BIOL 121: Human Nutrition Chapters 1-4

HDL

(high density lipoproteins) - the "good" cholesterol -carries excess cholesterol BACK to the liver

LDL

(low density lipoproteins) -the "bad" cholesterol -carries excess cholesterol FROM the liver to other cells -high levels result in deposits of cholesterol in arterial walls (atherosclerosis)

Anabolism

- chemical reactions (SMALL -> BIG) -anabolic reactions require energy

Catabolism and Anabolism

-ATP is the major link *we eat to get organic compounds *which are consumed in the process of cellular respiration (CATABOLISM) *which releases energy that is used to make ATP (ANABOLISM) *which breaks down as needed to release that energy (CATABOLISM) *to drive muscle contraction, active transport, protein synthesis, etc, (ANABOLISM)

fifth stop in digestion: large intestine

-bacteria in LI break down and digest some of fiber left over from carb digestion -synthesizes absorbable vitamin K

Central Role of ATP in Metabolism

-break down of ATP ATP -> ADP + P + Energy -energy RELEASING, catabolic reaction -supplies the energy for most of the energy requiring processes in the body, such as *active transport of substances across cell membranes *muscle contraction (working out) *anabolic reactions such as protein synthesis *cell division

Examples of Catabolism

-breakdown of glycogen into glucose (occurs in liver and skeletal muscle) -breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol (occurs in adipose tissue) -chemical reactions involving digestive enzymes in the digestive tract -cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) in which organic molecules are broken down, releasing energy for ATP synthesis

Catabolism

-chemical reactions (BIG -> SMALL MOLECULES) -catabolic reactions release energy

Metabolism

-collective term for all of the chemical reactions that take place in the body -divided into two broad categories *catabolism *anabolism

Synthesis of Triglycerides

-fatty acids are stored as triglycerides *glucose and aino acids can be converted into fatty acids -therefore excess dietary carbs, fats, and even proteins can be converted into and stood as triglycerides

Metabolism of Triglycerides

-fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in adipocytes (fat cells in adipose tissue) *triglycerides are the body's major energy reserve (glycogen is second)*

Glucose Facts

-glucose is blood sugar *an important fuel for most cells and essential for the brain (cellular respiration) -enters most cells by a facilitated diffusion process -insulin facilitates glucose entry into most cells EXCEPT neurons and hepatocytes -used as fuel in aerobic cellular respiration *Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy(for ATP) *multistep processes occur in the MITICHONDRIA -can be converted into amino acids which are used to make PROTEINS -stored as glycogen in skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes (hepatocytes can reverse the process, releasing glucose into the blood as needed) *turned into fatty acids, which are stored as triglycerides(fat) in adipose tissue -hepatocytes (liver) can make glucose from the lactic acid, some amino acids, and glycerol (comes from triglyceride breakdown)

Examples of Anabolism

-glycogen synthesis (from glucose) -triglyceride synthesis (from fatty acids and glycerol) -protein synthesis (from amino acids)

Cholesterol Lowering Drugs

-inc. the excretion of bile (which contain cholesterol) in the feces -inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver (that "statin" drugs

symptoms of glucose deprivation to the brain

-irritability -weakness and dizziness -body can tremble -sweat profusely -heart racing

fourth stop in digestion: small intestine

-organ of digestion and absorption -food broken down into smaller compounds

how is glucose used by the cells

-stored as glycogen in muscles and liver -used as current energy needs (if really hungry -can convert to fat for storage

third stop in digestion: stomach

-stores food until it can be processed -forms chyme into SI for proper digestion and absorption controlled by pyloric sphincters

Blood Levels

-total cholesterol < 200 mg. per 100 ml of blood *ratio of total cholesterol to HDL should be low -want as much of your cholesterol to be in the HDL category

Triglycerides Breakdown

-triglycerides -> fatty acids and glycerol -glycerol can be used to make glucose (liver) -fatty acids can be "burned" to release energy to make ATP in aerobic cellular respiration -Fatty acids + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy

max intake of added sugars

25% of total calories or less

. A slice of pizza contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 14 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. How many total calories would the slice of pie provide?

254

1600 kcal diet

3 tsp

What is the approximate prevalence of obesity among adults in the United States today?

33%

Each gram of protein and carbohydrates contain how many calories?

4 calories

calories per gram Protein

4 calories per gram

calories per gram Carbohydrates

4 calories per gram

According to the Dietary Guidelines, how many of the grain servings you eat should be from whole-grain sources?

45%-65% of your daily allowance

One gram of carbohydrate yields ____ calories, 1 gram of fat yields ____ calories, and 1 gram of protein yields ____calories

4; 9; 4

1800 kcal diet

5 tsp

Each gram of alcohol contains how many calories?

7 calories

calories per gram Alcohol

7 calories per gram

2000 kcal diet

8 tsp

Each gram of fat from the diet contains how many calories?

9 calories

calories per gram Fat

9 calories per gram

Steven needs 2100 calories per day to maintain his weight, how many grams of total carbohydrate should he consume daily to meet DRI Committee recommendations?

945-1365 calories/day

Essential Nutrient

A compound that must be obtained from food because it cannot be synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. About 40 are known.

Fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K (can reach toxic levels stored in the body)

artificial sweeteners and their trade names

Acesulfame-K (Sweet One, Sunett): table sugars, gelatin, chewing gum, candies,diet drink mixes Aspartame (Equal): general-purpose sweetenner, beverages, chewing gums, tabletop sweetener Neotin Saccahrin (Sweet n Low): Stevia: (Truvia, PureVia) Sucralose (Splenda)

Malnutrition

Any condition caused by an excess, deficiency, or imbalance of calories or nutrients; the impairment of health resulting from a relative deficiency or excess of food energy and specific nutrients necessary for health.

Which artificial sweetener should not be used by individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Aspartame

water soluble vitamins

B & C (can't reach toxic level)

What nutrients are added back to refined grain products when they are enriched:

B vitamins: thiamin, riboflavinn, niacin, folic acid, and mineral iron

what are the foods listed in the text and in the notes that are rich in soluble fiber?

Barley, broccoli, carrots, corn, fruit, legumes, oat bran, oats, potatoes, rye

What is the usable part of wheat kernel that is rich in fiber

Bran

Overnutrition

Calorie or nutrient overconsumption severe enough to cause disease or increased risk of disease; a form of malnutrition.

The body's main food energy source should be:

Carbohydrates, they are the preferred fuel for the brain and nervous system

Degenerative Disease

Chronic disease characterized by deterioration of body organs as a result of misuse and neglect. Poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, and other lifestyle habits often contribute to degenerative diseases including heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes.

Metabolism

Collective term for all the chemical and physical reactions occurring in living cells, including the reactions by which the body obtains and uses energy from foods.

Health fraud

Conscious deceit practices for profit, such as the promotion of a false or an unproven product or therapy.

ATP Synthesis

Energy + ADP + P -> ATP -energy REQUIRING, anabolic reactions -ADP and P can be recycled into new ATP -the energy released from the breakdown of ATP CANNOT be recycled to make new ATP -energy to make ATP instead comes from the breakdown of organic substances in AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION -the organic substances and the energy they contain ultimately come from the food we eat!

Why Do We Eat?

FUEL!!! -mostly to supply the organic compounds to supply the energy to make ATP (cellular respiration) *some nutrients are used to make body substances (build new proteins, cell membranes etc.)- especially important in growing children, but still needed in adults -some of the nutrients in our food is not used immediately , but stored (to be eventually used in one of the above) *store glucose and glycogen *store fatty acids as triglycerides

Which simple carbohydrates is known as fruit sugars?

Fructose

Name 3 monosaccharides?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

In Diabetes Type 1 the body is not producing insulin, while in Diabetes Type 2 the cells are not responding properly to the insulin, and/or there is not enough insulin being produced.

What are the characteristics of type 2 diabetes?

Increased thirst and frequent urination. Increased hunger. Weight loss. Fatigue. . Blurred vision. Areas of darkened skin.

The condition in which the body is unable to digest lactose is called

Lactose intolerance

Which organ regulates the amount of glucose circulating in the blood by either synthesizing glycogen or breaking down glycogen?

Liver

the disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules

Maltose

What is the only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrate?

Milk

Cholesterol

NOT A FEUL -as essential substance for the body -structural component of cell membranes -used to make bile salts and steroid hormones -sources: dietary: animal products synthesis by the liver saturated fats (animal triglycerides) inc. blood cholesterol because they are used to make cholesterol in the liver

Minerals

Naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elements; serve as structural components of the body and are used in many vital body processes. Do not supply energy or calories.

Is putting a child to bed with a bottle of formula to help it get to sleep a good idea?

No, because your child could then be addicted to always having it before bed, cant create their own sleeping habits

Vitamins

Organic, or carbon-containing, essential nutrients that are vital to life but needed only in relatively minute amounts. Perform various body functions that promote growth and reproduction and maintain health but not supply energy or calories. Two classes; water-soluble (B and C) and fat soluble (A, D, E, and K). (vita = life; amine = containing nitrogen).

What foods are said to be the richest forms of starch?

Seeds like grains, peas, and beans Legumes including dried beans, lentils, and soybeans Root vegetables (yams) and tubers (potatoes)

Undernutrition

Severe underconsumption of calories or nutrients, leading to disease or increased susceptibility to disease; a form of malnutrition.

Which artificial sweetener is a derivative of sucrose

Splenda

What are the two major kinds of complex carbohydrates?

Starch & Polysaccharide

Nutrients

Substances obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance, and repair. Six Classes; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water Energy-yielding; cabers, fats, proteins

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, what do they form:

Sucrose

Name 3 disaccharides and the monosaccharides that compose them

Sucrose: glucose & fructose Maltose: two glucose units Lactose: glucose & galactose

Nutrition

The study of foods, their nutrients and other chemical components, their actions and interactions in the body, and their influence on health and disease.

Calories

The unit used to measure the energy in foods.

Although some studies in the past may have found that saccharin can cause bladder cancer in lab rats, why would it be considered safe today to continue using

There is no clear evidence that the artificial sweeteners available commercially in the United States are associated with cancer risk in humans.Studies have been conducted on the safety of several artificial sweeteners, including saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, and cyclamate.

What treatments are suggested for type 1 diabetes? Type 2

Type 1: insulin injections, diet, and physical activity Type 2: weight loss, diet, physical activity, or sometimes insulin

what are the aspects of a whole food diet?

a food that is altered as little as possible from the plant or animal tissue from which it was taken. The more a food resembles the original farm-growth product, the more nutritious it is likely to be.

Who would be the most appropriate person to consult for nutrition information?

a registered dietitian

60. Which nonnutritive sweetener should be entirely avoided by individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)? a. Aspartame b. Saccharin c. Neotame d. Sucralose e. Xylitol

a. Aspartame

35. Many nutrition professionals recommend emphasizing "good carbohydrates" in the diet. What does this mean? a. Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars b. Avoiding foods with a glycemic index above 70 c. Avoiding foods with a glycemic index below 55 d. Choosing small portions of low-calorie foods e. Choosing foods that quickly raise blood glucose

a. Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars

26. What type of nutrient is starch? a. Complex carbohydrate b. Simple carbohydrate c. Fiber d. Gluten e. Monosaccharide

a. Complex carbohydrate

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 71. Which strategy will help Sam manage his diabetes? a. Eating a healthful diet b. Dieting to lose weight rapidly c. Reducing his exercise level d. Eating two large meals a day e. Eliminating all sugar in his diet

a. Eating a healthful diet

29. What is another name for high blood glucose? a. Hyperglycemia b. Depression c. Hypoglycemia d. Dysphoria e. Nephritis

a. Hyperglycemia

43. How does a balanced meal help keep blood glucose from rising or dropping too quickly? a. Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is received. b. Protein provides a quick source of glucose for the body's cells. c. Protein stimulates insulin secretion, which prevents rapid glucose storage. d. Fats accelerate the rate of digestion so that glucose is more quickly received. e. Starches provide quick energy to the brain, which slows glucose absorption by other body cells.

a. Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is received.

46. Although some studies in the past may have found that saccharin can cause bladder cancer in lab rats, why would it be considered safe today to continue using it? a. The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans. b. What occurs in rats is unlikely to occur in humans. c. The American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs has stated that saccharin increases the risk of bladder cancer, but only if consumed in soft drinks. d. There are known hazards that are more important to avoid if you want to reduce your risk of cancer. e. Saccharin is allowed in other countries around the world, so should be considered safe in U.S. food products.

a. The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans.

24. Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of ____ when ____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells. a. fat; glucose b. carbohydrate; fat c. glucose; protein d. protein; glucose e. fiber; glucose

a. fat; glucose

55. Individuals who consume diets rich in whole-grains have improved insulin sensitivity and are ________. a. less likely to develop metabolic syndrome b. more likely to develop hypoglycemia c. less likely to develop lactose intolerance d. more likely to develop hyperglycemia e. more likely to develop ketosis

a. less likely to develop metabolic syndrome

38. Foods with a low glycemic index number are digested slowly which may increase ______. a. satiety b. hunger c. glucagon d. appetite e. weight gain

a. satiety

63. A general principle that can help in choosing carbohydrates (and foods in general) is to choose foods that are __________. a. whole-food and plant-based b. high-protein and low-fat c. enriched-food and varied d. sugar-free and processed-food e. low-carbohydrate and nutrient-dense

a. whole-food and plant-based

stomach extension

about 1 liter

ADP

adenosine diphosphate

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

. Which substance provides seven calories per gram?

alcohol

enriched

all grain products required to be enriched folic acid most important

Which foods help lower blood cholesterol levels?

all soluble fibers: Barley, broccoli, carrots, corn, fruit, legumes, oat bran, oats, potatoes, rye

the goal during digestion is to break carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids down into smaller units, including ____

amino acids, fatty acids and glucose

what enzyme present in the mouth is responsible for converting starch into small polysaccharides

amylase

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia

an abnormally high blood glucose concentration, symptom of diabetes

. _______is the psychological desire to eat.

appetite

Mandy was too busy for lunch and needs a pick-me-up to help her remain alert during her two afternoon classes. What would be a good snack

apples, yogurt, lentils,

What is the greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet?

artificial sweeteners

Why is fiber so important in our diet

assisting in weight loss and constipation and helping regulate various gastrointestinal disorders

avoid hypoglycemia:

avoid alcohol, snacks, refined foods

27. If Steven needs 2400 calories per day to maintain his weight, what is the recommended maximum upper limit of added sugars he should consume each day? a. 180 calories b. 240 calories c. 480 calories d. 600 calories e. 750 calories

b. 240 calories

62. Neotame is a derivative of which two amino acids? a. Alanine and cysteine b. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine c. Tryptophan and leucine d. Lysine and glutamic acid e. Asparagine and glutamine

b. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine

. Which product is a rich source of starch? a. Apples b. Beans c. Cane sugar d. Milk e. Cheese

b. Beans

65. Sam is interested in eating more whole grains. Which lunch option should he avoid because it lacks a whole-grain component? a. Ordering brown rice with his Chinese food b. Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips c. Eating a low-fat apple bran muffin for dessert d. Ordering mushroom barley soup for lunch e. Ordering an egg salad sandwich on whole rye bread

b. Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips

In the process of refining wheat into white flour, what part of the kernel is retained? a. Chaff b. Endosperm c. Bran d. Germ e. Husk

b. Endosperm

Jasmine is too busy for lunch and needs a pick-me-up to help her remain alert during her two afternoon classes. Which snack would you recommend? a. Half a ham and Swiss cheese sandwich on enriched bread b. Fresh peach with low-fat Greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola c. Wheat toast with trans fat-free margarine and jelly d. Baked apple with brown sugar, cinnamon, and canola oil e. Pretzels and a sport drink

b. Fresh peach with low-fat Greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola

33. Which component gives fruits their naturally sweet taste? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Sucrose e. Added sugars

b. Fructose

20. Anna is still confused about the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Which statement is characteristic of type 1 diabetes only? a. It causes weight gain. b. Treatment always involves insulin injections. c. It is also called hyperglycemia. d. It is typically associated with insulin resistance. e. Its incidence is increasing in the United States.

b. Treatment always involves insulin injections.

When a person is hungry and needs to replenish blood glucose, she/he should eat ____. a. predominantly simple sugars b. carbohydrates, protein, and fats c. predominantly complex carbohydrates d. protein only e. a combination of natural and added sugars

b. carbohydrates, protein, and fats

Eating too many foods with added sugars usually means getting too many ____. a. antioxidants b. empty calories c. fatty acids d. complex carbohydrates e. enzymes

b. empty calories

. A refined grain product that is enriched is still lacking some ____ that was lost during processing. a. iron b. fiber c. thiamin d. folic acid e. niacin

b. fiber

57. Complex carbohydrates are found primarily in ____. a. grains and dairy b. grains and vegetables c. fish and vegetables d. dairy and fruit e. vegetables and dairy

b. grains and vegetables

39. Sucrose is composed of ______. a. two fructose units b. one glucose and one fructose unit c. one glucose and one galactose unit d. one galactose and one fructose unit e. two galactose units

b. one glucose and one fructose unit

18. All of the following are health benefits associated with intake of insoluble fiber except ___. a. helps with weight management b. reduces risk of constipation and hemorroids c. lowers risk of colon cancer d. speeds transit time through intestines e. slows glucose absorption

b. reduces risk of constipation and hemorroids

You and your friend Karen are having lunch out and you order an iced tea. Karen sees you reach for the pink packet of Sweet 'N Low, stops your hand, and says, "Don't you know that stuff is bad for you? I read that it causes cancer, and I also know people who say that Equal, another nonnutritive sweetener, gives them headaches." As your conversation continues, let's show Karen how well informed you are concerning nonnutritive sweeteners by answering the following questions 51. The chemical name for the nonnutritive sweetener in the pink packet is _____, which the chemical name for the nonnutritive sweetener in the blue packet is ______. a. aspartame; saccharin b. saccharin; aspartame c. neotame; aspartame d. sucralose; saccharin e. sorbitol; sucralose

b. saccharin; aspartame

peristaltic contractions

begin in upper portion of the stomach and sweep down toward pyloric sphincter

hypoglycemia & diabetes

below 60-->70mg/100mL

What is the value of choosing "good carbohydrates" with a low glycemic index

better blood glucose levels

what secretion is responsible for neutralizing acid from the stomach in the small intestine

bicarbonate

exocrine functions

bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

what are the health benefits of soluble fiber?

binds cholesterol compounds and may lower blood cholesterol. Improves body's handling of glucose

preferred fuel for the______

brain and nervous system

what are the foods listed in the text and in the notes that are rich in insoluble fiber?

bran, brown rice, green beans, green peas, many veggies, nuts, rice, seeds, skins/peels, wheat brain, whole-grain products

metabolism

breaking down nutrients for energy nutrients leave digestive system via blood

pancreatic amylase

breaks down starch and other complex carbs into disaccharides

47. According to the Dietary Guidelines, what is the minimum amount of whole-grains that should be consumed if an individual's recommended grain intake each day is 6 ounces? a. 6 ounces b. 4 ounces c. 3 ounces d. 2 ounces e. 1 ounce

c. 3 ounces

Fletcher's dietary analysis reveals that he is deriving 30% of calories from simple sugars, and he decides to try to cut back. Which item from his food record should Fletcher omit? a. 1 banana b. 1/2 cup green grapes c. 32 fl oz root beer d. 8 oz orange juice e. 1/2 cup cooked dried beans

c. 32 fl oz root beer

What factor plays the greatest role in the increase of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents? a. Type 2 diabetes is hereditary. b. Children and adolescents are eating more dairy products. c. Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age. d. Vaccination rates among poor people are very low. e. Today's diets lack proper levels of vitamins and minerals.

c. Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age.

30. Which hormone raises levels of glucose in the blood by signaling to the liver to break down glycogen stores? a. Glycogen b. Insulin c. Glucagon d. Adrenaline e. Dopamine

c. Glucagon

21. Which statement is correct concerning type 2 diabetes? a. Its incidence is decreasing due to greater awareness. b. It is less common than type 1 diabetes. c. It is characterized by too much glucose getting into the cells. d. Generally insulin injections are not required. e. Infrequent urination is a typical response.

c. It is characterized by too much glucose getting into the cells.

28. What is the condition in which the body is unable or has difficulty digesting dairy products? a. Lactose deficiency b. Sugar allergy c. Lactose intolerance d. Hyperglycemia e. Lactase persistence

c. Lactose intolerance

44. When milling whole wheat flour, what components of the wheat kernel are retained? a. The endosperm and germ b. The endosperm, germ, and husk c. The endosperm, germ, and bran d. The germ e. The endosperm

c. The endosperm, germ, and bran

25. Marta tries to avoid sugar because she believes it is responsible for making her overweight, giving her husband diabetes, and causing hyperactivity in her grandchildren. What condition has verifiably been linked to sugar by research studies? a. Diabetes b. Heart disease c. Tooth decay d. Hyperactivity in children e. Hyperactivity in some adults

c. Tooth decay

19. Maggie is shopping for a loaf of bread and takes time to review the terms on the label. Which term describes bread that is made using the most nutritious flour? a. 100 percent wheat b. Stone ground c. Whole grain d. Seven grain e. Multigrain

c. Whole grain

Diverticulosis is closely associated with a lack of ______ in the diet. a. starch b. simple sugars c. fiber d. carbohydrates e. protein

c. fiber

16. High intakes of the sugar alternatives sorbitol and mannitol can result in ____. a. tooth decay b. diarrhea c. increased blood cholesterol d. hypoglycemia e. increased heart rate

c. increased blood cholesterol

Eating more higher fiber foods is usually associated with _______. a. lower intakes of starch b. higher intakes of added sugars c. lower intakes of added sugars d. higher energy intakes e. lower protein intakes

c. lower intakes of added sugars

The only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrates is ______. a. eggs b. beef c. milk d. poultry e. bacon

c. milk

Binders in some fibers chemically link to which minerals, making them unavailable for absorption?

calcium, zinc

What is a leading cause of death in the United States that is linked to diet?

cancer

Which nutrients provide four calories per gram?

carbohydrate and protein

6 classes of nutrients

carbohydrates fats proteins vitamins minerals water

Why is type 2 diabetes affecting an increasing number of children and adolescents

child and adult obesity rates are rising

Starch is what type of carbohydrate?

complex carb, a plant polysaccharide composed of hundreds of glucose moleculese

Describe how soluble fiber in the diet may lower blood chloestrol levels

controls cholesterol levels by trapping dietary cholesterol, removing cholesterol from the body, and slowing the production of cholesterol in the liver. When food enters the intestines the liver releases bile, which is produced from cholesterol, to help with digestion. When the soluble fiber dissolves, it forms a gummy substance that traps dietary cholesterol, and bile, keeping them from entering the blood stream. The body does not absorb this fiber, instead, the unabsorbed mass, and the cholesterol, pass out of the body during defecation

hypothalamus

controls hunger cues

12. What is the source of stevia? a. A combination of two amino acids b. A modification of sucrose molecules c. A derivative of aspartic acid and phenylalanine d. A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay e. A modified version of fructose

d. A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 66. Which of the following is not usually a recommendation for someone with Sam's condition? a. Lose weight b. Eat balanced meals at regular intervals c. Exercise d. Follow a high-protein diet e. Choose complex carbohydrates

d. Follow a high-protein diet

42. What term in the ingredients list indicates added sugars in the product? a. Pectin b. Hemicellulose c. Fruit puree d. Fruit juice concentrate e. Vanillin

d. Fruit juice concentrate

17. What is the unusable, or inedible, part of a wheat kernel that provides a protective coating around the kernel? a. Bran b. Germ c. Endosperm d. Husk e. nut

d. Husk

Which statement is true about hypoglycemia? a. It is treated with insulin injections. b. It is aggravated by high-fiber foods. c. It is classified as a pre-diabetic condition. d. It is aggravated by high-sugar foods. e. It is common in teenagers but less so in adults and older adults.

d. It is aggravated by high-sugar foods.

37. Sabina is concerned about her children's teeth after their first dental checkups. Her 2-year old already has a cavity and her four-year old needs to brush better. What else should Sabina's children do to prevent tooth decay? a. Only drink 100 percent fruit juices b. Eat candy only between meals and not with them c. Eat crackers and pretzels as snacks and not candy bars d. Rinse their mouths with water after eating e. Eat raisins as snacks in place of chocolate candies

d. Rinse their mouths with water after eating

Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 40. What problem is most responsible for Sam's type 2 diabetes? a. Sam's kidneys don't excrete blood glucose efficiently. b. A virus has triggered the destruction of pancreatic cells that produce insulin. c. Sam's gallbladder fails to secrete bile when needed. d. The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by his pancreas. e. The pancreas is producing insufficient levels of glucagon.

d. The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by his pancreas.

34. From a health perspective, fruits are better sources of sucrose and fructose than table sugar because they ____. a. contain higher concentrations of these carbohydrates per unit of weight b. are more quickly digested than table sugar c. also provide protein d. also provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals e. provide these sugars in a more absorbable form than table sugar

d. also provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals

14. In general, changing one's diet by substituting complex carbohydrates in place of refined foods with added sugars typically results in a diet that is ________. a. higher in calories b. lower in vitamins and minerals c. higher in fat d. higher in fiber e. lower in natural sugars

d. higher in fiber

32. To feel energetic and alert throughout the day an individual should _______. a. follow a low-carbohydrate eating plan b. avoid all simple sugars c. exercise in the morning d. make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range e. eat most carbohydrates in the first half of the day

d. make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range

31. When two glucose units are bonded together they form ____. a. sucrose b. galactose c. lactose d. maltose e. dextrose

d. maltose

61. If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, the body will break down ____ to provide glucose for the brain. a. heart b. liver c. bloodstream d. muscle e. kidneys

d. muscle

22. The greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet is ____. a. fruit drinks b. cookies c. candy d. regular soft drinks e. ice cream

d. regular soft drinks

23. Which carbohydrate type is mismatched with a major food source for that type? a. fructose—peaches b. sucrose—candy bars c. maltose—barley d. starch—strawberries e. galactose—milk

d. starch—strawberries

Research has shown that chewing/eating which foods helps fight acid attacks on the teeth, hence reducing the risk of cavities?

dairy products, fiber

whole grain rich diets

decrease risk of metabolic syndrome (must have 2)

fortified

decreased deficiencies foods which nutrients are added (vitamin D) vitamin D absorbs calcium decreased risk of chronic disease

too much bulk can cause

deficiencies in nutrients and energy

too much fiber can cause:

dehydration and intestinal discomfort -add fiber in slowly and drink a lot of water to keep things moving

gastrointestinal tract

deliver water and nutrients

One hallmark of a credible nutrition article is that it ____.

describes results of a study of a sufficiently large group of people

monosaccharides: glucose

dextrose or blood sugar

hiccups

diaphragm spasms

fiber (complex carb)

dietary fiber found only in plan forms 2 types: insoluble and soluble fiber

Degenerative illnesses sometimes known as ____.

diseases of affluence

49. Eunice is a 60-year-old woman who is trying to increase the amount of fiber in her diet in order to meet the Dietary Guidelines. What change would be best for her to make? a. Increase her intake of yogurt b. Choose white rice or scalloped potatoes instead of beans to go with dinner c. Eat pretzels made from wheat flour instead of fruit with her lunch d. Replace her morning enriched-flour croissant with a wheat bagel e. Eat air-popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack

e. Eat air-popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack

15. What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in the body? a. Starch b. Sugar c. Glucose d. Glucagon e. Glycogen

e. Glycogen

13. Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. Galactose b. Glucose c. Glycogen d. Fructose e. Maltose

e. Maltose

45. The ______ regulates the amount of glucose circulating in the blood by either synthesizing glycogen or breaking down glycogen. a. kidneys b. gallbladder c. appendix d. thyroid e. liver

e. liver

What does it mean to recommend "good carbohydrates" in the diet?

eating whole grains

bile

emulsifier separates fat into particles small enough for enzymes to break down

pancreas

endocrine functions -hormones secrete into blood (insulin and glucagon)

The refining of wheat into white flour involves removing several parts of the kernel and retaining only the

endosperm

Within a wheat kernel is a soft, white portion containing starch and protein called the

endosperm

constipation is defined as not having a bowel movement daily

false

digestion begins in the esophagus

false

essential nutrients are synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs

false

peristalsis is stimulated by the presence of both fiber and fat

false

the large intestine is the same diameter as the small intestine but longer in length

false

Which nutrient provides the most energy per gram?

fat

Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of _____ when _____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells

fat, glucose

High glycemic index foods

french, white, other soft breads/bagel, Rice, certain cereals, waffles, potatoes, honey, regular soft drinks, jelly beans, pretzels

What is the fate of fructose when it is absorbed into the blood

fructose travels with all other absorbed nutrients to the liver for metabolism and processing.

monosaccharides: fructose

fruit sugar or laevulose

nutrition action

gene pool programmed for us by our ancestors

when blood glucose is low: pancreas releases _______ tells body to break down glycogen--> glucose

glucagon

___ basic carb unit each cell uses for energy

glucose

basic building block of carbohydrates

glucose

products of liver metabolism

glucose lipoproteins amino acids

nutrition action

glycemic index: ranks foods on basis of extent to which foods will increase blood glucose level

too many carbs to store glucose-->

glycogen

storage: _____ muscles and liver

glycogen (stored glucose)

What is the leading cause of death in the United States for people over age 24?

heart disease

phytonutrients

help stop destruction of cells

What may be the result of high intakes of the sugar alternatives sorbitol and mannitol

high cholesterol

What are the health benefits of insoluble fiber?

holds water in the colon and increases bulk to the stool, stimulates muscles and helps maintain health and tone

The physiological need for food is also known as _______.

hunger

Another name for low blood glucose is

hypoglycemia

soluble fiber

important for health binds cholesterol slows down glucose absorption into blood keeps us feeling full (satiety), prevents heart disease

saliva begins the breakdown of starch _______ with enzyme ______

in mouth; salivary amylase

during the process of digestion, where in the body does chyme form?

in the stomach

insoluble fiber

increased bulk in intestines to maintain normal bowel patterns -speed time through intestines

diverticulitis

inflammation of the diverticula

mucosa

innermost cells of the GI tract

What are the two forms of fibers in foods?

insoluble & soluble

What hormone brings down high levels of glucose in the blood

insulin

glucose intake: pancreas releases ______

insulin

When blood sugar levels rise, _____ is secreted, and when blood sugar levels fall, _____ is secreted.

insulin, glucagon

What is an example of a fortified food?

iodized salt

Where does stevia come from

is a genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America.

How does a balanced meal help keep blood glucose from rising or dropping too quickly

it keeps it at a steady balance making sure your blood sugar doesn't get too high or too low. Gives you more consistent energy

diabetes

lack of insulin

added sugars

limit to less than 10% of calories

chylomicrons

lipid/fat with protein; fat can take off as they need it, if it gets to liver it will be broken down

all nutrients leaving the digestive system by way of the blood are taken to the ____

liver

If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, sugar comes

liver stores glycogen and will release it when your body really needs it

heartburn is caused by which due to which sphincter muscles opening up and releasing acidic contents into the esophagus

lower esophageal sphincter

heartburn

lower esophageal sphincter fails to open and allow food in the stomach or when it opens allowing stomach contents back into esophagus

What are the benefits of eating whole grains?

lowers the risk of many chronic diseases

disaccharides: maltose

malt sugar glucose + glucose in barley and sprouting seeds produced in body in digestion of starch

first stop in digestion: mouth

mechanical digestion salivary amylase (ptyalin) begins to break down food

disaccharides: lactose

milk sugar glucose + galactose enzyme lactase breaks down milk products

whole grain

milled but not refined (husk removed) preferrable to enriched products

refined

milled to remove majority of grain- bran & germ (taking away nutrients) -white bread, white rice, etc.

bolus

mixture of food and saliva

What steps may be taken to prevent tooth decay and dental caries?

monitor your carbohydrate intake, brush, floss, sealants, fluoride

simple carbs

monosaccharides disaccharides

Carbohydrate Metabolism

mostly the metabolism of glucose

parts of the GI tract

mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver pancreas gallbladder

longitudinal and circular muscles

move food along GI tract

peristalsis

moves food down esophagus to stomach

___ protects the lining of the digestive tract from gastric juices and digestive enzymes

mucus

intrinsic factor

necessary for absorption of B12

essential nutrients

nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food

What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?

obesity, high blood pressure, High cholesterol,high blood sugar

lower esophageal sphincter

opens to pass bolus, then closes

Mesentery

outer layer of GI tract wall protect and attach intestines to abdominal wall

Which organ secretes glucagon and insulin in response to changing blood glucose levels?

pancreas

monosaccharides: galactose

part of lactose

second stop in digestion: esophagus

peristalsis - sphincter opens to permit bolus to enter

P

phosphate

hunger

physical sign

Complex carbohydrates come primarily from where

plant foods

liver

produces bile, emulsifies fat aids in absorbable fat soluble vitamins -nutrients leaving digestive system by way of blood leave through liver

Healthy people 2020

promote strategy by the US department of health and human services

mucus

protects stomach from gastric juices

the stomach is the digestive organ where digestion of ____ is initiated thanks to hydrochloric acid

protein

appetite

psychological desire for food, temptation

vitamins and minerals

regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism

Martha is always trying to avoid sugar and believes it is responsible for making her overweight, giving her husband diabetes, and causing hyperactivity in her grandchildren. What condition is it proven that sugar is actually the cause of?

research studies have not shown a direct link between sugar and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hyperactivity in children or criminal behavior.

what is an endocrine function of the pancreas

secreting insulin

what is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

small intestine

One nutrition-related Healthy People 2020 objective is to reduce the consumption of ____ in the U.S. population.

solid fats and added sugars

complex carbs

starch, fiber, glycogen sources: grains, peas, beans

gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile sphincter of oddi controls bile release into the SI

Limiting your intake of sodium is most helpful in reducing your risk of ____.

stroke

iliocecal valve

stuff that can't be digested

disaccharides: sucrose

table sugar glucose + fructose

glucose is the preferred energy source for_____

the brain

Hunger

the physiological need for food

Appetite

the psychological desire for food

From a health perspective, why are fruits a better sources of sucrose and fructose than table sugar?

they are not added sugars, all natural sugars that our body needs

List the possible harmful effects of consuming too much fiber.

too much fiber can cause dehydration, intestinal discomfort, and limit absorption of iron and other nutrients

hypoglycemia

too much insulin

Transport in the Blood

transported as part of the lipoproteins

constipation

treat with fiber

all the food from the stomach is gradually pushed into the small intestine

true

hunger is controlled by involuntary mechanisms

true

nearly all of our metabolism and physiology are the same as that of our ancestors who lived more than 10,000 years ago

true

physical/mechanical digestion of fiver begins in the mouth

true

the digestive system is made up of the GI tract- also called the digestive tract- and the liver, pancreas and gallbladder

true

hydrochloric acid

uncoils protein

Which substances are included in the six classes of nutrients?

water, carbs, and fats

intermediate glycemic index foods,

watermelon, cream of wheat, instant oatmeal, shredded wheat, sourdough &eye breads, banana, pineapple, orange juice, ice cream, popcorn, raisins

low glycemic index food

whole-grain, heavy breads, rice, bran cereals, toasted muesli cereal, whole oats, apples, oranges, peaches, baked beans, lentils, other legumes, carrots, milk, yogurt, sweet potatoes, tomato soup.

Recently Splenda has become a popular sugar substitute. What is considered its real advantage over other sweeteners

zero calorie