BIOL 130 Krueger
niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.
symmetrical competition
Both species have equal decreases in fitness
biotic factors
living components of an environment
coral reefs
made by living organisms, found in tropics, between 18 and 30deg C
coral
mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic algae and a polyp
abiotic factors
nonliving chemical and physical components of an environment
mimicry
one or more species closely resembles another
consumption
one organism increases in fitness and the other decreases (+/-)
commensalism
one organism increases in fitness and there is no effect on the other (+/0)
competative exclusion
one species is eliminated from the area
pelagic zone
open water
limnetic zone
open water where light penetrates
rocky substrate
organisms anchor to rocks
sandy substrate
organisms live in burrows
chemical prey defense
organisms that are poisonous or use chemicals to defend themselves
consumers
organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients
Six characteristics of life
organization, reproduction, energy use, expression/transmission of genetic info, maintenance of internal consistency, and evolution
morphological prey defenses
physical body attributes that make the organism difficult or impossible to eat
community
populations of different species interacting
Gause's competitive exclusion principle
populations of two or more species cannot coexist indefinitely if they rely on the same limiting resources and exploit them in the same way.
temperate
pronounced annual fluctuations in temperature but no temperature extremes
asymmetrical competition
reduction in fitness is more in one species than the other
science
repeatable observations and a testable hypothesis
binomial nomenclature
scientific name of an organism
benthic zone
sediment under water
producers
self feeders that use inorganic materials
predator adaptations
sensory systems for location and special behaviors and/or anatomical structures for capture/eating
littoral zone
shallow shoreline
weather
short term conditioning
global ecology
study of the interactions among the earth's ecosystems, land, atmosphere, and oceans and how they influence the functioning/distribution of organisms across the biospere
convection cells
the cycle of heating and cooling, rising and falling of air
evenness
the extent to which the species in a community are equally abundant
30deg and poles
the falling and heating of air (deserts)
diversity
the measure of richness and evenness
fundamental niche
the niche in the absence of competition
realized niche
the niche used when competition occurs
species richness
the number of species in an area
60deg and equator
the rising and cooling of air (rainforests)
Biology
the scientific study of life
productivity
the total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per year
resource partitioning
the use of resources in different ways or at different times
bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
three domains of the tree of life
connell's study
two barnicle species in intertidal rocky shores in scotland have a stratified distribution
aquatic
water based biomes
climate
weather average over a long period of time
character displacement
when 2 species by themselves eat similar resources but when put together they evolve to separate the overlap
estuaries
where rivers meet oceans, constant input of nutrients, salinity varies with flow tides and proximity to ocean
tundra
winters are cold and dark, can't support large plants
photic zone (ocean)
~200 meters deep, photosynthesis for the top 50 meters
marine biomes
~3% salinity, cover 3/4 of the earth's photosynthetic activity, marine phytoplankton
intertidal zone (ocean)
area along coast between high and low tide
neritic zone (ocean)
area from coast to edge of the continental shelf
adhesion
attraction between molecules of different substances
cohesion
attraction between molecules of the same substance
mimicry rings
large assemblages of species, both mullerian and batesian mimics, exhibiting the same color pattern
community ecology
The study of patterns and processes involving at least two species at a particular location
niche compression
When competition narrows down the resources used.
batesian mimicry
a coloration or pattern for both harmful and harmless organisms
startlement
a coloration that startles the predator (butterfly wings)
population ecology
adaptation of a species
emergent properties
adhesion, cohesion, and high specific heat
aphotic zone
all areas not receiving sunlight
photic zone
all areas receiving light
ecosystem ecology
all organisms in a region, along with nonliving components
oceanic zone
all water beyond the continental shelf
seasonality
annual fluctuations in temperature and precipitation
behavioral prey defenses
behavior that protects them (running, playing dead, etc)
competition
both organisms decrease in fitness (-/-)
mutualism
both organisms increase in fitness (+/+)
tropical rain forest
broad leaved evergreens, near equator, vertical layers
temperate broadleaf forest
broadleaf deciduous trees, well-defined growing season
cryptic coloration
camouflage (walking sticks)
Prokaryotic
cells that do not have a nucleus
Eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus
Physiology
chemical and physical function
Herbivore adaptations
chemical sensors for location of plant and specialized mouthparts for food processing
mullerian mimicry
coloration or pattern for multiple harmful organisms
warning coloration
common in organisms with chemical defenses and poisonous organisms
interspecific competition
competition between members of different species
intraspecific competition
competition between members of the same species
decomposers
consumers that break down the dead remains of other organisms for energy
Chaparral
costal land between 30 and 40deg, endemic species, oils/resins in plants
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
charels darwin and alfred russell wallace
developed the theory of evolution
alfred russell wallace
developed the theory of natural selection
earth tilt
difference in angles that creates different seasons
deserts
dry, lack of precipitation, rain shadows, 30deg and poles
adaptations
environment specific
northern coniferous forest (taiga)
extreme temp variation, short growing season, coniferous needle-leaved evergreen trees
eyespots
fake eyes to scare predators (luna moth)
Morphology
focuses on the form and structure
mechanical prey defense
form and structure of an organism that protects them (armor, quills, etc)
biome
generalized/major types of ecosystems that broadly correspond to major climate regions
permafrost
ground is frozen year-round under the top layer of soil
popultion
group of the same species living in the same area at the same time
tropical savannah
have dry and rainy seasons, perennial grasses dominate, trees are drought and fire resistant
species composition
identity of all the different organisms that make up a community
organismal ecology
individual study with multiples of that species
temperate grassland
interiors of continents, grasses dominate, temperature is seasonal
terrestrial
land based biomes
