BIOL 121: Human Nutrition Chapters 1-4
HDL
(high density lipoproteins) - the "good" cholesterol -carries excess cholesterol BACK to the liver
LDL
(low density lipoproteins) -the "bad" cholesterol -carries excess cholesterol FROM the liver to other cells -high levels result in deposits of cholesterol in arterial walls (atherosclerosis)
Anabolism
- chemical reactions (SMALL -> BIG) -anabolic reactions require energy
Catabolism and Anabolism
-ATP is the major link *we eat to get organic compounds *which are consumed in the process of cellular respiration (CATABOLISM) *which releases energy that is used to make ATP (ANABOLISM) *which breaks down as needed to release that energy (CATABOLISM) *to drive muscle contraction, active transport, protein synthesis, etc, (ANABOLISM)
fifth stop in digestion: large intestine
-bacteria in LI break down and digest some of fiber left over from carb digestion -synthesizes absorbable vitamin K
Central Role of ATP in Metabolism
-break down of ATP ATP -> ADP + P + Energy -energy RELEASING, catabolic reaction -supplies the energy for most of the energy requiring processes in the body, such as *active transport of substances across cell membranes *muscle contraction (working out) *anabolic reactions such as protein synthesis *cell division
Examples of Catabolism
-breakdown of glycogen into glucose (occurs in liver and skeletal muscle) -breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol (occurs in adipose tissue) -chemical reactions involving digestive enzymes in the digestive tract -cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) in which organic molecules are broken down, releasing energy for ATP synthesis
Catabolism
-chemical reactions (BIG -> SMALL MOLECULES) -catabolic reactions release energy
Metabolism
-collective term for all of the chemical reactions that take place in the body -divided into two broad categories *catabolism *anabolism
Synthesis of Triglycerides
-fatty acids are stored as triglycerides *glucose and aino acids can be converted into fatty acids -therefore excess dietary carbs, fats, and even proteins can be converted into and stood as triglycerides
Metabolism of Triglycerides
-fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in adipocytes (fat cells in adipose tissue) *triglycerides are the body's major energy reserve (glycogen is second)*
Glucose Facts
-glucose is blood sugar *an important fuel for most cells and essential for the brain (cellular respiration) -enters most cells by a facilitated diffusion process -insulin facilitates glucose entry into most cells EXCEPT neurons and hepatocytes -used as fuel in aerobic cellular respiration *Glucose + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy(for ATP) *multistep processes occur in the MITICHONDRIA -can be converted into amino acids which are used to make PROTEINS -stored as glycogen in skeletal muscle cells and hepatocytes (hepatocytes can reverse the process, releasing glucose into the blood as needed) *turned into fatty acids, which are stored as triglycerides(fat) in adipose tissue -hepatocytes (liver) can make glucose from the lactic acid, some amino acids, and glycerol (comes from triglyceride breakdown)
Examples of Anabolism
-glycogen synthesis (from glucose) -triglyceride synthesis (from fatty acids and glycerol) -protein synthesis (from amino acids)
Cholesterol Lowering Drugs
-inc. the excretion of bile (which contain cholesterol) in the feces -inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver (that "statin" drugs
symptoms of glucose deprivation to the brain
-irritability -weakness and dizziness -body can tremble -sweat profusely -heart racing
fourth stop in digestion: small intestine
-organ of digestion and absorption -food broken down into smaller compounds
how is glucose used by the cells
-stored as glycogen in muscles and liver -used as current energy needs (if really hungry -can convert to fat for storage
third stop in digestion: stomach
-stores food until it can be processed -forms chyme into SI for proper digestion and absorption controlled by pyloric sphincters
Blood Levels
-total cholesterol < 200 mg. per 100 ml of blood *ratio of total cholesterol to HDL should be low -want as much of your cholesterol to be in the HDL category
Triglycerides Breakdown
-triglycerides -> fatty acids and glycerol -glycerol can be used to make glucose (liver) -fatty acids can be "burned" to release energy to make ATP in aerobic cellular respiration -Fatty acids + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy
max intake of added sugars
25% of total calories or less
. A slice of pizza contains 24 grams of carbohydrate, 14 grams of fat, and 8 grams of protein. How many total calories would the slice of pie provide?
254
1600 kcal diet
3 tsp
What is the approximate prevalence of obesity among adults in the United States today?
33%
Each gram of protein and carbohydrates contain how many calories?
4 calories
calories per gram Protein
4 calories per gram
calories per gram Carbohydrates
4 calories per gram
According to the Dietary Guidelines, how many of the grain servings you eat should be from whole-grain sources?
45%-65% of your daily allowance
One gram of carbohydrate yields ____ calories, 1 gram of fat yields ____ calories, and 1 gram of protein yields ____calories
4; 9; 4
1800 kcal diet
5 tsp
Each gram of alcohol contains how many calories?
7 calories
calories per gram Alcohol
7 calories per gram
2000 kcal diet
8 tsp
Each gram of fat from the diet contains how many calories?
9 calories
calories per gram Fat
9 calories per gram
Steven needs 2100 calories per day to maintain his weight, how many grams of total carbohydrate should he consume daily to meet DRI Committee recommendations?
945-1365 calories/day
Essential Nutrient
A compound that must be obtained from food because it cannot be synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. About 40 are known.
Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K (can reach toxic levels stored in the body)
artificial sweeteners and their trade names
Acesulfame-K (Sweet One, Sunett): table sugars, gelatin, chewing gum, candies,diet drink mixes Aspartame (Equal): general-purpose sweetenner, beverages, chewing gums, tabletop sweetener Neotin Saccahrin (Sweet n Low): Stevia: (Truvia, PureVia) Sucralose (Splenda)
Malnutrition
Any condition caused by an excess, deficiency, or imbalance of calories or nutrients; the impairment of health resulting from a relative deficiency or excess of food energy and specific nutrients necessary for health.
Which artificial sweetener should not be used by individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Aspartame
water soluble vitamins
B & C (can't reach toxic level)
What nutrients are added back to refined grain products when they are enriched:
B vitamins: thiamin, riboflavinn, niacin, folic acid, and mineral iron
what are the foods listed in the text and in the notes that are rich in soluble fiber?
Barley, broccoli, carrots, corn, fruit, legumes, oat bran, oats, potatoes, rye
What is the usable part of wheat kernel that is rich in fiber
Bran
Overnutrition
Calorie or nutrient overconsumption severe enough to cause disease or increased risk of disease; a form of malnutrition.
The body's main food energy source should be:
Carbohydrates, they are the preferred fuel for the brain and nervous system
Degenerative Disease
Chronic disease characterized by deterioration of body organs as a result of misuse and neglect. Poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, and other lifestyle habits often contribute to degenerative diseases including heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes.
Metabolism
Collective term for all the chemical and physical reactions occurring in living cells, including the reactions by which the body obtains and uses energy from foods.
Health fraud
Conscious deceit practices for profit, such as the promotion of a false or an unproven product or therapy.
ATP Synthesis
Energy + ADP + P -> ATP -energy REQUIRING, anabolic reactions -ADP and P can be recycled into new ATP -the energy released from the breakdown of ATP CANNOT be recycled to make new ATP -energy to make ATP instead comes from the breakdown of organic substances in AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION -the organic substances and the energy they contain ultimately come from the food we eat!
Why Do We Eat?
FUEL!!! -mostly to supply the organic compounds to supply the energy to make ATP (cellular respiration) *some nutrients are used to make body substances (build new proteins, cell membranes etc.)- especially important in growing children, but still needed in adults -some of the nutrients in our food is not used immediately , but stored (to be eventually used in one of the above) *store glucose and glycogen *store fatty acids as triglycerides
Which simple carbohydrates is known as fruit sugars?
Fructose
Name 3 monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What are the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
In Diabetes Type 1 the body is not producing insulin, while in Diabetes Type 2 the cells are not responding properly to the insulin, and/or there is not enough insulin being produced.
What are the characteristics of type 2 diabetes?
Increased thirst and frequent urination. Increased hunger. Weight loss. Fatigue. . Blurred vision. Areas of darkened skin.
The condition in which the body is unable to digest lactose is called
Lactose intolerance
Which organ regulates the amount of glucose circulating in the blood by either synthesizing glycogen or breaking down glycogen?
Liver
the disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules
Maltose
What is the only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrate?
Milk
Cholesterol
NOT A FEUL -as essential substance for the body -structural component of cell membranes -used to make bile salts and steroid hormones -sources: dietary: animal products synthesis by the liver saturated fats (animal triglycerides) inc. blood cholesterol because they are used to make cholesterol in the liver
Minerals
Naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elements; serve as structural components of the body and are used in many vital body processes. Do not supply energy or calories.
Is putting a child to bed with a bottle of formula to help it get to sleep a good idea?
No, because your child could then be addicted to always having it before bed, cant create their own sleeping habits
Vitamins
Organic, or carbon-containing, essential nutrients that are vital to life but needed only in relatively minute amounts. Perform various body functions that promote growth and reproduction and maintain health but not supply energy or calories. Two classes; water-soluble (B and C) and fat soluble (A, D, E, and K). (vita = life; amine = containing nitrogen).
What foods are said to be the richest forms of starch?
Seeds like grains, peas, and beans Legumes including dried beans, lentils, and soybeans Root vegetables (yams) and tubers (potatoes)
Undernutrition
Severe underconsumption of calories or nutrients, leading to disease or increased susceptibility to disease; a form of malnutrition.
Which artificial sweetener is a derivative of sucrose
Splenda
What are the two major kinds of complex carbohydrates?
Starch & Polysaccharide
Nutrients
Substances obtained from food and used in the body to promote growth, maintenance, and repair. Six Classes; carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water Energy-yielding; cabers, fats, proteins
When fructose and glucose are bonded together, what do they form:
Sucrose
Name 3 disaccharides and the monosaccharides that compose them
Sucrose: glucose & fructose Maltose: two glucose units Lactose: glucose & galactose
Nutrition
The study of foods, their nutrients and other chemical components, their actions and interactions in the body, and their influence on health and disease.
Calories
The unit used to measure the energy in foods.
Although some studies in the past may have found that saccharin can cause bladder cancer in lab rats, why would it be considered safe today to continue using
There is no clear evidence that the artificial sweeteners available commercially in the United States are associated with cancer risk in humans.Studies have been conducted on the safety of several artificial sweeteners, including saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, neotame, and cyclamate.
What treatments are suggested for type 1 diabetes? Type 2
Type 1: insulin injections, diet, and physical activity Type 2: weight loss, diet, physical activity, or sometimes insulin
what are the aspects of a whole food diet?
a food that is altered as little as possible from the plant or animal tissue from which it was taken. The more a food resembles the original farm-growth product, the more nutritious it is likely to be.
Who would be the most appropriate person to consult for nutrition information?
a registered dietitian
60. Which nonnutritive sweetener should be entirely avoided by individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU)? a. Aspartame b. Saccharin c. Neotame d. Sucralose e. Xylitol
a. Aspartame
35. Many nutrition professionals recommend emphasizing "good carbohydrates" in the diet. What does this mean? a. Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars b. Avoiding foods with a glycemic index above 70 c. Avoiding foods with a glycemic index below 55 d. Choosing small portions of low-calorie foods e. Choosing foods that quickly raise blood glucose
a. Choosing foods high in fiber but low in added sugars
26. What type of nutrient is starch? a. Complex carbohydrate b. Simple carbohydrate c. Fiber d. Gluten e. Monosaccharide
a. Complex carbohydrate
Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 71. Which strategy will help Sam manage his diabetes? a. Eating a healthful diet b. Dieting to lose weight rapidly c. Reducing his exercise level d. Eating two large meals a day e. Eliminating all sugar in his diet
a. Eating a healthful diet
29. What is another name for high blood glucose? a. Hyperglycemia b. Depression c. Hypoglycemia d. Dysphoria e. Nephritis
a. Hyperglycemia
43. How does a balanced meal help keep blood glucose from rising or dropping too quickly? a. Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is received. b. Protein provides a quick source of glucose for the body's cells. c. Protein stimulates insulin secretion, which prevents rapid glucose storage. d. Fats accelerate the rate of digestion so that glucose is more quickly received. e. Starches provide quick energy to the brain, which slows glucose absorption by other body cells.
a. Soluble fibers slow down the rate of digestion so a steady stream of glucose is received.
46. Although some studies in the past may have found that saccharin can cause bladder cancer in lab rats, why would it be considered safe today to continue using it? a. The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans. b. What occurs in rats is unlikely to occur in humans. c. The American Medical Association's Council on Scientific Affairs has stated that saccharin increases the risk of bladder cancer, but only if consumed in soft drinks. d. There are known hazards that are more important to avoid if you want to reduce your risk of cancer. e. Saccharin is allowed in other countries around the world, so should be considered safe in U.S. food products.
a. The research used extremely high doses of saccharin that are not relevant for humans.
24. Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of ____ when ____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells. a. fat; glucose b. carbohydrate; fat c. glucose; protein d. protein; glucose e. fiber; glucose
a. fat; glucose
55. Individuals who consume diets rich in whole-grains have improved insulin sensitivity and are ________. a. less likely to develop metabolic syndrome b. more likely to develop hypoglycemia c. less likely to develop lactose intolerance d. more likely to develop hyperglycemia e. more likely to develop ketosis
a. less likely to develop metabolic syndrome
38. Foods with a low glycemic index number are digested slowly which may increase ______. a. satiety b. hunger c. glucagon d. appetite e. weight gain
a. satiety
63. A general principle that can help in choosing carbohydrates (and foods in general) is to choose foods that are __________. a. whole-food and plant-based b. high-protein and low-fat c. enriched-food and varied d. sugar-free and processed-food e. low-carbohydrate and nutrient-dense
a. whole-food and plant-based
stomach extension
about 1 liter
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
. Which substance provides seven calories per gram?
alcohol
enriched
all grain products required to be enriched folic acid most important
Which foods help lower blood cholesterol levels?
all soluble fibers: Barley, broccoli, carrots, corn, fruit, legumes, oat bran, oats, potatoes, rye
the goal during digestion is to break carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids down into smaller units, including ____
amino acids, fatty acids and glucose
what enzyme present in the mouth is responsible for converting starch into small polysaccharides
amylase
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia
an abnormally high blood glucose concentration, symptom of diabetes
. _______is the psychological desire to eat.
appetite
Mandy was too busy for lunch and needs a pick-me-up to help her remain alert during her two afternoon classes. What would be a good snack
apples, yogurt, lentils,
What is the greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet?
artificial sweeteners
Why is fiber so important in our diet
assisting in weight loss and constipation and helping regulate various gastrointestinal disorders
avoid hypoglycemia:
avoid alcohol, snacks, refined foods
27. If Steven needs 2400 calories per day to maintain his weight, what is the recommended maximum upper limit of added sugars he should consume each day? a. 180 calories b. 240 calories c. 480 calories d. 600 calories e. 750 calories
b. 240 calories
62. Neotame is a derivative of which two amino acids? a. Alanine and cysteine b. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine c. Tryptophan and leucine d. Lysine and glutamic acid e. Asparagine and glutamine
b. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine
. Which product is a rich source of starch? a. Apples b. Beans c. Cane sugar d. Milk e. Cheese
b. Beans
65. Sam is interested in eating more whole grains. Which lunch option should he avoid because it lacks a whole-grain component? a. Ordering brown rice with his Chinese food b. Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips c. Eating a low-fat apple bran muffin for dessert d. Ordering mushroom barley soup for lunch e. Ordering an egg salad sandwich on whole rye bread
b. Eating baked potato chips in place of regular chips
In the process of refining wheat into white flour, what part of the kernel is retained? a. Chaff b. Endosperm c. Bran d. Germ e. Husk
b. Endosperm
Jasmine is too busy for lunch and needs a pick-me-up to help her remain alert during her two afternoon classes. Which snack would you recommend? a. Half a ham and Swiss cheese sandwich on enriched bread b. Fresh peach with low-fat Greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola c. Wheat toast with trans fat-free margarine and jelly d. Baked apple with brown sugar, cinnamon, and canola oil e. Pretzels and a sport drink
b. Fresh peach with low-fat Greek yogurt and rolled-oat granola
33. Which component gives fruits their naturally sweet taste? a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Galactose d. Sucrose e. Added sugars
b. Fructose
20. Anna is still confused about the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Which statement is characteristic of type 1 diabetes only? a. It causes weight gain. b. Treatment always involves insulin injections. c. It is also called hyperglycemia. d. It is typically associated with insulin resistance. e. Its incidence is increasing in the United States.
b. Treatment always involves insulin injections.
When a person is hungry and needs to replenish blood glucose, she/he should eat ____. a. predominantly simple sugars b. carbohydrates, protein, and fats c. predominantly complex carbohydrates d. protein only e. a combination of natural and added sugars
b. carbohydrates, protein, and fats
Eating too many foods with added sugars usually means getting too many ____. a. antioxidants b. empty calories c. fatty acids d. complex carbohydrates e. enzymes
b. empty calories
. A refined grain product that is enriched is still lacking some ____ that was lost during processing. a. iron b. fiber c. thiamin d. folic acid e. niacin
b. fiber
57. Complex carbohydrates are found primarily in ____. a. grains and dairy b. grains and vegetables c. fish and vegetables d. dairy and fruit e. vegetables and dairy
b. grains and vegetables
39. Sucrose is composed of ______. a. two fructose units b. one glucose and one fructose unit c. one glucose and one galactose unit d. one galactose and one fructose unit e. two galactose units
b. one glucose and one fructose unit
18. All of the following are health benefits associated with intake of insoluble fiber except ___. a. helps with weight management b. reduces risk of constipation and hemorroids c. lowers risk of colon cancer d. speeds transit time through intestines e. slows glucose absorption
b. reduces risk of constipation and hemorroids
You and your friend Karen are having lunch out and you order an iced tea. Karen sees you reach for the pink packet of Sweet 'N Low, stops your hand, and says, "Don't you know that stuff is bad for you? I read that it causes cancer, and I also know people who say that Equal, another nonnutritive sweetener, gives them headaches." As your conversation continues, let's show Karen how well informed you are concerning nonnutritive sweeteners by answering the following questions 51. The chemical name for the nonnutritive sweetener in the pink packet is _____, which the chemical name for the nonnutritive sweetener in the blue packet is ______. a. aspartame; saccharin b. saccharin; aspartame c. neotame; aspartame d. sucralose; saccharin e. sorbitol; sucralose
b. saccharin; aspartame
peristaltic contractions
begin in upper portion of the stomach and sweep down toward pyloric sphincter
hypoglycemia & diabetes
below 60-->70mg/100mL
What is the value of choosing "good carbohydrates" with a low glycemic index
better blood glucose levels
what secretion is responsible for neutralizing acid from the stomach in the small intestine
bicarbonate
exocrine functions
bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
what are the health benefits of soluble fiber?
binds cholesterol compounds and may lower blood cholesterol. Improves body's handling of glucose
preferred fuel for the______
brain and nervous system
what are the foods listed in the text and in the notes that are rich in insoluble fiber?
bran, brown rice, green beans, green peas, many veggies, nuts, rice, seeds, skins/peels, wheat brain, whole-grain products
metabolism
breaking down nutrients for energy nutrients leave digestive system via blood
pancreatic amylase
breaks down starch and other complex carbs into disaccharides
47. According to the Dietary Guidelines, what is the minimum amount of whole-grains that should be consumed if an individual's recommended grain intake each day is 6 ounces? a. 6 ounces b. 4 ounces c. 3 ounces d. 2 ounces e. 1 ounce
c. 3 ounces
Fletcher's dietary analysis reveals that he is deriving 30% of calories from simple sugars, and he decides to try to cut back. Which item from his food record should Fletcher omit? a. 1 banana b. 1/2 cup green grapes c. 32 fl oz root beer d. 8 oz orange juice e. 1/2 cup cooked dried beans
c. 32 fl oz root beer
What factor plays the greatest role in the increase of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents? a. Type 2 diabetes is hereditary. b. Children and adolescents are eating more dairy products. c. Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age. d. Vaccination rates among poor people are very low. e. Today's diets lack proper levels of vitamins and minerals.
c. Children and adolescents are becoming obese at an earlier age.
30. Which hormone raises levels of glucose in the blood by signaling to the liver to break down glycogen stores? a. Glycogen b. Insulin c. Glucagon d. Adrenaline e. Dopamine
c. Glucagon
21. Which statement is correct concerning type 2 diabetes? a. Its incidence is decreasing due to greater awareness. b. It is less common than type 1 diabetes. c. It is characterized by too much glucose getting into the cells. d. Generally insulin injections are not required. e. Infrequent urination is a typical response.
c. It is characterized by too much glucose getting into the cells.
28. What is the condition in which the body is unable or has difficulty digesting dairy products? a. Lactose deficiency b. Sugar allergy c. Lactose intolerance d. Hyperglycemia e. Lactase persistence
c. Lactose intolerance
44. When milling whole wheat flour, what components of the wheat kernel are retained? a. The endosperm and germ b. The endosperm, germ, and husk c. The endosperm, germ, and bran d. The germ e. The endosperm
c. The endosperm, germ, and bran
25. Marta tries to avoid sugar because she believes it is responsible for making her overweight, giving her husband diabetes, and causing hyperactivity in her grandchildren. What condition has verifiably been linked to sugar by research studies? a. Diabetes b. Heart disease c. Tooth decay d. Hyperactivity in children e. Hyperactivity in some adults
c. Tooth decay
19. Maggie is shopping for a loaf of bread and takes time to review the terms on the label. Which term describes bread that is made using the most nutritious flour? a. 100 percent wheat b. Stone ground c. Whole grain d. Seven grain e. Multigrain
c. Whole grain
Diverticulosis is closely associated with a lack of ______ in the diet. a. starch b. simple sugars c. fiber d. carbohydrates e. protein
c. fiber
16. High intakes of the sugar alternatives sorbitol and mannitol can result in ____. a. tooth decay b. diarrhea c. increased blood cholesterol d. hypoglycemia e. increased heart rate
c. increased blood cholesterol
Eating more higher fiber foods is usually associated with _______. a. lower intakes of starch b. higher intakes of added sugars c. lower intakes of added sugars d. higher energy intakes e. lower protein intakes
c. lower intakes of added sugars
The only animal-derived food that contains significant amounts of carbohydrates is ______. a. eggs b. beef c. milk d. poultry e. bacon
c. milk
Binders in some fibers chemically link to which minerals, making them unavailable for absorption?
calcium, zinc
What is a leading cause of death in the United States that is linked to diet?
cancer
Which nutrients provide four calories per gram?
carbohydrate and protein
6 classes of nutrients
carbohydrates fats proteins vitamins minerals water
Why is type 2 diabetes affecting an increasing number of children and adolescents
child and adult obesity rates are rising
Starch is what type of carbohydrate?
complex carb, a plant polysaccharide composed of hundreds of glucose moleculese
Describe how soluble fiber in the diet may lower blood chloestrol levels
controls cholesterol levels by trapping dietary cholesterol, removing cholesterol from the body, and slowing the production of cholesterol in the liver. When food enters the intestines the liver releases bile, which is produced from cholesterol, to help with digestion. When the soluble fiber dissolves, it forms a gummy substance that traps dietary cholesterol, and bile, keeping them from entering the blood stream. The body does not absorb this fiber, instead, the unabsorbed mass, and the cholesterol, pass out of the body during defecation
hypothalamus
controls hunger cues
12. What is the source of stevia? a. A combination of two amino acids b. A modification of sucrose molecules c. A derivative of aspartic acid and phenylalanine d. A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay e. A modified version of fructose
d. A derivative of a plant native to Brazil and Paraguay
Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 66. Which of the following is not usually a recommendation for someone with Sam's condition? a. Lose weight b. Eat balanced meals at regular intervals c. Exercise d. Follow a high-protein diet e. Choose complex carbohydrates
d. Follow a high-protein diet
42. What term in the ingredients list indicates added sugars in the product? a. Pectin b. Hemicellulose c. Fruit puree d. Fruit juice concentrate e. Vanillin
d. Fruit juice concentrate
17. What is the unusable, or inedible, part of a wheat kernel that provides a protective coating around the kernel? a. Bran b. Germ c. Endosperm d. Husk e. nut
d. Husk
Which statement is true about hypoglycemia? a. It is treated with insulin injections. b. It is aggravated by high-fiber foods. c. It is classified as a pre-diabetic condition. d. It is aggravated by high-sugar foods. e. It is common in teenagers but less so in adults and older adults.
d. It is aggravated by high-sugar foods.
37. Sabina is concerned about her children's teeth after their first dental checkups. Her 2-year old already has a cavity and her four-year old needs to brush better. What else should Sabina's children do to prevent tooth decay? a. Only drink 100 percent fruit juices b. Eat candy only between meals and not with them c. Eat crackers and pretzels as snacks and not candy bars d. Rinse their mouths with water after eating e. Eat raisins as snacks in place of chocolate candies
d. Rinse their mouths with water after eating
Vignette #2 Sam has been overweight since the eighth grade and is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at his annual checkup. He tells his fiancée, Anna, who is now determined to learn as much as possible about this illness. Sam and Anna have found several reputable sites on the Internet in an attempt to help Sam reverse his condition. Let's ask several questions to see how much they have learned. 40. What problem is most responsible for Sam's type 2 diabetes? a. Sam's kidneys don't excrete blood glucose efficiently. b. A virus has triggered the destruction of pancreatic cells that produce insulin. c. Sam's gallbladder fails to secrete bile when needed. d. The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by his pancreas. e. The pancreas is producing insufficient levels of glucagon.
d. The cells in Sam's body do not respond to insulin secreted by his pancreas.
34. From a health perspective, fruits are better sources of sucrose and fructose than table sugar because they ____. a. contain higher concentrations of these carbohydrates per unit of weight b. are more quickly digested than table sugar c. also provide protein d. also provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals e. provide these sugars in a more absorbable form than table sugar
d. also provide fiber, vitamins, and minerals
14. In general, changing one's diet by substituting complex carbohydrates in place of refined foods with added sugars typically results in a diet that is ________. a. higher in calories b. lower in vitamins and minerals c. higher in fat d. higher in fiber e. lower in natural sugars
d. higher in fiber
32. To feel energetic and alert throughout the day an individual should _______. a. follow a low-carbohydrate eating plan b. avoid all simple sugars c. exercise in the morning d. make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range e. eat most carbohydrates in the first half of the day
d. make an effort to eat so as to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range
31. When two glucose units are bonded together they form ____. a. sucrose b. galactose c. lactose d. maltose e. dextrose
d. maltose
61. If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, the body will break down ____ to provide glucose for the brain. a. heart b. liver c. bloodstream d. muscle e. kidneys
d. muscle
22. The greatest single source of added sugars in the American diet is ____. a. fruit drinks b. cookies c. candy d. regular soft drinks e. ice cream
d. regular soft drinks
23. Which carbohydrate type is mismatched with a major food source for that type? a. fructose—peaches b. sucrose—candy bars c. maltose—barley d. starch—strawberries e. galactose—milk
d. starch—strawberries
Research has shown that chewing/eating which foods helps fight acid attacks on the teeth, hence reducing the risk of cavities?
dairy products, fiber
whole grain rich diets
decrease risk of metabolic syndrome (must have 2)
fortified
decreased deficiencies foods which nutrients are added (vitamin D) vitamin D absorbs calcium decreased risk of chronic disease
too much bulk can cause
deficiencies in nutrients and energy
too much fiber can cause:
dehydration and intestinal discomfort -add fiber in slowly and drink a lot of water to keep things moving
gastrointestinal tract
deliver water and nutrients
One hallmark of a credible nutrition article is that it ____.
describes results of a study of a sufficiently large group of people
monosaccharides: glucose
dextrose or blood sugar
hiccups
diaphragm spasms
fiber (complex carb)
dietary fiber found only in plan forms 2 types: insoluble and soluble fiber
Degenerative illnesses sometimes known as ____.
diseases of affluence
49. Eunice is a 60-year-old woman who is trying to increase the amount of fiber in her diet in order to meet the Dietary Guidelines. What change would be best for her to make? a. Increase her intake of yogurt b. Choose white rice or scalloped potatoes instead of beans to go with dinner c. Eat pretzels made from wheat flour instead of fruit with her lunch d. Replace her morning enriched-flour croissant with a wheat bagel e. Eat air-popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack
e. Eat air-popped popcorn in place of chips for an evening snack
15. What is the major storage form of carbohydrate in the body? a. Starch b. Sugar c. Glucose d. Glucagon e. Glycogen
e. Glycogen
13. Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. Galactose b. Glucose c. Glycogen d. Fructose e. Maltose
e. Maltose
45. The ______ regulates the amount of glucose circulating in the blood by either synthesizing glycogen or breaking down glycogen. a. kidneys b. gallbladder c. appendix d. thyroid e. liver
e. liver
What does it mean to recommend "good carbohydrates" in the diet?
eating whole grains
bile
emulsifier separates fat into particles small enough for enzymes to break down
pancreas
endocrine functions -hormones secrete into blood (insulin and glucagon)
The refining of wheat into white flour involves removing several parts of the kernel and retaining only the
endosperm
Within a wheat kernel is a soft, white portion containing starch and protein called the
endosperm
constipation is defined as not having a bowel movement daily
false
digestion begins in the esophagus
false
essential nutrients are synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs
false
peristalsis is stimulated by the presence of both fiber and fat
false
the large intestine is the same diameter as the small intestine but longer in length
false
Which nutrient provides the most energy per gram?
fat
Ketone bodies are produced from the incomplete breakdown of _____ when _____ is unavailable for the brain and nerve cells
fat, glucose
High glycemic index foods
french, white, other soft breads/bagel, Rice, certain cereals, waffles, potatoes, honey, regular soft drinks, jelly beans, pretzels
What is the fate of fructose when it is absorbed into the blood
fructose travels with all other absorbed nutrients to the liver for metabolism and processing.
monosaccharides: fructose
fruit sugar or laevulose
nutrition action
gene pool programmed for us by our ancestors
when blood glucose is low: pancreas releases _______ tells body to break down glycogen--> glucose
glucagon
___ basic carb unit each cell uses for energy
glucose
basic building block of carbohydrates
glucose
products of liver metabolism
glucose lipoproteins amino acids
nutrition action
glycemic index: ranks foods on basis of extent to which foods will increase blood glucose level
too many carbs to store glucose-->
glycogen
storage: _____ muscles and liver
glycogen (stored glucose)
What is the leading cause of death in the United States for people over age 24?
heart disease
phytonutrients
help stop destruction of cells
What may be the result of high intakes of the sugar alternatives sorbitol and mannitol
high cholesterol
What are the health benefits of insoluble fiber?
holds water in the colon and increases bulk to the stool, stimulates muscles and helps maintain health and tone
The physiological need for food is also known as _______.
hunger
Another name for low blood glucose is
hypoglycemia
soluble fiber
important for health binds cholesterol slows down glucose absorption into blood keeps us feeling full (satiety), prevents heart disease
saliva begins the breakdown of starch _______ with enzyme ______
in mouth; salivary amylase
during the process of digestion, where in the body does chyme form?
in the stomach
insoluble fiber
increased bulk in intestines to maintain normal bowel patterns -speed time through intestines
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula
mucosa
innermost cells of the GI tract
What are the two forms of fibers in foods?
insoluble & soluble
What hormone brings down high levels of glucose in the blood
insulin
glucose intake: pancreas releases ______
insulin
When blood sugar levels rise, _____ is secreted, and when blood sugar levels fall, _____ is secreted.
insulin, glucagon
What is an example of a fortified food?
iodized salt
Where does stevia come from
is a genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America.
How does a balanced meal help keep blood glucose from rising or dropping too quickly
it keeps it at a steady balance making sure your blood sugar doesn't get too high or too low. Gives you more consistent energy
diabetes
lack of insulin
added sugars
limit to less than 10% of calories
chylomicrons
lipid/fat with protein; fat can take off as they need it, if it gets to liver it will be broken down
all nutrients leaving the digestive system by way of the blood are taken to the ____
liver
If a person uses up his or her reserve supply of glycogen and still does not eat, sugar comes
liver stores glycogen and will release it when your body really needs it
heartburn is caused by which due to which sphincter muscles opening up and releasing acidic contents into the esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter
heartburn
lower esophageal sphincter fails to open and allow food in the stomach or when it opens allowing stomach contents back into esophagus
What are the benefits of eating whole grains?
lowers the risk of many chronic diseases
disaccharides: maltose
malt sugar glucose + glucose in barley and sprouting seeds produced in body in digestion of starch
first stop in digestion: mouth
mechanical digestion salivary amylase (ptyalin) begins to break down food
disaccharides: lactose
milk sugar glucose + galactose enzyme lactase breaks down milk products
whole grain
milled but not refined (husk removed) preferrable to enriched products
refined
milled to remove majority of grain- bran & germ (taking away nutrients) -white bread, white rice, etc.
bolus
mixture of food and saliva
What steps may be taken to prevent tooth decay and dental caries?
monitor your carbohydrate intake, brush, floss, sealants, fluoride
simple carbs
monosaccharides disaccharides
Carbohydrate Metabolism
mostly the metabolism of glucose
parts of the GI tract
mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine liver pancreas gallbladder
longitudinal and circular muscles
move food along GI tract
peristalsis
moves food down esophagus to stomach
___ protects the lining of the digestive tract from gastric juices and digestive enzymes
mucus
intrinsic factor
necessary for absorption of B12
essential nutrients
nutrients necessary for normal body functioning that must be obtained from food
What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome?
obesity, high blood pressure, High cholesterol,high blood sugar
lower esophageal sphincter
opens to pass bolus, then closes
Mesentery
outer layer of GI tract wall protect and attach intestines to abdominal wall
Which organ secretes glucagon and insulin in response to changing blood glucose levels?
pancreas
monosaccharides: galactose
part of lactose
second stop in digestion: esophagus
peristalsis - sphincter opens to permit bolus to enter
P
phosphate
hunger
physical sign
Complex carbohydrates come primarily from where
plant foods
liver
produces bile, emulsifies fat aids in absorbable fat soluble vitamins -nutrients leaving digestive system by way of blood leave through liver
Healthy people 2020
promote strategy by the US department of health and human services
mucus
protects stomach from gastric juices
the stomach is the digestive organ where digestion of ____ is initiated thanks to hydrochloric acid
protein
appetite
psychological desire for food, temptation
vitamins and minerals
regulate the release of energy and other aspects of metabolism
Martha is always trying to avoid sugar and believes it is responsible for making her overweight, giving her husband diabetes, and causing hyperactivity in her grandchildren. What condition is it proven that sugar is actually the cause of?
research studies have not shown a direct link between sugar and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hyperactivity in children or criminal behavior.
what is an endocrine function of the pancreas
secreting insulin
what is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients
small intestine
One nutrition-related Healthy People 2020 objective is to reduce the consumption of ____ in the U.S. population.
solid fats and added sugars
complex carbs
starch, fiber, glycogen sources: grains, peas, beans
gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile sphincter of oddi controls bile release into the SI
Limiting your intake of sodium is most helpful in reducing your risk of ____.
stroke
iliocecal valve
stuff that can't be digested
disaccharides: sucrose
table sugar glucose + fructose
glucose is the preferred energy source for_____
the brain
Hunger
the physiological need for food
Appetite
the psychological desire for food
From a health perspective, why are fruits a better sources of sucrose and fructose than table sugar?
they are not added sugars, all natural sugars that our body needs
List the possible harmful effects of consuming too much fiber.
too much fiber can cause dehydration, intestinal discomfort, and limit absorption of iron and other nutrients
hypoglycemia
too much insulin
Transport in the Blood
transported as part of the lipoproteins
constipation
treat with fiber
all the food from the stomach is gradually pushed into the small intestine
true
hunger is controlled by involuntary mechanisms
true
nearly all of our metabolism and physiology are the same as that of our ancestors who lived more than 10,000 years ago
true
physical/mechanical digestion of fiver begins in the mouth
true
the digestive system is made up of the GI tract- also called the digestive tract- and the liver, pancreas and gallbladder
true
hydrochloric acid
uncoils protein
Which substances are included in the six classes of nutrients?
water, carbs, and fats
intermediate glycemic index foods,
watermelon, cream of wheat, instant oatmeal, shredded wheat, sourdough &eye breads, banana, pineapple, orange juice, ice cream, popcorn, raisins
low glycemic index food
whole-grain, heavy breads, rice, bran cereals, toasted muesli cereal, whole oats, apples, oranges, peaches, baked beans, lentils, other legumes, carrots, milk, yogurt, sweet potatoes, tomato soup.
Recently Splenda has become a popular sugar substitute. What is considered its real advantage over other sweeteners
zero calorie