BIOL 1500: Lab Final Study Guide

What is the enzyme we will be using in lab today?

ALP

Name the two types of "peas" that we will be working with in the cellular respiration lab.

Dormant peas and germinating peas

Which has a smaller wavelength: electrons or visible light?

Electrons

Process to its Substrate

Glycolysis: Glucose Kreb's Cycle: Pyruvic acid/pyruvate ETC: Electrons

What is represented by letter E?

Objective Lens

Fermentation Generates ATP

True

What color will the product of today's experiment (pNP) turn?

Yellow

What is the in vitro substrate for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) that we will be using in lab?

pNPP

You have the transmittance value of 55%, what is the absorbance?

Absorbance = 2-log10 (T%) Absorbance = 2-log10 (55) Absorbance = 0.259 A

What factors determine how fast water moves across a membrane? Select all that apply.

Hydrostatic pressure and Solute concentration difference

In an experiment designed to determine the rate of reaction based on the content of each beaker, the hypothesis that states there will be no difference in the outcome of the experiment is:

Null Hypothesis

What is OSHA? What do they do?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. They implement rules and regulations for workplace safety.

What macromolecule is an enzyme classified as?

Protein

What happens to enzyme activity when you increase the concentration of enzyme?

Rate of reaction increases -> increase in enzyme activity

Why do you blank a spectrophotometer?

To calibrate it

What is the purpose of a thermocycler?

To run PCRs reaction, which requires cyclical changed in temperature.

Aerobic respiration yields more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

True

Independent variables are usually plotted on the X-axis of a graph, whereas dependent variables are usually plotted on the Y-axis

True

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires energy.

True

When an enzyme's reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature it's called the Q10 effect.

True

The cause behind the results of an experiment will stay the same if we repeat the experiment tomorrow follows the principles of:

Uniformity

Why can lactose intolerant people eat yogurt?

Yogurt is processed dairy. It also has bacteria that breaks down the sugar, lactose. Because people are lactose intolerant, not dairy intolerant.

In terms of photosynthesis, what is necessary for DPIP reduction?

You must have live chloroplast, light source, and carbon source. You need photosynthesis to occur in order for DPIP to bee reduced.

How could you determine the size of pores for the dialysis bag with the data that you recorded?

You recorded Absorbance, which allows you to estimate what was moving across the membrane. We know that iodine crosses the membrane because starch and iodine interacted and solution turned blue, thus increasing absorbance. We know that starch cannot cross due to the inside of the membrane remaining the same color.

What will happen when a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

the cell becomes shriveled

What will happen in the experiment when light hits the chloroplasts?

there will babe an increase in light transmittance, DPIP will change from blue to colorless, and DPIP will be reduced.

What is the genotype of the parents if the mother is wild and the father has white eyes (x-linked), curly wings (lethal mutation), and ebony body?

(For wild traits in P generation, always assume homozygous dominant) CC = body color, A = Wings, XB = eye color Mother: CCAAXBX Father: ccAaXbY

How would you determine the M of the potato? (equation given in graph is y= -4.8263x + 14.059)

(Solve the equation) X = 2.9130

100uL is equivalent to:

0.1mL

Ocular lenses found in most compound light microscopes a magnification of..?

10X

CO2 is converted into a stable organic compound through a process known as

Carbon Fixation

What color-producing chemical will be used in today's lab to determine the concentration of glucose solutions through absorbance readings?

Chromogen

What is represented by letter L?

Coarse Focus Adjustment Knob

At which stages of aerobic cellular respiration are ATP produced?

Kreb's Cycle, Glycolysis, and Chemiosmosis

If you were to attend lab in person, what is the proper attire you must wear before entering the lab? (Select all that apply)

Lab coat, long pants, mask, closed toe shoes

Many species are unable to utilize oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration due to:

Lack of ETC proteins, lack of oxygen in the environment, lack of enzymes needed to inactivate free radicals

What will happen when a red blood cell is placed in distilled water?

Lysis will occur

Tonicity is the measure of what?

Osmotic pressure

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) does what of the following?

Produce 3-D images of the surface of objects

What would happen to transmittance if the light was green instead of white?

There would be no change in transmittance. Green light is reflected by the chloroplasts few to no photons will be gained from the light for photosynthesis to occur. Since DPIP is only reduced when photosynthesis occurs, there should not be a change in results if the lamp is green.

The difference between dialysis tubing and real cell membranes is that

real membranes are more selective

Below is the volume listed on a P200 micropipette: (Number on quiz says 155)

155 uL

Match the phase (or step) of photosynthesis to the process.

1st phase/step: Light Reactions 2nd phase/step: Dark Reactions

What is the optimal temperature for most enzymes?

20 to 40 degrees Celcius

How much ATP is generated by the complete oxidization of pyruvate into CO2 and H2O via aerobic respiration ?

36-38

You are using a compound microscope and you have the objective lens set to 40x. What is the total magnification you are using to view the specimen?

400X

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is epistasis?

A conditional factor where one gene must be expressed in order for another gene to be expressed. (i.e., melanin must be produced in order for hair color to be produced.)

Define accuracy and precision

Accuracy - how close you are to intended value. Example: you try to measure 1g, you got 1g. You are very accurate Precision - how close you are to each of your own measurements. Example: I measured things 3x. I got 75g 3x. I am very precise.

If you get stuck while researching papers/topics or citing a paper what is the best solution?

Ask NSU librarian

When working with bacteria, in what waste receptacle would you dispose of it in?

Autoclave - you must destroy it prior to it leaving the room. Autoclave uses steam and pressure to sterilize.

Your heart rate, or pulse, is the number of times your heart

Beats per minute

The linear relationship between the concentration of a colored solution and its light absorbance is known as the ______.

Beer-Lambert Law

The process by which organisms chemically oxidize organic compounds as a means of generating ATP is?

Callular Respiration

If you were given a sample of bacteria to analyze, which microscope would be best for quickly identifying the specimen?

Compound

In prokaryotic cells, catabolism of pyruvate takes place in the __________________. Whereas, in eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the _________________________.

Cytoplasm, mitochondria

What is the purpose of heat shocking DNA?

DNA is derived from thermophilic bacteria and the increase in temperature helps with DNA uptakes.

A denatured enzyme can catalyze a chemical reaction.

False

Dissecting microscopes allow higher magnification than compound microscopes.

False

Enzyme activity typically occurs within a very broad pH range.

False

If the results of a patient's two "random" glucose readings are 196 mg/dL and 200mg/dL, this person meets the criteria of diabetes mellitus.

False

Only glucose can be broken down to generate ATP.

False

Photosynthesis is a catabolic process:

False

Plant cells are like red blood cells and can potentially burst when placed in a certain solution.

False

Simple diffusion requires energy input.

False

To view a specimen under an electron microscope, it has to be living.

False

What is genetic transformation?

Genetic transformation occurs when a cell takes up a new place of genetic material (i.e., DNA) and expresses it. One of the two methods of genetically modifying crops.

What is the end product of photosynthesis (for the plant)?

Glucose

The variable that is manipulated or varied by the researcher in an experiment is the:

Independent Variable

In Osmosis & Diffusion, the dialysis part of the lab. What cause the color change?

Interaction between iodine and starch created the dark blue color.

The color of a solution and the wavelength of light it absorbs have a(n) __________ relationship.

Inverse

Your resting heart rate is___________

Is when your heart is pumping the least amount of blood and when your heart rate is at its lowest

What did you measure in Enzyme Properties? Where did it come from?

Measured the absorbance of pNP. pNP is the product of the hydrolysis of pNPP, which was catalyzed bay ALP.

The movement of water molecules from a region of high free water concentration to a region of low free water concentration is known as ____________________.

Osmosis

If you were to measure out 4.75mL, which micropipette would you use, what would you set it to and how many times would you have to draw?

P1000, set to 1000 uL x 4 P1000, set to 750 uL x 1

What is the range of measurement for the following micropipette: P20, P200, P1000?

P20 = 0-2uL P200 = 20-200uL P1000 = -100 - 1000uL

What micropipette(s) could be used to measure out 175μL of liquid?

P200 and P1000

Match the photosystem to the specialized pigment molecules.

PSI: P700 PSII: p680

ALP catalyzes the hydrolysis of _______________ attached to proteins or lipids.

Phosphate groups

Large complexes of proteins and pigments (light-absorbing molecules) that are optimized to harvest light are called:

Photosystems

What is the Q10 effect? How is it limited?

Q10 dictates that for every 10°C increase the enzyme activity will double. However, once the temperature surpasses the optimum, or ideal temperature, the enzyme will begin to denature and bee rendered nonfunctional.

Blue-colored objects absorb which wavelength of light the most?

Red

What would be the ideal wavelength for chloroplasts to absorb?

Red. 640 - 700 nm

When leaf pigments absorb light, electrons are boosted to a higher energy level, providing energy to:

Reduce NADP+, and produce ATP

Being able to reproduce the results of an experiment on a separate day follows the principles of:

Similarity of Causation

Which of the following molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane? Mark all that apply.

Small Molecules

What is the name of the machine we will use in today's lab to measure the amount of light that is absorbed by a solution?

Spectrophotometer

Scientific method steps

Step 1: Making observations / asking questions Step 2: Developing hypotheses Step 3: Design an experiment and test hypothesis Step 4: Analyze results Step 5: Repeat

Explain why concentration in the Enzyme lab did not have a bell curve?

The concentration of enzyme was not high enough to surpass the capability of substrates. and if you hit that point, it will eventually become constant due to limiting substrate.

What happens if either the enzyme or substrate is limited?

The enzyme's reaction rate will remain constant

Describe the trend with the graoh

This is a negative linear trend. As seen in Osm & Dif. Lab. When the potato gains weight, its hypertonic to the solution and vice versa.

What determines resolution? Check all that apply.

Visual Activity, Magnification, Lens Diameter, and Lens Quality

What is resolution?

the ability of the microscope to resolve or separate two points.