I/O Psych Ch. 9 Test
A topic that is included in organizational psychology is: A) teamwork. B) selection. C) job analysis. D) legal issues in hiring.
A
According to Hackman and Oldham (1980), which of these is a core job dimension? A) autonomy B) experienced responsibility C) contextual performance D) self-actualization
A
According to goal-setting theory, motivation is enhanced when employees accept and are committed to specific, difficult goals as well as when they: A) are given feedback regarding progress toward those goals. B) are rewarded for reaching those goals. C) can see the effort-to-performance link. D) can see the performance-to-outcome link.
A
According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a motivator? A) recognition B) salary C) working conditions D) supervision
A
According to the two-factor theory, which of these is an example of a motivator? A) responsibility B) salary C) working conditions D) supervision
A
Adan has set a standard for himself to "be productive" at work. According to control theory, how will Adan gauge whether or not he has met this standard? A) He might look at a checklist to see which tasks he has successfully completed. B) He might consider whether he felt he had control over his tasks, and, if he did not, he will not feel badly about missing some tasks. C) He will ask his supervisor for a raise. D) He will not be concerned about whether he has met his standard, and thus will not take the time to gauge his success.
A
An individual's interest in, and concern with, fairness-related activities in a workplace is referred to as: A) organizational justice. B) equity sensitivity. C) self-regulation. D) cognitive dissonance.
A
Carlos is an HR manager in a manufacturing plant who wants to motivate his employees. He uses job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Carlos will take is: A) helping employees see how their efforts produce a final product that satisfied customers. B) decreasing the autonomy employees have over their work. C) giving all employees a raise. D) setting difficult, specific goals for his employees.
A
Duke knows that good performance is rewarded with extra vacation time, and Duke really values having that vacation time so he can travel. In expectancy theory, Duke's expectation that he will be satisfied by having time off is known as: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) instrumentality. D) inputs.
A
Equity theory and expectancy theory are categorized as _____ theories of motivation. A) cognitive choice B) self-regulation C) need-motive-value D) hygiene
A
Erika is very bothered when she feels that she has been underrewarded for her work. According to recent research on equity sensitivity, Erika is MOST likely a(n): A) entitled. B) benevolent. C) expectancy. D) equity-sensitive.
A
Katy cannot attain her growth needs, so she refocuses her energy on satisfying her relatedness needs. Her situation would be best explained by: A) Alderfer's frustration-regression hypothesis. B) Herzberg's two-factor theory. C) job characteristics theory. D) positive psychology.
A
Larry wants to use organizational behavior management to help motivate his employees. What is the first step he should take? A) identify what behaviors need to be changed B) measure the behaviors he wants to change in order to get a baseline C) evaluate the success of the intervention by comparing current behaviors to a baseline D) examine the links between the targeted behaviors and current rewards and punishments
A
Maslow's physiological and safety needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs. A) existence B) rational C) growth D) relatedness
A
Nathan, a college student, diligently attends every class and studies hard for every exam as he is motivated by the need to fulfill his potential. According to Maslow, Nathan has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as: A) self-actualization. B) self-transcendence. C) growth. D) esteem.
A
New research examining equity sensitivity suggests that _____ are fairly tolerant of underreward inequity, whereas _____ are fairly tolerant of overreward inequity. A) benevolents; entitleds B) entitleds; benevolents C) grandees; proles D) proles; grandees
A
Paul is an HR manager who wants to motivate his employees using the job characteristics theory to guide his efforts. One step Paul should take is to: A) redesign jobs to be high on skill, variety, and autonomy. B) help employees reduce their inputs and increase their outcomes. C) improve employees' salaries and working conditions. D) set difficult, specific goals for his employees.
A
Tanya is studying for a statistics exam. She is more concerned with thoroughly understanding statistical concepts than about the grade that she will receive in the course. Tanya has adopted a: A) learning goal orientation. B) self-efficacy expectation. C) motivational goal orientation. D) performance goal orientation.
A
What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top? A) physiological needs, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization B) physiological needs, love, esteem, safety, self-actualization C) safety, esteem, love, physiological needs, self-actualization D) safety, physiological needs, esteem, love, self-actualization
A
Which of the following needs is included in Maslow's hierarchy? A) esteem B) identification C) growth D) altruism
A
Which of these is a component of work motivation? A) directing effort B) limiting effort C) controlling effort D) decreasing effort
A
Which of these is a way in which goal-setting changes behavior? A) Goals help people direct their attention. B) Goals help people decide if they are being paid fairly. C) Goals help people evaluating their inputs and outcomes. D) Goals help people compare themselves with others.
A
Which of these is one of the steps involved in the behavioral approach to human resources management? A) targeting behaviors that need to be changed B) examining the links between job descriptions and job specifications C) assessing employees' feelings of justice D) developing an action plan to describe how managers will achieve their goals
A
Which scenario is the BEST example of the overjustification effect? A) Regan used to like painting pictures. However, once she started getting paid for painting, she refused to paint unless she was paid to do so. B) Warren does not work very hard, so he claims his poor performance because his job is very difficult. C) Melinda feels that she is overpaid for her work. As a result, she works much harder and for longer hours than she would if she were paid less. D) Julian spends a great deal of time procrastinating so that he has to rush to finish his work. This way, when his work is poor quality, he can blame it on the rushing rather than on his abilities.
A
Which statement BEST describes the finding of Stajkovic and Luthan's (1997) meta-analysis on organizational behavior management (OBM)? A) Companies that used OBM experienced significant performance improvements. B) Companies that used OBM found that subjective performance increased, while objective performance decreased. C) Approximately 50% of companies found that OBM damaged performance. D) OBM appears to have no meaningful effect on performance.
A
Work motivation is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, _____, and sustains work behaviors. A) directs B) devotes C) limits D) decreases
A
Yang has given up trying to achieve an A in her psychology course because she believes that it is now impossible to earn that grade. According to control theory, Yang's belief represents: A) disengagement. B) performance goal orientation. C) equity sensitivity. D) benevolence.
A
_____ refer to a new workplace approach in which employees can negotiate with their supervisors about their job conditions and arrangements. A) Idiosyncratic deals B) Favor trees C) Ideographic deals D) Independence deals
A
A newspaper wants a saleswoman to increase her subscription sales. According to goal-setting theory, which of these goals will MOST likely to be effective in motivating this saleswoman? A) Sell at least one subscription when you can. B) Sell five new subscriptions per week. C) The company believes you can sell a lot of subscriptions. D) You can do it!
B
According to goal-setting theory, people will perform best when: A) they do not have any goals. B) they are assigned specific and difficult goals. C) they are assigned general and difficult goals. D) they are assigned specific and easy goals.
B
According to self-determination theory, employees need to feel a sense of belonging and connectedness to other individuals or groups. This sense is known as: A) esteem. B) relatedness. C) autonomy. D) expectancy.
B
According to self-determination theory, in order to be motivated, employees need to feel as though they are successful in their work. This feeling is known as: A) self-esteem B) competence C) autonomy D) expectancy
B
According to two-factor theory, "recognition" is an example of a(n) _____, and "supervision" is an example of a(n) _____. A) hygiene; motivator B) motivator; hygiene C) esteem need; relatedness need D) existence need; growth need
B
Bandura refers to the attention that individuals devote to feedback processes and to understanding their own performance and effort as: A) self-observation. B) self-evaluation. C) self-esteem. D) self-understanding.
B
Bandura's concept of self-efficacy refers to: A) how good an individual feels about himself or herself as a person. B) whether an individual feels he or she can successfully accomplish a task. C) whether an individual is focused on performance rather than learning. D) whether an individual is motivated by extrinsic rewards rather than intrinsic rewards.
B
Carlos believes that there is a strong relationship between studying for many hours and receiving an A on his next exam. According to expectancy theory, Carlo's belief reflects: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) regulation. D) instrumentality.
B
Forces that organize perceptions, beliefs, cognitions, and actions, and then give rise to behaviors that reduce these forces and bring about a steady state, are known as: A) traits. B) needs. C) expectancies. D) beliefs.
B
Greta is not at all bothered when she has been underrewarded for her work. According to recent research on equity sensitivity, Greta is MOST likely a(n): A) entitled. B) benevolent. C) expectancy. D) equity-impervious.
B
In organizational behavior management (OBM), the approach that focuses on the antecedents of behaviors, the behaviors themselves, and the consequences of the behaviors is referred to as: A) management by objectives. B) applied behavior analysis. C) job enrichment. D) job autonomy.
B
In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for competence, _____, and autonomy need to be met. A) hygiene B) relatedness C) valence D) expectancy
B
Interactional justice can be divided into two subtypes: interpersonal justice and: A) intellectual justice. B) informational justice C) individual justice. D) collective justice.
B
James is an administrative assistant whose main job is to answer phones and book appointments. However, he is also talented in programming, and modifies his job so that he can also update the company website because he finds that work engaging. James is engaging in: A) job modeling. B) job crafting. C) job flex. D) job plasticity.
B
Kia has received a poor grade in a class. When she visits her professor to discuss it, he explains in detail how her grade was decided, but he is very rude towards Kia. Kia likely experiences high _____ justice and low _____ justice. A) distributive; procedural B) informational; interactional C) distributive; informational D) interactional; informational
B
Monroe is a college professor who feels that she is well-regarded and respected by her students and her peers. According to Maslow, Monroe has reached the level of the needs hierarchy known as: A) safety. B) esteem. C) love. D) self-transcendence.
B
People's perceptions and beliefs about the fairness of their treatment at work affect their motivation, attitudes, and behaviors; this is the underlying idea behind the: A) ERG theory. B) equity theory. C) expectancy theory. D) social cognitive theory.
B
The study of human attributes, including well-being, optimism, creativity, and spirituality, is known as: A) industrial psychology. B) positive psychology. C) holistic psychology. D) organizational behavior management.
B
Which of these recommendations is supported by the job characteristics model? A) Job tasks should be simple and repetitive. B) Employees should understand how their efforts lead to meaningful outcomes. C) Employees with high levels of growth need strength should not be allowed to assume personal responsibility for their work. D) Supervisors should avoid giving regular constructive feedback to employees.
B
Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical research on equity theory? A) Research clearly demonstrates that if people feel underrewarded, they will increase their efforts. B) Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are underrewarded than if they are overrewarded. C) Empirical support is mixed; people are more likely to attempt to change their ratios if they are overrewarded than if they are underrewarded. D) Because the premises are difficult to test, very little research has been done on equity theory.
B
Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical support for Alderfer's ERG theory? A) Research indicates that the different stages cannot occur simultaneously. B) Most research was conducted by Alderfer himself and has mixed support. C) More research has been done on Maslow's theory than on Alderfer's theory. D) To date, there has not been any empirical research conducted on Alderfer's theory.
B
With respect to goal-setting theory, which of these statements is true? A) People perform best when their goals are specific and difficult. B) People perform best when they are able to choose their own goals. C) People perform best when they do not feel committed to their goals. D) People perform best when they do not receive feedback on their performance.
B
_____ is a context in which employees have the flexibility to customize or modify their own jobs. A) Job creation B) Job crafting C) Job flex D) Job plasticity
B
_____ is based on the premise that people's behaviors result from conscious choices among alternatives, and that these alternatives are evaluated with respect to valence, among other things. A) Equity theory B) Expectancy theory C) Self-determination theory D) Cognitive evaluation theory
B
_____ is the systematic study of dispositional and situational variables that influence the behaviors and experiences of individuals and groups at work. A) Management by objectives B) Organizational psychology C) Industrial psychology D) Human factors
B
_____ theories suggest that motivation is linked to the manner in which individuals monitor their own behaviors and adjust those behaviors in the pursuit of goals. A) Self-determination B) Self-regulation C) Cognitive choice D) Need
B
A topic included in organizational psychology is: A) selection. B) performance appraisal. C) leadership. D) job performance.
C
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of these needs takes precedence over all other needs? A) making friends B) gaining respect from colleagues C) drinking water to reduce thirst D) fulfilling one's purpose in one's life
C
According to equity theory, people compare their ratio of inputs and outcomes to: A) the outputs that they believe they should earn. B) the inputs they believe are valuable. C) the ratio of inputs and outputs of their peers. D) the ratio of inputs and outputs of CEOs.
C
According to equity theory, which of the following is an input? A) benefits B) feelings of satisfaction C) education level D) salary
C
According to self-determination theory, in order to be motivated, employees need to feel that they have personal control over their actions. This feeling is known as: A) relatedness B) competence C) autonomy D) valence
C
Angie perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Sally's, the ratios are not equal. Angie frequently volunteers to work many more hours than Sally, but she receives smaller bonuses compared to what Sally receives. According to equity theory, one way Angie can reduce her perceived inequity is to: A) increase the value she places on outcomes such as bonuses. B) increase her commitment to achieve a $1,000 bonus. C) stop volunteering to work extra hours. D) devote more time to conducting a self-evaluation.
C
Ella has learned that she will not be getting a bonus this year. She is particularly upset about this because her supervisor has not explained why she won't be getting the bonus and was rude to her when he told her the news. Ella is likely upset because of the low level of: A) distributive justice. B) procedural justice. C) interactional justice. D) individual justice.
C
In job characteristics theory, core job dimensions directly influence: A) growth need strength. B) personal and work outcomes .C) critical psychological states. D) internal motivation.
C
In organizational behavior management (OBM), the name of the ABC model of applied behavior analysis stands for: A) activities, bases, costs B) attention, behavior, cognition C) antecedent, behavior, consequence D) anticipate, believe, control.
C
In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for _____, relatedness, and autonomy need to be met. A) instrumentality B) safety C) competence D) expectancy
C
In their self-determination theory, Ryan and Deci (2000) suggested that to foster high levels of well-being and motivation, people's needs for competence, relatedness, and _____ need to be met. A) self-esteem B) safety C) autonomy D) expectancy
C
Juan, a long-distance runner, perceives his ability to complete a marathon to be quite good. According to Bandura, Juan's perceptions reflect his: A) self-esteem. B) self-acknowledgement. C) self-efficacy expectations. D) valence.
C
Ludwig and Geller (1997, 2000) conducted a study examining goal setting and safety behaviors of pizza delivery drivers. Which statement BEST describes their findings? A) The drivers exhibited safer behaviors only if they helped to set their own goal. B) The drivers exhibited safer behaviors only if they were assigned a goal. C) Drivers who were either assigned a goal or set one themselves were safer than drivers who did not set goals. D) All drivers immediately improved their safety behaviors at the beginning of training, but they immediately stopped engaging in safety behaviors when they believed the researchers weren't observing them.
C
Mariela believes that if she gets a favorable performance review, she will be more likely to get higher pay. According to expectancy theory, Mariela's belief reflects: A) valence. B) expectancy. C) instrumentality. D) inputs.
C
Maslow's esteem and self-actualization needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs. A) existence B) rational C) growth D) relatedness
C
One main difference between Maslow's hierarchy and Alderfer's ERG theory is that: A) there is strong empirical support for Maslow's hierarchy but not for Alderfer's ERG theory. B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as the ERG need categories do. C) ERG need categories can operate simultaneously rather than sequentially as Maslow's hierarchy do. D) Alderfer's work was mostly based on clinical observations, whereas Maslow conducted only empirical studies.
C
Organizational justice involves three types of justice: distributive justice, procedural justice, and: A) attributional justice. B) relational justice. C) interactional justice. D) ideal justice.
C
Research has found that providing external reinforcement reduces intrinsic motivation. This phenomenon is known as the: A) no free lunch effect. B) Lake Wobegon effect. C) overjustification effect. D) growth needs strength effect.
C
Reyna knows that if she puts in longer hours, her performance on her project will improve. However, she feels her boss dislikes her, so even if she improves her performance, she believes she will not receive a raise (which she would really like). According to expectancy theory, Reyna has high _____ and low _____. A) instrumentality; valence B) valence; expectancy C) expectancy; instrumentality D) expectancy; valence
C
Sahu has set a goal to have her assigned textbook chapters read by Thursday of each week. She realizes that she is much more likely to rush through the reading on Sunday instead. According to control theory, what is Sahu's likely response? A) She will feel helpless and will give up studying altogether. B) She will feel bad that she is missing her goals but will not be motivated to change her behavior. C) She will see the discrepancy between her goal and her behavior and will be more motivated to start studying earlier. D) She will talk to her friends to see if they think she should continue to pursue this goal.
C
The process of increasing the motivating potential of jobs by strengthening the key motivating characteristics identified by job characteristics theory is referred to as: A) applied behavioral analysis. B) job enlargement. C) job enrichment. D) management by objectives.
C
Which motivational theory suggests that social-contextual events that enhance perceptions of competence improve intrinsic motivation? A) self-evaluation theory B) self-regulation theory C) self-determination theory D) expectancy theory
C
Which of the following statements about the research on equity theory is MOST accurate? A) Research suggests that if people believe they are overpaid, they will increase their inputs. B) Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, they will refuse to continue working. C) Research suggests that if people believe they are underpaid, the quality of their work may become lower. D) Research suggests that if people believe they are overpaid, they will ask for a pay cut.
C
Which of these is a stage in the management by objectives process? A) hiring a project manager B) conducting a job analysis C) setting subordinate performance objectives D) examining the links between current rewards and subordinate behaviors
C
Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical research on the job characteristics model? A) The theory is difficult to test, and therefore very few studies have been conducted. B) A recent meta-analysis suggests that the job characteristics model actually works in the opposite way from that theorized by Hackman and Oldham. C) A recent meta-analysis suggests that job characteristics have important influences on motivation, performance, and satisfaction. D) A recent review by the APA found that instituting suggestions from the job characteristics model would be highly unethical.
C
Which statement BEST summarizes the empirical support for Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) It is easily testable, and a great deal of research supports it. B) It is easily testable, and a great deal of research refutes it. C) It is difficult to test, and thus few empirical studies have investigated it. D) Research has mainly been conducted by business managers, and this evidence shows strong support for the theory.
C
Which statement about motivation is true? A) Motivation is the same thing as performance. B) Motivation and performance are the same construct. C) Motivation involves sustaining work behaviors. D) Motivation involves decreasing effort.
C
Who is responsible for the motivation theory that proposes that the determinants of job satisfaction are not the same as those that determine job dissatisfaction? A) Victor Vroom B) Albert Bandura C) Frederick Herzberg D) J. Stacy Adams
C
Work motivation is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, directs, and _____ work behaviors. A) identifies B) prevents C) sustains D) suppresses
C
_____ argues that motivation is determined by the combined effect of individual differences in personality and characteristics of a job. A) Social cognitive theory B) ERG theory C) Job characteristics theory D) Control theory
C
_____ theories emphasize the cognitive, behavioral, individual, and environmental factors that work together in determining motivation. A) Self-determination B) Job characteristics C) Social cognitive D) Cognitive evaluation
C
According to Bandura, which of these is a component of self-regulation? A) self-mitigation B) self-evaluation C) self-construal D) self-esteem
D
According to Hackman and Oldham (1980), which of these represents the extent to which individuals value fulfilling their higher-order needs? A) self-actualization B) self-transcendence C) cognitive evaluation D) growth need strength
D
According to equity theory, which of the following is an outcome? A) abilities B) efforts C) education level D) feelings of satisfaction
D
According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a hygienes factor? A) recognition B) interesting work C) advancement opportunities D) supervision
D
According to the two-factor theory, which of these is an example of a hygienes factor? A) recognition B) interesting work C) advancement opportunities D) working conditions
D
Alicia does not believe it is fair that she must work in her job for two years before she will be considered for promotion. Alicia's feelings of unfairness in this situation fall under the category of: A) informational justice. B) distributive justice. C) interactional justice. D) procedural justice.
D
Eliseo, who is taking a biology course, is not particularly interested in learning and developing as a researcher. What he is focused on is earning an A in the course. Eliseo has adopted a: A) learning goal orientation. B) efficacy goal orientation. C) social cognitive orientation. D) performance goal orientation.
D
Emmy has received a poor grade in a class. When she visits her professor to discuss it, the professor is very polite and kind, but doesn't really explain how Emmy earned her grade. Emmy likely experiences high _____ justice and low _____ justice. A) distributive; procedural B) informational; interactional C) distributive; informational D) interactional; informational
D
Job enrichment relies heavily on which motivational theory? A) expectancy theory B) equity theory C) goal-setting theory D) job characteristics theory
D
Maslow's love needs correspond to Alderfer's _____ needs. A) existence B) rational C) growth D) relatedness
D
Melania is not interested in fulfilling higher order needs. She wants to go to her job, do the same thing every day, and go home and not think about her work. She has no desire to learn or get promoted. In this case, Hackman and Oldham might suggest Melania has low: A) positive psychology B) self-transcendence C) cognitive evaluation D) growth need strength
D
Monica knows that if she performs well on her next project, she will receive a pay raise. Unfortunately, Monica is not interested in a pay raise; she would rather have more vacation time to spend with her family. According to expectancy theory, Monica has a low level of: A) expectancy. B) instrumentality. C) equity sensitivity. D) valence.
D
Pilar perceives inequity because when she compares her input/outcome ratio to that of Blake's, the ratios are not equal. Pilar produces excellent work but does not receive the pay that Blake receives. According to equity theory, one way Pilar can reduce her perceived inequity is to: A) improve the quality of her work. B) increase her inputs by obtaining more education. C) increase the value she places on outcomes, such as pay. D) alter her perceptions about her ratio by comparing herself to a coworker who earns a lower salary.
D
Which of these social cognitive motivational theories is based on the existence of a negative feedback loop that results from comparing performance feedback with a goal? A) job characteristics theory B) goal-setting theory C) expectancy theory D) control theory
D
_____ is a force that drives people to behave in a way that energizes, directs, and sustains their work behavior. A) Job enrichment B) Valence C) Instrumentality D) Work motivation
D
