BIOL 1543 Exam 4

Lichens

represent symbiotic relationships between a fungus cyanobacteria or green algae, efficient at acquiring nutrients and moisture, can colonize poor soil, rocky surfaces, are primary colonizers because they produce organic matter and soil that supports plants

Ciliates (protozoans)

Unicellular protists including heterotrophs, named for their use of cilia to move and to sweep food into their mouth

Yeasts

Unicellular sac fungi, bread, wine, and beer

Characteristics of Protists

Very diverse Many unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms Have meiosis and sex Have Mitochondria

Protists gain nutrition through: photoautotrophs, called algae,

producing their food through photosynthesis

4 types of eukaryotes

protists, fungi, plants, animals

Archaeplastids

red algae, green algae, land plants

What do fungi cell walls contain?

chitin

Aspergillus used to produce

citric acid

Stems

conduct water to the land

Some green algae reproduce by

conjugation

Cup fungi, morels, and truffles have

conspicuous ascocarps

Ciliates may contain this to regulate water in their cells

contractile vacuole

Ascomycetes (sac fungi) were named after

cup-like sexual reproductive structure, the ascocarp

As plants adapted to land, the size of the gametophyte

decreased

Protists gain nutrition through: heterotrophs, called parasites,

derive their nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction

Plasmodium slime molds

diploid multinucleate plasmodium, plasmodium develops many sporangia during unfavorable conditions, the spores survive until most and able to germinate, spores release haploid amoebae, haploid amoebae eat decomposers and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse

Protists gain nutrition through: heterotrophs, called protozoans,

eating bacteria and other protists

"Excavate" refers to

feeding groove

how are ferns different from mosses?

ferns have vascular tissue

We have bread and beer because of

fungi

Opisthokonts

fungi, animals, choanoflagellates, most are saprophytic, some parasitic

Disadvantages to life on land

gametes, zygotes, and embryos must be kept moist and must obtain and move water throughout body

Vascular Plant

have true roots, stems, and leaves

First plant appeared

450 million years ago

T/F Chromalveolates are very large and diverse

True

T/F Sex is universal to Eukarya

True

Diatoms

Unicellular algae, 20%-25% of photosynthesis on earth, glassy cell wall containing silica, freshwater and marine, diatomaceous earth formed from fossilized remains, used as filter or in abrasives

As plants adapted to land, the size of the sporophyte

increased

Fronds are

megaphylls

Advantages to life on land

more sunlight and fewer herbivores, initially

polytomy

more than two branches from a single node

Example of a nonvascular plant

moss

Seed plants

most plentiful plants today, seeds germinate under favorable conditions, stored food is the source of nutrition, seeds are adaptations to life on land, spores have a single cell, seeds are multicellular

Plants are related to algae that

moved onto dry land

Mosses

nonvascular plants, small, seedless, live in moist areas, gametophyte generation is dominant, flagellated sperm swim to the egg, sporophyte relies on parent plant, spores released form time capsule grow into new gametophyte

Gingkoes

only one species survives- Gingko biloba, females produce bad smelling seeds, male trees are preferred for ornamental planting, ginkoes are resistant to pollution and disease

Amoeba

organisms with pseudopodia

Penicillium

original source of the antibiotic penicilin

Green algae

photosynthetic protists that derive energy from the sun

Coal formed from

plants of the Carboniferous period

Fertilization

pollen grows a pollen tube to the egg and deposits sperm cells, ovule matures into seed

Dinoflagellates

Unicellular algae, causes "blooms" in polluted coastal waters, red tides and bioluminescent ocean

5 major evolutionary stages of land plants

1. development of embryo protection 2. development of vascular tissue (to get taller) 3. development of megaphylls (large leaves) 4. development of seeds 5. development of flowers

Furthest out point is the Universal Eukaryotic ancestor about

1.7 billion years ago

Charophyte

A member of the green algal group that are considered the closest relatives of land plants

Chromalveolates

Brown algae, diatoms, ciliates, dinoflagellates

Nearest relative to plants

Charophyte green algae of freshwater

Plants and algae have

Chlorophyll a and b Store carbohydrates as starch Have cellulose in cell walls

Lycophytes

Club mosses, among first land plants with vascular tissue, well-developed roots, stems, and leaves, sends up upright stems, small leaves called microphylls with single vein, sporangia are borne on terminal clusters of leaves

Sporophyte

Diploid (2n) , produces spores by meiosis

T/F In land plants, meiosis leads directly to gametes

False

T/F Only Protists have Mitochondria

False, All Eukarya have mitochondria

T/F Ferns seeds form on the bottom of fronds or leaves

False, ferns don't have seeds

T/F There is only one way that protists gain nutrition

False, there are 4

T/F Amoebozoans are most closely related to Chromalveolates

False, they are most closely related to Opisthokonts

Example of a vascular plant

Fern and Lycophyte

Spirogyra

Filamentous green algae, cell has a ribbon-like chloroplast, reproduce by conjugation, cell walls connect by a tube and haploid cells fuse

Excavates

Flagellates, most are heterotrophic protozoans that propel themselves using one or more flagella

Aboemozoans

Free-living amoebae, feed by phagocytosis

Gametophyte

Haploid (n), produces gametes by mitosis, a sperm and egg fuse and form a diploid zygote

Euglenid, like euglena

Have flagella, photosynthesis, mixotrophy, eyesight for detecting light intensity

Protist

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi

Chlorophyte

Most abundant and diverse group of green algae

Naked seeds (Gymnosperms)

Most are cone-bearing, ovules located on the surfaces of their cone scales later become seeds, no enclosing tissue around seeds

Brown algae (seaweeds)

Multicellular and marine, brown because of pigments, include kelp, primary producers for diverse and productive community

Two forms of green algae

charophytes and chlorophytes

Myccorhizae

Mutualistic relationship with plant roots (allows plants to grow more successfully in poor soils), plant provides product of photosynthesis to fungus, fungus provides minerals and water to plant roots,

Pollination

Pollen grains are carried to female part of plant containing ovules

Job of green algae

Possess chlorophyll, store reserve food as starch, have cell walls of cellulose

Sac fungi reproduce by

Producing chains of asexual spores called conidia

Carboniferous Period

Seedless vascular plants dominated vast swampy "coal forests", when these plants died they formed peat deposits that eventually formed coal

Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

Sexual reproductions structure is a basidium, contained within a basidiocarp (which is the edible part of a mushroom)

T/F Almost all plants form myccorhizal relationships

True

node

a branch point

Mycelium

a mass of hyphae

Plasmodium

a single cell, large and multinucleate, feed on decomposers on dead plant matter

Roots

absorb water from the soil

Adaptations and Uses of conifers

adapted to cold, dry weather, needle-like leaces conserve water with thick cuticle, pollen cones and seed cones, wood for construction and paper, resin for rosin and turpentine

Leaves

allow exchange of gases and regulate water evaporation

Seed coat contains

an embryo and stored food

Seed coat allows

an embryo to survive during long periods of dormancy

Kelp in brown algae

attached to seafloor, reaches 60 meters in length

Conifers

best known gymnosperms, pine, spruce, fir, cedar, redwood, and cypress

Hyphae

body of a mass of individual filaments

Dinoflagellates usually have

cellulose plates and two flagella

Gymnosperms and angiosperm are

seed plants

Ferns

seedless vascular plants, sporophyte dominant, fronds grow from horizontal stem, fronds often compound - with leaflets, spores often found on bottom of frond, fiddle heads often edible

Angiosperm

seeds develop from an ovule within an ovary (the vessel), ovary becomes the fruit, produce covered seeds

An example of a charaophyte

spirogyra

Fruiting bodies

spores release amoebae

In vascular plants, what is the dominant generation?

sporophyte

Ovule

the egg and surrounding supportive tissues

The endosymbiotic theory

the mitochondria and chloroplasts first arose when a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic or photosynthetic bacterium, respectively

Fungi are classified based on

their mode of sexual reproduction

Receptacle

tip of stalk that bears flowers

how many branches do we like to see at every point?

two

In alternation of generations in plants,

two multicellular individuals alternate, each producing the other

Protists gain nutrition through: mixotrophs,

using photosynthesis and heterotrophy

Seedless vascular plants produce

windblown spores