BIOL 1543 Exam 4
Lichens
represent symbiotic relationships between a fungus cyanobacteria or green algae, efficient at acquiring nutrients and moisture, can colonize poor soil, rocky surfaces, are primary colonizers because they produce organic matter and soil that supports plants
Ciliates (protozoans)
Unicellular protists including heterotrophs, named for their use of cilia to move and to sweep food into their mouth
Yeasts
Unicellular sac fungi, bread, wine, and beer
Characteristics of Protists
Very diverse Many unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms Have meiosis and sex Have Mitochondria
Protists gain nutrition through: photoautotrophs, called algae,
producing their food through photosynthesis
4 types of eukaryotes
protists, fungi, plants, animals
Archaeplastids
red algae, green algae, land plants
What do fungi cell walls contain?
chitin
Aspergillus used to produce
citric acid
Stems
conduct water to the land
Some green algae reproduce by
conjugation
Cup fungi, morels, and truffles have
conspicuous ascocarps
Ciliates may contain this to regulate water in their cells
contractile vacuole
Ascomycetes (sac fungi) were named after
cup-like sexual reproductive structure, the ascocarp
As plants adapted to land, the size of the gametophyte
decreased
Protists gain nutrition through: heterotrophs, called parasites,
derive their nutrition from a living host, which is harmed by the interaction
Plasmodium slime molds
diploid multinucleate plasmodium, plasmodium develops many sporangia during unfavorable conditions, the spores survive until most and able to germinate, spores release haploid amoebae, haploid amoebae eat decomposers and reproduce or act as gametes and fuse
Protists gain nutrition through: heterotrophs, called protozoans,
eating bacteria and other protists
"Excavate" refers to
feeding groove
how are ferns different from mosses?
ferns have vascular tissue
We have bread and beer because of
fungi
Opisthokonts
fungi, animals, choanoflagellates, most are saprophytic, some parasitic
Disadvantages to life on land
gametes, zygotes, and embryos must be kept moist and must obtain and move water throughout body
Vascular Plant
have true roots, stems, and leaves
First plant appeared
450 million years ago
T/F Chromalveolates are very large and diverse
True
T/F Sex is universal to Eukarya
True
Diatoms
Unicellular algae, 20%-25% of photosynthesis on earth, glassy cell wall containing silica, freshwater and marine, diatomaceous earth formed from fossilized remains, used as filter or in abrasives
As plants adapted to land, the size of the sporophyte
increased
Fronds are
megaphylls
Advantages to life on land
more sunlight and fewer herbivores, initially
polytomy
more than two branches from a single node
Example of a nonvascular plant
moss
Seed plants
most plentiful plants today, seeds germinate under favorable conditions, stored food is the source of nutrition, seeds are adaptations to life on land, spores have a single cell, seeds are multicellular
Plants are related to algae that
moved onto dry land
Mosses
nonvascular plants, small, seedless, live in moist areas, gametophyte generation is dominant, flagellated sperm swim to the egg, sporophyte relies on parent plant, spores released form time capsule grow into new gametophyte
Gingkoes
only one species survives- Gingko biloba, females produce bad smelling seeds, male trees are preferred for ornamental planting, ginkoes are resistant to pollution and disease
Amoeba
organisms with pseudopodia
Penicillium
original source of the antibiotic penicilin
Green algae
photosynthetic protists that derive energy from the sun
Coal formed from
plants of the Carboniferous period
Fertilization
pollen grows a pollen tube to the egg and deposits sperm cells, ovule matures into seed
Dinoflagellates
Unicellular algae, causes "blooms" in polluted coastal waters, red tides and bioluminescent ocean
5 major evolutionary stages of land plants
1. development of embryo protection 2. development of vascular tissue (to get taller) 3. development of megaphylls (large leaves) 4. development of seeds 5. development of flowers
Furthest out point is the Universal Eukaryotic ancestor about
1.7 billion years ago
Charophyte
A member of the green algal group that are considered the closest relatives of land plants
Chromalveolates
Brown algae, diatoms, ciliates, dinoflagellates
Nearest relative to plants
Charophyte green algae of freshwater
Plants and algae have
Chlorophyll a and b Store carbohydrates as starch Have cellulose in cell walls
Lycophytes
Club mosses, among first land plants with vascular tissue, well-developed roots, stems, and leaves, sends up upright stems, small leaves called microphylls with single vein, sporangia are borne on terminal clusters of leaves
Sporophyte
Diploid (2n) , produces spores by meiosis
T/F In land plants, meiosis leads directly to gametes
False
T/F Only Protists have Mitochondria
False, All Eukarya have mitochondria
T/F Ferns seeds form on the bottom of fronds or leaves
False, ferns don't have seeds
T/F There is only one way that protists gain nutrition
False, there are 4
T/F Amoebozoans are most closely related to Chromalveolates
False, they are most closely related to Opisthokonts
Example of a vascular plant
Fern and Lycophyte
Spirogyra
Filamentous green algae, cell has a ribbon-like chloroplast, reproduce by conjugation, cell walls connect by a tube and haploid cells fuse
Excavates
Flagellates, most are heterotrophic protozoans that propel themselves using one or more flagella
Aboemozoans
Free-living amoebae, feed by phagocytosis
Gametophyte
Haploid (n), produces gametes by mitosis, a sperm and egg fuse and form a diploid zygote
Euglenid, like euglena
Have flagella, photosynthesis, mixotrophy, eyesight for detecting light intensity
Protist
Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi
Chlorophyte
Most abundant and diverse group of green algae
Naked seeds (Gymnosperms)
Most are cone-bearing, ovules located on the surfaces of their cone scales later become seeds, no enclosing tissue around seeds
Brown algae (seaweeds)
Multicellular and marine, brown because of pigments, include kelp, primary producers for diverse and productive community
Two forms of green algae
charophytes and chlorophytes
Myccorhizae
Mutualistic relationship with plant roots (allows plants to grow more successfully in poor soils), plant provides product of photosynthesis to fungus, fungus provides minerals and water to plant roots,
Pollination
Pollen grains are carried to female part of plant containing ovules
Job of green algae
Possess chlorophyll, store reserve food as starch, have cell walls of cellulose
Sac fungi reproduce by
Producing chains of asexual spores called conidia
Carboniferous Period
Seedless vascular plants dominated vast swampy "coal forests", when these plants died they formed peat deposits that eventually formed coal
Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
Sexual reproductions structure is a basidium, contained within a basidiocarp (which is the edible part of a mushroom)
T/F Almost all plants form myccorhizal relationships
True
node
a branch point
Mycelium
a mass of hyphae
Plasmodium
a single cell, large and multinucleate, feed on decomposers on dead plant matter
Roots
absorb water from the soil
Adaptations and Uses of conifers
adapted to cold, dry weather, needle-like leaces conserve water with thick cuticle, pollen cones and seed cones, wood for construction and paper, resin for rosin and turpentine
Leaves
allow exchange of gases and regulate water evaporation
Seed coat contains
an embryo and stored food
Seed coat allows
an embryo to survive during long periods of dormancy
Kelp in brown algae
attached to seafloor, reaches 60 meters in length
Conifers
best known gymnosperms, pine, spruce, fir, cedar, redwood, and cypress
Hyphae
body of a mass of individual filaments
Dinoflagellates usually have
cellulose plates and two flagella
Gymnosperms and angiosperm are
seed plants
Ferns
seedless vascular plants, sporophyte dominant, fronds grow from horizontal stem, fronds often compound - with leaflets, spores often found on bottom of frond, fiddle heads often edible
Angiosperm
seeds develop from an ovule within an ovary (the vessel), ovary becomes the fruit, produce covered seeds
An example of a charaophyte
spirogyra
Fruiting bodies
spores release amoebae
In vascular plants, what is the dominant generation?
sporophyte
Ovule
the egg and surrounding supportive tissues
The endosymbiotic theory
the mitochondria and chloroplasts first arose when a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic or photosynthetic bacterium, respectively
Fungi are classified based on
their mode of sexual reproduction
Receptacle
tip of stalk that bears flowers
how many branches do we like to see at every point?
two
In alternation of generations in plants,
two multicellular individuals alternate, each producing the other
Protists gain nutrition through: mixotrophs,
using photosynthesis and heterotrophy
Seedless vascular plants produce
windblown spores