World History B Unit 13: World History Semester Exam

José de San Martín's influence on the revolutions in the Americas.

(1778-1850) was born in Argentina and educated in Spain. He helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. He became protector of Peru after its liberation from Spain but resigned in 1822 after conflict with Simón Bolívar. He lived in exile in Europe after his resignation.

Simón Bolívar's influence on the revolutions in the Americas.

(1783-1830) was a South American soldier and leader who was instrumental in the revolutions against Spain. He was born into wealth and educated in Spain. After France invaded Spain, he became involved in the resistance movement and played a key role in the Latin American fight for independence. He died in 1830 from tuberculosis.

Explain the rise of communism and Mao Zedong in China.

(1893-1976) was born in central China to a peasant family. He helped form the Chinese Communist party in 1921. After Jiang Jieshi launched "extermination campaigns" against the Communists, he led his army on the epic Long March. He briefly joined with the Guomindang to suppress Japanese aggression, but the partnership did not last after World War II ended. The People's Republic of China was established in 1949. He initiated drastic reforms, some of which had disastrous consequences. His use of terror and intolerance of opposition became internationally notorious.

*Essay: Be prepared to create a lengthy essay about the way Europeans and Americans had an effect on the developing world.

(There is a variety of correct answers based on your understanding of units 9-12).

What were more the effects of the Opium War?

As in Western industrial nations, Japan's economic needs fed its imperialist desires. As a small island nation, Japan lacked many basic resources, including coal, that were essential for industrial growth. Spurred by nationalism and a strong ambition to equal the West, Japan sought to build an empire. With its modern army and navy, it maneuvered for power in East Asia.

Proletariat:

Working class (factory & railroad workers, miners, and urban wage earners)

Island Hopping:

to travel from island to island in a chain

Glasnost:

"openness" in Russian; a Soviet policy of greater freedom of expression introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s

What was the rule of Catherine the Great like?

(1729-1796) -she was the German-born empress of Russia (1762-1796) who led her country in becoming part of the political and cultural life of Europe. -She was an absolute monarch, and could be ruthless. -She granted a charter to the boyars outlining important rights, such as exemption from taxes. She also allowed them to increase their stranglehold on the peasants. When peasants rebelled against the harsh burdens of serfdom, Catherine harshly suppressed the uprisings. Under Catherine, conditions grew even worse for Russian peasants and serfdom continued to spread.

Toussaint L'Ouverture's influence on the revolutions in the Americas.

(1743-1803) was born in Haiti as the son of an educated slave. He led an army of slaves, who he trained in guerrilla warfare, in a revolt against the French colonists. He was captured in 1802 by French forces and died in prison a year later.

Father Miguel Hidalgo's influence on the revolutions in the Americas.

(1753-1811) was a Catholic priest in Mexico. He led Indians and mestizos in a revolution against the Spanish until he was captured and killed in 1811.

Venustiano Carranza

(1859-1920) served as a leader in the Mexican Revolution in support of political, rather than social, reform. He was elected the first president after the revolution, and though he signed the Constitution of 1917, he did little to implement promised reforms. This reluctance led to social unrest and economic difficulties. When a rebellion began in April 1920, Carranza fled the capital and eventually went into hiding in the mountains. He was betrayed and murdered in May.

Mohandas Gandhi

(1869-1948) was a mediocre student who went through a period of rebellion during his early teens. He married at age 13 and later was sent to England to attend law school. In 1891, Gandhi accepted a position in South Africa. Although he planned to be there only one year, he stayed until 1914, fighting for Indian rights. In 1919, Gandhi became active in the Indian independence movement and remained dedicated to the cause until his death. He was assassinated in 1948—just a few months after India won its independence.

Vladimir Lenin:

(1870-1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary who led the Bolsheviks to victory in the Russian October Revolution. He served as the premier of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1924. He adapted the ideas of Karl Marx to create a type of communism known as Marxism-Leninism.

Emiliano Zapata:

(1879-1919) grew up a peasant. In 1897, he began a long struggle against the hacienda (large plantation) system to regain peasant land. After Francisco Madero lost the election to Porfirio Díaz, Zapata joined the revolution (peasant revolt) and fought for social reform. Zapata built up a strong following and played an essential role in ousting Victoriano Huerta in 1914. After Venustiano Carranza was elected president, he turned on Zapata. Zapata's revolutionaries went to war with the moderates who supported Carranza. In 1919, Carranza's army ambushed and killed Zapata.

Explain the rise of fascism and Mussolini in Italy.

(1883-1945) was born into a poor household in Italy. His father was a blacksmith and his mother a schoolteacher. Although Mussolini grew up in a socialist home and strongly advocated socialist policies as a young man, he formed the Fascist party in Italy after returning from fighting in World War I. When gaining support, he was a fiery and charismatic speaker. He promised to end corruption and replace turmoil with order. He also spoke of reviving Roman greatness, pledging to turn the Mediterranean into a "Roman lake" once again. He held a great deal of power over crowds when he gave his rousing speeches. Using terror and fear tactics together with the Black Shirts, Mussolini created and ruled Italy as a totalitarian state. After Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, Mussolini and Hitler made an alliance and, with Japan, fought against the Allies in World War II. To gain support,

Hideki Tojo

(1884-1948) was born in Tokyo and was a career military man. He was a general of the Imperial Japanese Army and the 40th prime minister of Japan during most of World War II, from 1941 to 1945. He was directly responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and was arrested and sentenced to death for Japanese war crimes.

Jiang Jieshi

(1887-1975) was born to a merchant family in eastern China. Along with Sun Yixian, he formed the Nationalist party, or Guomindang, and following Sun's death in 1925, Jiang took over control. After years of battling, Jiang joined forces with the Communists against the Japanese invaders. Jiang also led the Chinese military to assist the Allies in defeating Japan in World War II. Eventually, the Communists wrestled back control and Jiang fled to the island of Taiwan, which he ruled until his death in 1975.

Explain the rise of Nazism and Adolf Hitler in Germany.

(1889-1945) was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. After Hitler was appointed chancellor, he immediately transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich. He wanted to establish a "New Order" and create more "living space" for what he believed was the superior Aryan race. To combat the Great Depression, Hitler launched large public works programs (as did Britain and the United States). Tens of thousands of people were put to work building highways and housing or replanting forests. Hitler also repudiated, or rejected, the Versailles treaty. Hitler aggressively invaded neighboring nations, which led to World War II. As Germany faced defeat in 1945, Hitler committed suicide to avoid capture by the Soviets.

Lázaro Cárdenas

(1895-1970) joined the revolutionary forces when he was 18 and later became a general in the Mexican army. After the revolution, he served as governor of Michoacán and then as president of the PNR. In 1934, he was elected president of Mexico. During his presidency, Cárdenas worked to establish the social and economic reforms the revolutionaries had fought for, including the redistribution of land, the organization of confederations for both workers and peasants, and the nationalization of foreign-owned industries.

*Essay: Describe the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent events that resulted from the breakup.

(copied word for word from text) During World War II, a skilled guerrilla leader, Josip Tito, had battled Germany occupying forces. Later, Tito set up a communist government in Yugoslavia, but he pursued a path independent of Moscow. He refused to join the Warsaw Pact and claimed to be neutral in the Cold War. After Tito's death and the fall of communism, a wave of nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart. The country consisted of six republics, including Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. In 1992, Slovenia and Croatia broke away after a bitter conflict with Serbia. That year, another conflict erupted in Bosnia, which declared independence. Most Bosnians were Muslims, but many Serbs and Croats lived there. Bosnian Serbs rejected independence, and with money and arms from Serbia, they seized much of Bosnia. In a brutal war, Serbs practiced "ethnic cleansing," forcibly removing other ethnic groups from the areas they controlled. Hundreds of thousands of Bosnians became refugees. Others were tortured or killed. Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, came under a deadly siege by Bosnian Serb forces.

The Constitution is the framework of the American gov't. Describe its characteristics.

-It created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal, or national, government and the states. -It provided for both an elected legislature and an elected president. -To prevent any branch of government from becoming too powerful, the it set up a series of checks and balances. Under this system, each branch of the government has the right to monitor and limit each of the other branches. -The Bill of Rights, or the first ten amendments to the Constitution, recognized the idea that citizens have basic rights that the government must protect. These included freedom of religion, speech, and the press. It also affirmed legal ideas, such as the right to trial by jury and the principle that no one may be forced to testify against him-or herself. The Bill of Rights, like the Constitution, put Enlightenment ideas into practice.

What was the main challenge of establishing a unified country of India?

1. After WWII, Hindus and Muslims were in conflict so they thought making two different countries: India and Pakistan 2. Muslims took Pakistan 3. Hindus took India

Describe the obstacles to Arab-Israeli peace.

1. The Palestinian refugees who fled or were forced off their lands in earlier wars: they and their descendants want the "right of return," or the right to resettle on their land in Israel proper. Israelis oppose this demand, which could overwhelm the only Jewish state with large numbers of Palestinians. Israelis view this demand as an attempt to destroy Israel. 2. Jerusalem is a city sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jordan controlled East Jerusalem and the Old City from 1948 to 1967 and did not allow Jewish access to holy sites. Israel gained control in 1967 and later added it to the capital of Israel, reuniting the city of Jerusalem. Muslims and Christians control their holy sites within the city. Palestinians want East Jerusalem to be the capital of a future Palestinian state. 3. The issue of Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, areas claimed by Palestinians. Israel voluntarily withdrew all of its settlements in the Sinai and in Gaza but has not withdrawn from the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Disagreements about final borders affect negotiations over the future of the West Bank. 4. The issue of security. Israel fears that if extremists gained control over a Palestinian state, they could attack Israel as Hamas has done since Israel withdrew from Gaza. Israel therefore wants to limit the military capacity of any Palestinian state and control security in the area. Palestinians argue that security will improve when Palestinians have their own state. 5. How to allocate and protect water resources. The distribution of water resources impacts negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians concerning the control of the water supply, water consumption, and the costs of investments in water management. The rights to water resources are also major issues between countries in the region.

Describe some of the challenges to the environment.

1. global warming: the increase in Earth's average surface temperature over time 2. sustainability: development that balances people's needs today with the need to preserve the environment for future generations 3. deforestation: the destruction of forest land 4. epidemic: outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease 5. erosion: the wearing away of land 6. famine: a severe shortage of food in which large numbers of people starve

Ayatollah Khomeini:

A Iranian religious leader who condemned Western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law. He and his followers would eventually overthrow the Shah and declare the Islamic Republic of Iran.'

How did WWII end?

After Japan failed to accept Allied surrender terms, Truman ordered the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The destruction was unlike anything the world had seen.

What were the effects of the Crimean War?

Alexander II came to the throne during the Crimean War. The war had broken out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands along the Danube River. Britain, France, and Sardinia stepped in to help the Ottomans by sending armies into the Russian Crimea, a peninsula that juts into the Black Sea. The war, which ended in a Russian defeat, revealed the country's backwardness. Russia had only a few miles of railroads, and the military bureaucracy was hopelessly inefficient.

What were the effects of the Napoleonic Code?

Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a new code of laws, popularly called the Napoleonic Code. It embodied Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism. At the same time, the Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Women, for example, lost most of their newly gained rights and could not exercise the rights of citizenship. Male heads of households regained complete authority over their wives and children. Again, Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights.

Describe the impact of Napoleonic invasions on Germany.

Between 1806 and 1812, Napoleon made important territorial changes in German-speaking lands. He annexed lands along the Rhine River for France. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire by forcing the emperor of Austria to agree to the lesser title of king. He also organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation. At first, some Germans welcomed the French emperor as a hero with enlightened, modern policies. He encouraged freeing the serfs, made trade easier, and abolished laws against Jews. However, not all Germans appreciated Napoleon and his changes. As people fought to free their lands from French rule, a sense of German nationalism emerged. They began to demand a unified German state. Napoleon's defeat did not resolve the issue. At the Congress of Vienna, Metternich opposed nationalist demands. A united Germany, he argued, would require dismantling the governments of the many German states. Instead, conservative peacemakers created the German Confederation, a weak alliance headed by Austria.

Understand the suffrage movement.

By the late 1800s, married women in some countries had won the right to control their own property. The struggle for political rights proved far more difficult. In the United States, the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanded that women be granted the right to vote. In Europe, groups dedicated to women's suffrage, or women's right to vote, emerged in the later 1800s. In Britain, the first petition for women's suffrage was presented to Parliament in 1867. The suffragist movement continued until Parliament finally granted women over 30 the right to vote in 1918. Women gained the same voting rights as men in 1928. Among men, some liberals and socialists supported women's suffrage. In general, though, suffragists faced intense opposition. Some critics claimed that women were too emotional to be allowed to vote. Others argued that women needed to be "protected" from grubby politics or that a woman's place was in the home, not in government. To such claims, Sojourner Truth, an African American suffragist, is credited with replying, "Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?" On the edges of the Western world, women made faster strides. In New Zealand, Australia, and some western territories of the United States, women won the vote by the early 1900s. There, women who had "tamed the frontier" alongside men were not dismissed as weak and helpless. In the United States, Wyoming became the first state to grant women the right to vote. In much of the Western world, however, the women's suffrage struggle took much longer. By 1920, women in Britain and the United States had finally won the vote

Commissar:

Communist party official assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty during the Russian Revolution

Describe how the wartime alliance of the Allies broke down following WWII.

Conflicting ideologies and mutual distrust soon led to the conflict known as the Cold War.

Impact of Enlightenment of French Revolution:

Declaration of the Rights of Man: In late August, as a first step toward writing a constitution, the Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. The document was modeled in part on the American Declaration of Independence, written 13 years earlier. All men, the French declaration announced, were "born and remain free and equal in rights." They enjoyed natural rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression." Like the writings of Locke and the philosophies, the declaration insisted that governments exist to protect the natural rights of citizens. The declaration further proclaimed that all male citizens were equal before the law. Every French man had an equal right to hold public office "with no distinction other than that of their virtues and talents." It affirmed the legal idea that no person could be arrested, tried or imprisoned except according to the law. In addition, the declaration asserted freedom of religion and called for taxes to be levied according to ability to pay. Its principles were captured in the enduring slogan of the French Revolution, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." Some women were disappointed that the Declaration of the Rights of Man did not grant equal citizenship to them. In 1791, Olympe de Gouges (oh LAMP duh GOOZH) demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. "Woman is born free," she proclaimed, "and her rights are the same as those of man." She called for all citizens, men or women, to be equally eligible for all public offices. De Gouges and other women who pushed the cause of women's rights were often ridiculed or sometimes imprisoned and executed.

List the military technologies and types of warfare during WWI.

During World War I, advances in technology, such as the gasoline-powered engine, led the opposing forces to use tanks, airplanes, and submarines against each other. Machine gun- This weapon was invented in the late-1800s but became more common in World War I, resulting in the widespread use of trench warfare. It killed and wounded many. Poison Gas- blinded or choked its victims or caused agonizing burns and blisters. It could be fatal. Though soldiers were eventually given gas masks, poison gas remained one of the most dreaded hazards of the war.

Why did the Zapatistas rebel in Mexico?

During a long, complex power struggle in the Mexican government, several radical leaders emerged. They sometimes joined forces but then fought each other. In southern Mexico, Emiliano Zapata led a peasant revolt. Zapata, an Indian peasant farmer, understood the misery of peasant villagers. The battle cry of the Zapatistas, as these rebels were called, was "Tierra y libertad!" which means "land and freedom."

Western Germany:

During the Cold War, this side of Germany resisted communist control, instead allying with the United States and other NATO nations.

Mensheviks:

During the Russian Revolution this group was led by Alexander Kerensky and called for a less-radical government than the one that eventually emerged following the end of Tzarist rule in Russia.

Describe some of the characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution

During the second Industrial Revolution, the pace of change quickened as companies hired professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery. The union of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth.

How have breakthroughs in medicine and biotechnology helped developing nations?

Every year, new developments in medicine improve treatments for diseases. In recent decades, scientists and engineers have made great advances in biotechnology, or the application of biological research to industry, engineering, and technology. Better diagnoses and treatments of disease have reduced infant mortality and helped people live longer. New genetically modified crops have increased food supplies. Overall, standards of living have risen worldwide.

Describe how Argentina established a democratic government.

From 1946 to 1955, nationalist president Juan Perón enjoyed great support from workers. While Perón wooed the urban poor, his authoritarian government stifled opposition until he was he was ousted in a 1955 military coup. In 1982, the military hoped to mask economic troubles by seizing the British-ruled Falkland Islands. In the brief but decisive war, the British retook the islands. Defeat in the Falklands War undermined the military, and it was forced to hold free elections. In 1983, Argentina gained a democratically elected government. Despite economic setbacks and corruption scandals, democracy has survived in Argentina.

Describe American imperialism in Panama

From the late 1800s, the United States had wanted to build a canal across Panama in Central America. A canal would let American warships move between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and protect its coastlines on either side of the continent. Shorter shipping times would also greatly reduce the cost of trade. Panama, however, belonged to Colombia, which refused to sell the United States land for the canal. In 1903, the United States backed a revolt by Panamanians against Colombia. The Panamanians quickly won independence and gave the United States control of the land to build the canal.

Sun Yat Sen:

He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of the Republic of China" for his leadership of the Nationalists against the Qing Dynasty in the early Twentieth Century.

Describe the tactics of Gandhi.

He preached a philosophy of nonviolent protest. His philosophy was based on the ancient Hindu and Jain doctrine of ahimsa, or nonviolence and reverence for all life. By using the power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action. To fight against injustice, he advocated the use of nonviolent resistance.

Stalin's Goals:

He wanted to spread Communism and create a buffer zone of friendly governments as a defense against Germany, which had invaded Russia during World War I and again in 1941. His goals did not line up with the promises of "free elections" made during the Yalta Conference. Breaking these promises, ultimately increased tension between the USSR and US.

Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what impact did he have on Kenya?

He was a Nationalist leader and Kikuyu spokesman who called for nonviolent resistance to end oppressive laws. The British claimed he was a secret leader of the Mau Mau, a Kenyan guerilla warfare group, and imprisoned him. In 1963, the British finally withdrew, and Kenyatta became the first president of an independent Kenya.

Who was the Ayatollah Khomeini and what was his relationship like with his people and with Americans?

He was a religious leader, who condemned Western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law. In 1979, massive protests drove the shah from power. Khomeini and his supporters proclaimed the Islamic Republic of Iran. The new government was a theocracy, or government by religious leaders. The Iranian Revolution introduced strict Islamic law. Like the shah, the new leaders silenced critics. In 1979, Islamists seized the American embassy in the capital and held 52 hostages for more than a year.

Ahimsa:

Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life

What was the effect of the Berlin Conference on Africa?

Hundreds of languages are spoken across the continent of Africa, and it is nearly three times the size of Europe. Yet, by 1914 Europeans had claimed control of nearly all of it. The Berlin Conference opened the floodgates for this "scramble for Africa." European nations began forcing their way into Africa. The scramble to colonize was on. Europeans wanted colonies for economic growth, power, and prestige. In the 20 years following the Berlin Conference, the European powers claimed almost the entire continent of Africa, completely redrawing the map to their own benefit.

What were the effects of the Opium War?

In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing (NAHN jing). It was the first of a series of "unequal treaties" that forced China to give up rights to Western powers. Under the Treaty of Nanjing, Britain received a huge indemnity, or payment for losses in the war. The British also gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality, the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts. Finally, the treaty included a "most favored nation" clause. It said that if the Chinese granted rights to another nation, Britain would automatically receive the same rights. The Opium War was the first of a series of trading wars that set a pattern for later encounters between China and the West. France and the United States soon forced China to sign treaties, giving them rights similar to those the British had won. Western powers then continued to squeeze China to win additional rights, such as opening more ports to trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China.

Explain the significance of the phrase "powder keg of Europe" in reference to WWI.

In 1912, several Balkan states—Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro—attacked Turkey and succeeded in taking a large area of land away from Turkish control. The next year, they fought among themselves over the spoils of war. These brief but bloody Balkan wars raised tensions to a fever pitch. By 1914, the Balkans were called the "powder keg of Europe"—a barrel of gunpowder that a tiny spark might cause to explode.

Explain the American's commitment to total war.

In total war, nations devote all of their resources to the war effort. They directed economic resources into the war effort, ordering factories to stop making cars or refrigerators and to turn out airplanes or tanks instead. Governments implemented programs to ration, or control, the amount of certain vital goods consumers could buy. They censored the press and used propaganda to win public support for the war. Racial prejudice and concerns about security led to the internment, or confinement during wartime, of citizens of Japanese descent. Japanese Americans on the West Coast and Japanese Canadians were forced to move to camps inland, where conditions were very poor.

Describe the effects of the English Bill of Rights

It was a series of acts passed in 1689 by the English Parliament. * It limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament.

Cause for US to abandon Neutrality:

Lusitania- The sinking of this ship by German submarines heightened tensions between the US and Germany prior to World War I. Zimmerman Note- Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S.

The Long March:

Mao Zedong and about 100,000 of his followers fled the Guomindang in an epic retreat in 1934-1935. They trekked more than 6,000 miles, facing daily attacks as they crossed rugged mountains and raging rivers. Mao's forces used guerrilla, or irregular hit-and-run, tactics to fight back. Only about 20,000 of the marchers survived the ordeal. During the march, the Communists enforced strict discipline. Soldiers were told to treat peasants politely, pay for goods they wanted, and avoid damaging crops. Such behavior made Mao's forces welcome among peasants, many of whom had suffered greatly at the hands of the Guomindang. For decades, the Long March stood as a symbol of communist heroism and inspired new recruits to follow Mao

Causes of WWI: M.A.N.I.A

Militarism- This is the belief that a nation must develop and maintain a strong military force in order to pursue and defend its national interests. Alliance System- Alliances were made between European Countries supposedly to maintain a "balance of power," but this proved dangerous when one member of an alliance was threatened. Nationalism- This is often viewed as an extreme form of patriotism. Imperialism- domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Assassination- World War I began shortly after the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Ferdinand, Heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of the Serbian terrorist organization known as the "Black Hand," which promoted Serbian Nationalism.

Jomo Kenyatta:

Nationalist leader and Kikuyu spokesman who called for nonviolent resistance to end oppressive laws in Kenya.

Guomindang:

Nationalist party; active in China 1912 to 1949

How did natural resources and geography influence the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Natural Resources and Geography: During the 1700s, Britain began to take greater advantage of its abundant natural resources. Although Britain was a relatively small nation, it had large supplies of coal to power steam engines. Britain also had plentiful iron, which was used to build machines. Britain's geography also provided an advantage. As an island nation with many ports, Britain had long benefited from trade. Its ships brought raw materials from its overseas empire and exported finished goods. Britain also had streams and rivers that could be harnessed to provide water power. Many rivers were later developed with canals and then used to transport goods to internal markets. Labor and Capital: A large number of workers were needed to mine the coal and iron, build the factories, and run the machines. The agricultural revolution of the 1600s and 1700s freed many men and women from farm labor. The population boom that resulted from changes in agriculture further swelled the available work force. The growing population also increased the demand for goods, which industry supplied. To develop mining and other industries, capital was needed. Capital is money used to invest in enterprises. An enterprise is a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. Many business people were ready to risk their profits in new ventures. The capital that helped Britain industrialize came from landowners, banks, and merchants who profited from overseas trade, including the slave trade.

Why did the U.S. join WWII?

Pearl Harbor, a U.S. Naval base attacked by the Japanese in 1941, brought the U.S. into WW II.

The Partition of India:

Remember that Muslims residing in India opposed the vision of a unified India because of the fear of discrimination by a Hindu Majority. The British solution to this problem was to partition the new country into two separate nations, one Hindu and one Muslim.

Growing Anti-Semitism :

The Dreyfus case reflected the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution had spread ideas about religious toleration. In Western Europe, some Jews had gained jobs in government, universities, and other areas of life. Others had achieved success in banking and business, but most struggled to survive in the ghettos of Eastern Europe or the slums of Western Europe. By the late 1800s, however, anti-Semitism was again on the rise. Anti-Semites were often members of the lower middle class who felt insecure in their social and economic position. Steeped in the new nationalist fervor, they adopted an aggressive intolerance for outsiders and a violent hatred of Jews.

Impact of Enlightenment on American Revolution:

The Framers of the Constitution had absorbed the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. Like Rousseau, the framers saw government in terms of a social contract among members of the community. A central feature of the new federal government—the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches—was borrowed directly from Montesquieu. The framers were also influenced by the ideas of an English legal scholar of the 1700s, William Blackstone, who shared many of Locke's ideas. Blackstone's writings greatly informed the legal ideas contained in the Constitution and a good portion of American law to the present day. For example, his famous statement that "the law holds it better that ten guilty persons escape, than that one innocent party suffer" is reflected in the Constitutional rights given to people accused of crimes.

Describe American expansionism.

The growth of the US and the move west to ensure more land was owned by the Federal Government. This increase tensions on many issues but the main split in the US over western expansion was the expansion of slavery.

What was the Dreyfus Affair and what were its effects?

The most serious and divisive scandal began in 1894. The scandal involved a French army officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who was charged with treason. His trial and conviction ignited a decades-long controversy known as the Dreyfus Affair.

What were the economic changes Russia experienced after the end of the Cold War?

They set out to build stable democratic governments and replace their old command economies with free-market economies. They privatized industries and stopped keeping prices for basic goods and services low. They ended many benefits from the old days such as free tuition at universities.

Nicholas II:

This Russian Tzar oversaw the loss of the Russo-Japanese War and the end of the Romanov Dynasty.

Be prepared to put the main events of the Russian Revolution in chronological order.

This began in 1917 when Menshiviks overthrew Tzar Nicholas II and continued when then the Bolsheviks overthrew the Menshiviks. copy and paste this link to study the timeline: https://quizlet.com/1924698/russian-revolution-timeline-flash-cards/

Vietnam War:

This conflict was fought between the Democratic Republic of this country- and its Communist allies- and the Republic of this country and it's allies, namely the United States. The US justified involvement by saying it was to prevent the spread of Communism.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare:

This is a naval tactic where submarines sink merchant ships without warning.

What is appeasement and how did it influence WWII?

This is a policy of accepting imposed conditions by one country to avoid combat with another. France was demoralized, suffering from political divisions at home. It could not take on Hitler without British support. The British, however, had no desire to confront the German dictator. Some even thought that Hitler's actions constituted a justifiable response to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which they believed had been too harsh on Germany.

Iron Curtain:

This is a western name for the boundary which symbolically and physically divided Europe from the end of WWII until the end of the Cold War.

Communism:

This is an economic system proposed by Karl Marx in which all means of production are owned by the proletariat, but are controlled by the government when practiced by countries such as the Soviet Union and China.

Hiroshima:

This is the Japanese city that was the first to be subjected to nuclear warfare to bring about the end of WWII.

Perestroika:

This is the Russian term used for the economic reforms set in place by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. It literally means restructuring.

VE Day:

This is the name given to the end of World War II in Europe in May of 1945. It stands for "Victory in Europe" Day.

VJ Day:

This is the name given to the surrender of Japan and the end of fighting in the Pacific Theatre of World War II in August of 1945.

Bolsheviks:

This is the name of the group that led the Russian Revolution of 1917 and later changed their name to the Communist Party.

Nagasaki:

This is the name of the second city to be attacked with an atomic weapon during World War II.

Trench Warfare:

This is the term used to describe the battle strategy of digging corridors in the earth in order to avoid enemy gunfire. An underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements. Between the opposing trench lines lay "no man's land," an empty tract.

What were the effects of the Treaty of Versailles?

This was an international agreement signed in 1919 that ended WWI. Reparations: This term refers to the monetary payments and property that Germany was forced to cede under the Treaty of Versailles following its defeat during WWI.

What was the domino theory and how did it affect the American's involvement in the Vietnam War?

This was the belief that if one land in a region came under the influence of communists, then more would follow. America believed a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across Southeast Asia to fall to communism—like a row of dominoes. To prevent such a disaster, the United States stepped in to shore up the Diem government.

Manhattan Project:

This was the effort during WWII to develop the first nuclear weapons of the United States in collaboration with the U.K. and Canada.

Berlin Wall:

This was the most prominent part of the GDR border system and a symbol of the cold war that separated the East and West, communist and non-communist, parts of this German city.

Atomic Bomb:

This was the nuclear weapon used by the U.S. to force Japan to surrender during WWII.

What were the causes of the Armenian Genocide?

Traditionally, the Ottomans allowed its diverse religious and ethnic groups to live in their own communities and practice their own religions. By the 1890s, however, nationalism was igniting new tensions between Ottoman rulers and minority peoples. Spurred by Turkish nationalism, Ottoman rulers feared a further breakup of the empire. These tensions led to increasing persecution and eventually a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people concentrated in the eastern mountains of the empire. Genocide is a deliberate and systematic killing of people who belong to a particular racial, ethnic, or cultural group.

Truman Doctrine:

United States policy, established in 1947, of trying to contain the spread of communism

Explain the cause of China's one child policy.

With more than 1.3 billion people, China has the world's largest population. To slow population growth, in the 1980s, the government imposed a one-child policy, which limited urban families to a single child and allowed rural families two children.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

a military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union's communist bloc; countries from other regions later joined the alliance.

Absolute Monarchs:

a ruler who rules alone and has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs

Neutrality Acts:

a series of acts passed by the U.S. Congress from 1935 to 1939 that aimed to keep the U.S. from becoming involved in WWII

Lend-Lease Act:

act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1941 that allowed the president (FDR) to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the United States

Hyperinflation:

an extremely rapid and sharp rise in prices that causes money to lose value

Fascism:

any centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist, whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights.

Black Shirt:

any member of the militant combat squads of Italian Fascists set up under Mussolini

Be prepared to put the main events of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War in chronological order.

copy and paste this link to study the timeline: https://quizlet.com/37992133/timeline-end-of-cold-war-key-events-flash-cards/

How did industrialization lead to imperialism?

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Europe practiced imperialism to bring in resources and raw materials to continue their widespread industrial growth.

Totalitarian state:

government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens' lives

Civil disobedience:

intentionally breaking unjust laws to end British rule and achieve Indian independence.

Nuremberg Laws:

laws approved by the Nazi party in 1935 depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking some rights away from them

What was the Marshall Plan?

massive aid package offered by the U.S. to Europe to help countries rebuild after World War II

Yalta Conference:

meeting between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in February 1945 where the three leaders made agreements regarding the end of World War II. The meeting took place in an atmosphere of distrust. Stalin insisted that the Soviet Union needed to maintain control of Eastern Europe to be able to protect itself from future aggression. Churchill and Roosevelt favored self-determination for Eastern Europe, which would give people the right to choose their own form of government. Although Stalin agreed to hold free elections in the newly liberated nations of Eastern Europe, he soon showed he had no intention of upholding that promise.

The Warsaw Pact:

mutual-defense alliance between the Soviet Union and seven satellites in Eastern Europe set up in 1955

Third Reich:

official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany; held power from 1933 to 1945

Pacifism:

opposition to all war. Many countries avoided confrontation because they were disgusted with the destruction WWI caused.

Rosie the Riveter:

popular name for women who worked in war industries during World War II

Cold War:

state of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the United States on one side and the Soviet Union on the other that rarely led to direct armed conflict

Containment:

the U.S. strategy of limiting communism to the areas already under Soviet control

Absolutism:

the belief of complete and unrestricted power in government

Define Green Revolution:

the improved seeds, pesticides, mechanical equipment, and farming methods introduced in the developing world beginning in the 1950s

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:

the new name of Russia after the Bolsheviks took over

Explain the aspects of globalization.

the process by which national economies, politics, cultures, and societies become closely linked with those of other nations around the world

How did the Allies respond to the Holocaust?

the systematic genocide of about six million European Jews by the Nazis in World War II. Jewish Refugees: In the midst of the Great Depression, many Americans worried that refugees would take jobs away from them and overburden social welfare programs. Many expressed sympathy for the refugees, but most countries, including the United States and Britain, offered excuses for not accepting more refugees. Action of the Allies: After the war began, the Allies were mostly concerned with military strategy. By 1942, the Allies knew that Jews were being taken to death camps in Poland, but often kept this information classified. They refused to release early photographs taken of the camps. Over the next two years, both Britain and the United States considered the idea of bombing Auschwitz, but neither country took action, focusing instead on their ultimate war aim to defeat the Nazis. The only way to rescue Jews, argued some U.S. officials, was to win the war as fast as possible. Liberation of the Camps: he Allies only became fully aware of the enormity of the Nazi genocide program toward the end of the war, as Soviet and American troops began liberating the camps. These liberators, hardened by war, were not prepared to see the horrors of the concentration camps.

Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931):

was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. He was responsible for introducing the reforms (glasnost and perestroika) that brought about the breakup of the Soviet Union and the end of Soviet domination of Eastern Europe. He was driven from office by his popular rival, democratic advocate Boris Yeltsin, in 1991.

What were the effects of the global Great Depression in the Post WWI era?

was the longest, most severe economic downturn to strike the industrialized Western world. The economic problems quickly spread around the world. American banks stopped investing or making loans abroad and demanded repayment of foreign loans. Without new investments, European prosperity slowed and unemployment rose.