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niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

symmetrical competition

Both species have equal decreases in fitness

biotic factors

living components of an environment

coral reefs

made by living organisms, found in tropics, between 18 and 30deg C

coral

mutualistic, symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic algae and a polyp

abiotic factors

nonliving chemical and physical components of an environment

mimicry

one or more species closely resembles another

consumption

one organism increases in fitness and the other decreases (+/-)

commensalism

one organism increases in fitness and there is no effect on the other (+/0)

competative exclusion

one species is eliminated from the area

pelagic zone

open water

limnetic zone

open water where light penetrates

rocky substrate

organisms anchor to rocks

sandy substrate

organisms live in burrows

chemical prey defense

organisms that are poisonous or use chemicals to defend themselves

consumers

organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients

Six characteristics of life

organization, reproduction, energy use, expression/transmission of genetic info, maintenance of internal consistency, and evolution

morphological prey defenses

physical body attributes that make the organism difficult or impossible to eat

community

populations of different species interacting

Gause's competitive exclusion principle

populations of two or more species cannot coexist indefinitely if they rely on the same limiting resources and exploit them in the same way.

temperate

pronounced annual fluctuations in temperature but no temperature extremes

asymmetrical competition

reduction in fitness is more in one species than the other

science

repeatable observations and a testable hypothesis

binomial nomenclature

scientific name of an organism

benthic zone

sediment under water

producers

self feeders that use inorganic materials

predator adaptations

sensory systems for location and special behaviors and/or anatomical structures for capture/eating

littoral zone

shallow shoreline

weather

short term conditioning

global ecology

study of the interactions among the earth's ecosystems, land, atmosphere, and oceans and how they influence the functioning/distribution of organisms across the biospere

convection cells

the cycle of heating and cooling, rising and falling of air

evenness

the extent to which the species in a community are equally abundant

30deg and poles

the falling and heating of air (deserts)

diversity

the measure of richness and evenness

fundamental niche

the niche in the absence of competition

realized niche

the niche used when competition occurs

species richness

the number of species in an area

60deg and equator

the rising and cooling of air (rainforests)

Biology

the scientific study of life

productivity

the total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per unit area per year

resource partitioning

the use of resources in different ways or at different times

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

three domains of the tree of life

connell's study

two barnicle species in intertidal rocky shores in scotland have a stratified distribution

aquatic

water based biomes

climate

weather average over a long period of time

character displacement

when 2 species by themselves eat similar resources but when put together they evolve to separate the overlap

estuaries

where rivers meet oceans, constant input of nutrients, salinity varies with flow tides and proximity to ocean

tundra

winters are cold and dark, can't support large plants

photic zone (ocean)

~200 meters deep, photosynthesis for the top 50 meters

marine biomes

~3% salinity, cover 3/4 of the earth's photosynthetic activity, marine phytoplankton

intertidal zone (ocean)

area along coast between high and low tide

neritic zone (ocean)

area from coast to edge of the continental shelf

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

cohesion

attraction between molecules of the same substance

mimicry rings

large assemblages of species, both mullerian and batesian mimics, exhibiting the same color pattern

community ecology

The study of patterns and processes involving at least two species at a particular location

niche compression

When competition narrows down the resources used.

batesian mimicry

a coloration or pattern for both harmful and harmless organisms

startlement

a coloration that startles the predator (butterfly wings)

population ecology

adaptation of a species

emergent properties

adhesion, cohesion, and high specific heat

aphotic zone

all areas not receiving sunlight

photic zone

all areas receiving light

ecosystem ecology

all organisms in a region, along with nonliving components

oceanic zone

all water beyond the continental shelf

seasonality

annual fluctuations in temperature and precipitation

behavioral prey defenses

behavior that protects them (running, playing dead, etc)

competition

both organisms decrease in fitness (-/-)

mutualism

both organisms increase in fitness (+/+)

tropical rain forest

broad leaved evergreens, near equator, vertical layers

temperate broadleaf forest

broadleaf deciduous trees, well-defined growing season

cryptic coloration

camouflage (walking sticks)

Prokaryotic

cells that do not have a nucleus

Eukaryotic

cells that have a nucleus

Physiology

chemical and physical function

Herbivore adaptations

chemical sensors for location of plant and specialized mouthparts for food processing

mullerian mimicry

coloration or pattern for multiple harmful organisms

warning coloration

common in organisms with chemical defenses and poisonous organisms

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

decomposers

consumers that break down the dead remains of other organisms for energy

Chaparral

costal land between 30 and 40deg, endemic species, oils/resins in plants

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

charels darwin and alfred russell wallace

developed the theory of evolution

alfred russell wallace

developed the theory of natural selection

earth tilt

difference in angles that creates different seasons

deserts

dry, lack of precipitation, rain shadows, 30deg and poles

adaptations

environment specific

northern coniferous forest (taiga)

extreme temp variation, short growing season, coniferous needle-leaved evergreen trees

eyespots

fake eyes to scare predators (luna moth)

Morphology

focuses on the form and structure

mechanical prey defense

form and structure of an organism that protects them (armor, quills, etc)

biome

generalized/major types of ecosystems that broadly correspond to major climate regions

permafrost

ground is frozen year-round under the top layer of soil

popultion

group of the same species living in the same area at the same time

tropical savannah

have dry and rainy seasons, perennial grasses dominate, trees are drought and fire resistant

species composition

identity of all the different organisms that make up a community

organismal ecology

individual study with multiples of that species

temperate grassland

interiors of continents, grasses dominate, temperature is seasonal

terrestrial

land based biomes


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