll is a ___________ in plants used for photosynthesis.

Pigment.

Photosynthesis (2)

Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. It takes place in the leaves with chlorophyll.

Where does photosynthesis take place in prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms and cyanobacteria?

Prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms have infoldings of the plasma membrane for chlorophyll attachment and photosynthesis.

What are the reactants (3) and products (4) of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Reactants: Carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP. Products: ADP, phosphate, NADP+ and glucose.

What are the reactants (5) and products (3) of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

Reactants: Light, water, NADP+, ADP and phosphate. Products: NADPH, ATP and oxygen.

RuBisCo (2)

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). It catalyzes the fixative reaction

Although the Calvin cycle happens in the chloroplast like the light-dependent reaction it occurs in the ___________ instead of the ____________.

Stroma;thylakoid.

Photosynthesis requires ____________ , __________ ___________ , and ___________.

Sunlight; carbon dioxide; water.

Plants appear green to the human eye because the pigment chlorophyll a absorbs the visible light wavelengths from either end of the visible spectrum, such as red and violet. T or F

T.

The photosynthesis reaction is the opposite of cellular respiration. T or F

T.

Carbon fixation

The conversion of CO₂ into an organic compound.

Which part of the Calvin cycle would be affected if a cell could not produce the enzyme RuBisCO (2)?

The entire cycle would not take place, because RuBisCO is an essential enzyme involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide. Specifically, RuBisCO catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP at the start of the cycle.

Light dependent reaction

The first stage of photosynthesis where visible light is absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH).

Stroma (2)

The fluid-filled space surrounding the grana (stack of thylakoids) inside a chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the reactions of photosynthesis.

Mesophyll

The middle layer of cells in a leaf that contains the chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all possible frequencies of radiation

Stoma/Stomata (pl)

The small opening that regulates gas exchange (carbon dioxide and oxygen) and water regulation between leaves and the environment.

Absorption spectrum

The specific pattern of absorption for a substance that absorbs electromagnetic radiation.

Tremetol, a is metabolic poison found in white snakeroot plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, tremetol is concentrated in the milk. Humans who consume the milk become ill. Symptoms of this disease, which include vomiting abdominal pain and tremors, become worse after exercise. Why do you think this is the case (4)?

This is because lactate is lactic acid. Because humans could consume it from the milk, it will raise the lactic acid levels in their system. When humans exercise their muscles produce more lactic acid resulting in even more lactic acid build up in addition to the lactate in the milk. Therefore, there is a greater build up of lactic acid in the human body which can cause hurting symptoms as such.

What is the overall purpose of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

To convert solar energy into chemical energy that cells can use to work.

Chlorophyll said to donate an electron after a photon reaches it. Why (2)?

To replace the electron the water molecule is split. When that happens it releases an electron and results in O2 and H+ in the thylakoid space.

Photoautorotrophs (2)

Uses sunlight and carbon for food. An organism capable of synthesizing its own food molecules (storing energy), using the energy of light

Chlorophyll a absorbs...

Wavelength from either end of light spectrum (green is reflected).

The process of photosynthesis breaks down _____ molecules into oxygen and hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space.

water