BIOL 1B M2

A tick population in a rural, wooded are uses deer as its primary host species. Eventually, humans begin to move into the area, bringing their pets along with them. Certain individuals within the tick population start to use dogs as their primary hosts, and eventually start to prefer dogs over deer. Other individuals continue to use deer for their primary host. Could this difference in host preference lead to speciation? Why or Why not? A. Yes, because temporal isolation could occur due to differences in host quality. B. No, because the ticks inhabit the same region and therefore experience the same mechanisms of evolution. C. Yes, because the ticks' host preference may be inherited, leading to an accumulation of genetic differences between ticks that use deer and ticks that use dogs. D. No, because one of the hosts will lead to higher fitness and the ticks that prefer the other host will be eradicated.

A. Yes, because temporal isolation could occur due to differences in host quality. C. Yes, because the ticks' host preference may be inherited, leading to an accumulation of genetic differences between ticks that use deer and ticks that use dogs.

Which of the following situations would be MOST likely to produce a new species?

A. a group of polyploid individuals arises by an abnormal mitosis. The polyploids can only produce viable offspring by mating with each other

What event would lead to directional selection? A. a new allele arises that increases fitness B. a population's main food source changes C. a population's environment becomes increasingly heterogeneous D. heterozygotes have a fitness advantage over homozygotes

A. a new allele arises that increases fitness B. a population's main food source changes

Approximately 3.5 million years ago the Isthmus of Panama formed. This new landmass severed the connection between the pacific ocean and the Caribbean sea. An ancestral fish population (porkfish) was split in two by this event; the two populations no longer interbreed and are two distinct species. This type of speciation is called A. allopatric speciation B. parapatric speciation C. hybridization D. sympatric speciation E. sexual selection due to ecological variation

A. allopatric speciation

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid, glycine. A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication. Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG. What effect does this mutation have on the population's mean fitness? A. as a frequency of the GGC codon increase, the population's mean fitness level will remain the same B. As the frequency of the GGC codon increases, the population's mean fitness level will initially increase, but once GGC and GGG occur with equal frequency, the mean fitness will decrease C. as the frequency of the GGGC codon increases, the population's mean fitness level will decrease D. As the frequency of the GGC codon increases, the population's mean fitness level will increase

A. as the frequency of the GGC codon increases, the population's mean fitness level will remain the same

The function of BMP4 is to ____________ while the function of gremlin is to __________ BMP4. A. cause apoptosis; inhibit the function of B. induce mitosis; amplify expression of C. inhibit growth; amplify expression of D. induce mitosis; inhibit the function of E. cause apoptosis; act as a catalyst for

A. cause apoptosis; inhibit the function of

A population of voles (small mammals) live in a shady forest. originally, the voles are a light tan color, but then a dark borwn coloration arises by a new mutation. the darker voles are harder for predators to see in the leaf littler, thus they are less susceptible to predations. What type of natural selection are the population of voles going through? A. direction selection B. stabilizing selection C. diversifying selection D. balancing selection E negative frequency-dependent selection

A. directional selection

What phenomena tends to increase genetic variation in a population? A. gene flow B. population bottleneck C. assortative mating D. genetic drift E. founder effect

A. gene flow

What mechanism leads to changes in allele frequencies due to random chance? A. genetic drift B. natural selection C. sexual selection D. neutral variation E. gene flow

A. genetic drift

A storm blows a small group of migrating birds off course and they land on an island, where they remain for 1000 generations. At this time, a second storm brings more birds from the mainland population to the island. These new birds cannot mate with the established birds, even though they are originally from the same population. What mechanisms are likely to have been involved in bringing about this speciation? A. genetic drift B. polyploidy in the mainland bird population C. founder effect D. adaptation to a new ecological niche

A. genetic drift C. founder effect D. adaptation to a new ecological niche

Eurasian red squirrels have distinctive ear tufts, which serve to keep their ears warm and provide camouflage from predators. A population of Eurasian red squirrels that has shrunk to the point that inbreeding is occurring. Suppose that the gene for ear tuft size has two alleles; individuals with genotype EE have large ear tufts, those with Ee have medium ear tufts, and those with ee have small ear tufts. However, due to a genetic linkage, individuals with small ear tufts tend to have larger tails, which provides additional camouflage and agility. How would inbreeding affect individuals and the population as a whole?

A. individuals that are homozygous for ear tuft size will have a higher fitness than those that are heterozygous C. the population's mean fitness could increase because the homozygous genotypes for ear tuft size will become more prevalent, or decrease due to the existence of detrimental recessive alleles

Female peahens choose a male peacock for mating because of the male's long, colorful tail feathers and their courtship display. This is which type of selection? select all that apply A. intersexual B. diversifying C. balancing D. intrasexual E. directional

A. intersexual B. directional

Why is De Queiroz's general lineage species concept is receiving significant support? A. it includes criteria from all other species concepts B. many scientists would like to have a single, agreed upon species concept C. it is not meant to be used for extinct species D. it can incorporate molecular, ecological, and morphological factors into a single species concept E. it presents clear rules on the number of differences needed to qualify two populations as two distinct species

A. it includes criteria from all other species concepts B. many scientists would like to have a single, agreed upon species concept D. it can incorporate molecular, ecological, and morphological factors into a single species concept

During spring time in Maine, male moose often enter a cow pasture and begin calling to the female cows. The moose may even try to mount the female but the male genitalia do not fit properly inside the female genitalia. this is an example of A. mechanical isolation B. temporal isolation C. habitat isolation D. behavioral isolation E. gametic isolation

A. mechanical isolation

Select the true statement(s) concerning natural selection A. natural selection is a way for evolution to occur B. natural selection results in better adapted populations when the environment is constant C. natural selection does not act on individuals D. natural selection is evolution

A. natural selection is a way for evolution to occur B. natural selection results in better adapted populations when the environment is constant

In a species of a salamander, there are two forms, red and yellow. As the yellow form becomes less common due to predation and the red form more common, the yellow form becomes less likely to be eaten and more likely to survive and reproduce. the yellow form then becomes more common of yellow and red forms reverse. this is an example of A. negative frequency-dependent selection B. directional selection C. disruptive selection D. balancing selection

A. negative frequency--dependent selection

The phenotypic changes shown in the figure above represent A. punctuated equilibrium. B. horizontal gene transfer. C. gradualism. D. speciation based on sexual selection.

A. punctuated equilibrium

In ___ selection, individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success A. stabilizing B. directional C. disruptive D. balancing E. negative frequency-dependent

A. stabilizing

If two populations are geographically restricted groups of the same species, but display one or more traits that are somewhat different, the two groups are sometimes classified as A. subspecies B. phenotypes C. macrospecies D. genetic clones

A. subspecies

Which gene is correctly matched with its evolutionary significance? A. The Hox genes - evolution of body plans. B. The BMP4 gene - evolution of lungs. C. The gremlin gene - evolution of the simple eye. D. The Pax6 - evolution of skull shape.

A. the Hox genes-evolution of body plans

What criteria can be used to identify species. Select all that apply A. the ability to interbreed B. molecular similarity C. ecological factors D. evolutionary relationships

A. the ability to interbreed B. molecular similarity C. ecological factors D. evolutionary relationships

Development of an animal is connected to the genes that are expressed during development. What roles have been proposed for Hox genes in the evolution and morphology of animal species? Select all that apply. __X__ Variation in the number of Hox genes has led to the evolution of new animal species. _____ An increase in the number of Hox genes leads to an increase in the body size of an animal. __X__ The greater the number of Hox genes the more complex the body plan of the animal. _____ The clustering of Hox genes has only evolved in vertebrates and is responsible for the evolution of vertebrae.

A. variation in the number of Hox genes has led to the evolution of new animal species C. the greater the number of Hox genes the more complex the body plan of the animal

How would you best explain the correlation between an increase in Hox genes and an increase in animal body complexity? A. Different Hox genes are expressed in different regions of the body. B. Hox genes have duplicated several times during animal evolution, but they are not responsible for an increase in body plan complexity. C. An increase in the number of Hox genes allows for greater specialization in different body regions. D. An increase in the number of Hox genes meant that fewer regulatory genes could be controlled in a species. E. As the number of Hox genes increases, the number of genes encoding proteins for appendage development decreases.

An increase in the number of Hox genes allows for greater specialization in different body regions

To analyze genetic variation in populations, one approach is to consider the frequency of alleles. When calculation an allele frequency for a diploid species, how many alleles are present for each gene?

B. 2

In the hardy-Weinberg equation, the genotype frequency of heterozygotes is represented by A. p2 B. 2pq C. q2 D. p2 + q2 E. p2 + 2pq

B. 2pq

Based on the figure below, how many groups (clusters) of Hox genes does each type of animal have? A. Mammals: 4 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 2 groups; Anemones: 1 group. B. Mammals: 4 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 1 groups; Anemones: 2 group. C. Mammals: 11 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 1 groups; Anemones: 4 groups. D. Mammals: 27 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 2 groups; Anemones: 1 group. E. All animals must have at least 2 groups because all animals have a posterior and anterior end.

B. Mammals: 4 groups; Flatworms: 4 groups; Sponge: 1 groups; Anemones: 2 group.

The effect of inbreeding is A. decrease of homozygotes in succeeding generations B. decrease of heterozygotes in succeeding generations C. stable frequencies of genotypes in succeeding generations D. all of the choices are correct

B. a decrease of heterozygotes in succeeding generations

Which of the examples below are polymorphic traits? select all that apply A. hair loos in malnourished, captive chimpanzees B. a population of lilies that contains equal proportions of both blue and white flowering individuals C. the A,B, and O blood types found in humans D. lactose tolerance and intolerance in humans E. the change from white coat in winter to brown coat in summer in arctic fox populations

B. a population of lilies that contains equal proportions of both blue and white flowering individuals C. the A,B, and O blood types found in humans D. lactose tolerance and intolerance in humans

Select the examples that can undergo microevolution A. poison ivy vine growing up an oak tree B. a small group of cactus finches living in the Galapagos Islands C. an emperor penguin encountering melting ice due to climate change D. a cluster of endangered venus flytraps in north Carolina's green swamp E. a large herd of caribou in Alaska

B. a small group of cactus finches living in the Galapagos islands D. a cluster of endangered venus flytraps in north Carolina's green swamp E. a large herd of caribou in alaska

A gene pool is A. genes that are unique to a species B. all the genes in a population C. all the similar genes in a gene family D. swimming hold for geneticists E. a group of species that look alike but are not located in the same area at the same time

B. all the genes in a population

The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA, individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA) do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. In areas where malaria is prevalent the HS allele is maintained in the population. Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene? A. stabilizing B. directional C. disruptive D. balanced E. negative frequency dependent

B. balanced

Why would a female song bird choose to mate with a male that has a large song repertoire? A. because a large song repertoire indicates the male is a fast learner and therefore more intelligent B. because a large song repertoire indicates the male is older and therefore more likely to carry beneficial alleles C. Because a large song repertoire indicates the male has more physical stamina D. because the large son repertoire indicates the male will invest more in parental care

B. because a large song repertoire indicates the male is older and therefore more likely to carry beneficial alleles

Over generations in a population, individuals with higher fitness values will A. become less prevalent in the population B. become more prevalent in the population C. stay at the same frequency in the population D. decrease the population's mean fitness

B. become more prevalent in the same population

Allopatric speciation occurs because a population A. emerges with another population of the same species B. becomes geographically isolated and undergoes genetic change C. becomes extinct and is replaced by a population of a different species D. shows little genetic change from generation to generation E. hybrid sterility occurs

B. becomes geographically isolated and undergoes genetic change

A group of individuals that can interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring would be considered to be a species according to the A. phylogenetic species concept B. biological species concept C. evolutionary species concept D. ecological species concept E. general linear concept

B. biological species concept

Dandelions, Taraxacum officinale, are plants that asexually produce fruitlike propagules. Sexual reproduction is very rare in this organism. Which species concept would be least useful in defining dandelions as a species? A. phylogenetic species concept B. biological species concept C. evolutionary species concept D. ecological species concept E. both the evolutionary and ecological species concepts

B. biological species concept

Microevolution involves __ A. changes to the number of individuals in a population B. changes in a population's gene pool C. a change in the ratio of males to females in a population D. fixation of an allele over a long period of time

B. changes in population's gene pool

The Pax6 gene A. is a master control gene for limb development. B. codes for a protein that controls the expression genes related to eye development. C. has no known homologs. D. is a homolog to the eyeless gene in rodents.

B. codes for a protein that controls the expression genes related to eye development

The diagram below shows inbreeding between ____ which over time, could lower the fitness of the population. This lowering of fitness because of inbreeding is called ____ A. siblings; inbreeding depression B. cousins; inbreeding depression C. siblings; genetic drift D. cousins; genetic drift E. siblings; sexual selection

B. cousins; inbreeding depression

During normal climatic conditions within regular rainfall, the average beak depth for a population of finches was 6.8mm. Researchers found that after a drought, average beak depth increased to 8.8mm. Birds with deep beaks were better able to eat large, hard seeds. Small hard seeds were also available after the drought, but could only be eaten by birds with shallow beaks. Choose the graphical representation and term that best represents what would happen in the finch population if both types of seeds continue to be available? A. directional selection B. disruptive (diversifying) selection C. stabilizing selection D. balancing selection E. negative frequency-dependent selection

B. disruptive (diversifying) selection

What phenomenon would violate the conditions for hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A. population is isolated from other populations B. females select males based on secondary sex traits C. population is large D. no genotypes within the population have a reproductive advantage E. genetic drift within the population does not change allele frequencies

B. females select males based on secondary sex traits

What mechanism makes it difficult to classify bacteria into distinct species groups? A. vertical evolution B. horizontal gene transfer C. sexual reproduction D. asexual reproduction E. low mutation rates

B. horizontal gene transfer

If goats are crossed with sheep, embryos will form but cease development and spontaneously abort. This is an example of A. prezygotic mechanism B. hybrid inviability C. hybrid sterility D. hybrid breakdown E. spermatic behavior

B. hybrid inviability

A population of mountain goats are split because of the formation of a glacier. After 500 years the glacier melts and the two goat populations are free to move between the two areas. Under what conditions might a hybrid zone will occur? A. both pre and post zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen B. reproductive isolation is incomplete C. pre zygotic isolating mechanisms have arisen D. post zygotic isolation mechanisms have arisen E. gene flow between the two populations does not occur

B. reproductive isolation is incomplere

A scientist is studying a population of crickets and finds that there is variation in the songs used by males to call for mates. Some males call with high pitched, 3 chirp songs and some call with low pitched, 4 chirp songs. However, offspring from the two types of males are able to interbreed, so the scientist classifies the population as a single cricket species and goes on to another project. One year later, a mutation arises in a female cricket that makes her unable to hear high frequencies. Ten years later, a graduate student returns to the same cricket population and discovers that there are now two distinct cricket species in the area, although they appear morphologically identical. What is the most likely explanation? A. Temporal isolation has led to allopatric speciation. B. Sexual selection has led to sympatric speciation. C. Habitat isolation has led to allopatric speciation. D. Mechanical isolation has led to sympatric speciation. E. Gametic isolation has led to sympatric speciation.

B. sexual selection has led to sympatric speciation

The smallest type of genetic change that can occur within a given gene is a ___. An example of this phenomenon occurs with ____ A. gene deletion; chromosomal fragmentation B. single-nucleotide polymorphism; the b-globin gene C. gene duplication; mitosis D. codon substitution; phenylketonuria

B. single-nucleotide polymorphism; the b-globin gene

Two species of salamander have similar ranges, but one breeds from January to March, while the second one breeds from March to May. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation B. temporal isolation C. habitat isolation D. behavioral isolation E. gametic isolation

B. temporal isolation

Studies of the Pax6 gene and its homologs suggest that A. the eye has evolved independently multiple times. B. the eyes of many different species are descended from a common ancestor. C. the master genes of the eye in various species are not homologous. D. the simple eyes of invertebrates and complex eyes of vertebrates arose from two different ancestral control genes.

B. the eyes of many different species are descended from a common ancestor

The northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and southern leopard from (Rana utricularia) are morphologically similar, but their mating calls sound very different. Based on this, what is the best explanation for why these frogs are considered separate species? A. they are too morphologically different to interbreed B. they have undergone behavioral isolation which prevents them from interbreeding C. they have undergone habitat isolation because one species is entirely terrestrial while the other is entirely aquatic D. they do interbreed, but produce sterile hybrids

B. they have undergone behavioral isolation which prevents them from interbreeding

In comparing the development of the unwebbed foot of the chicken and webbed foot of a duck, what differences are there in the expression of BMP4 and gremiln? A. Chicken feet only express BMP4 while duck feet only express gremiln. B. BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while gremlin is only expressed in duck feet. C. Gremlin is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while BMP4 is only expressed in between chicken toes. D. Both BMP4 and gremlin are expressed similarly in chicken and duck feet. E. BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while gremlin is not expressed between the toes of chicken feet.

BMP4 is expressed similarly in both chicken and duck feet, while gremlin is not expressed between the toes of chicken feet

Blue flower color (B allele) is dominant to white (b allele). If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb) at a frequency of 0.04, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype? A. 0.2 or 20% B. .64 or 64% C. .32 or 32% D. .8 or 80% E. .96 or 96%

C. .32 or 32%

In a population of 100 four-o'-clock flowers there are 40 red flowered plants (CRCR), 38 pink-flowered plants (CRCW) and 22 white flowered plants (CWCW) what is the frequency of the CW allele in this population? A. .32 or 32% B. .6 or 60% C. .41 or 41% D. .09 or 9% E. .52 or 52%

C. .41 or 41%

Fitness is a measure of reproductive success. If an individual with genotype BB produced 6 offspring and a heterozygous individual Bb produces 10 offspring, and a third individual with genotype bb produces 5 offspring, what is the fitness value for the individual with BB genotype? A. 1.0 B. .5 C. .6 D. .4 E. 1.1

C. .6

Podos measured finch beak depth and correlated this with characteristics of their songs. Using the figure below, what species of birds with a vocal constraint between 2 and 3 has the largest beak depth? A. G. magnirostris B. C. psittacula C. G. fortis D. G scandens E. C pallidus

C. G. fortis

The figure below shoes three mouse populations and their associated changes in the frequency of B, the allele for dark fur. The recessive b allele codes for white fur. After 20 generations, in which population would you be most likely to encounter a white mouse? A. N1 B. N2 C. N3 D. There is an equal probability

C. N3

Two populations of catfish have lived in separate neighboring lakes for many generations. Population A contains about 30% short whiskered catfish (w/w) and 70% long whiskered catfish (WW or Ww); Population B contains about 10% short whiskered catfish and 90% long whiskered catfish. Following a year of record rainfall, both lakes rise enough to allow the catfish populations to swim between the two lakes and interbreed. What will be the effect(s) over time of this interbreeding?

C. Population A will see an increase in long whiskered fish and Population B will see an increase in short whiskered fish E. Differences in the frequencies of W and w between the two populations will decrease F. Population A and Population B will experience an increase in genetic diversity

Which of the following would most likely result in a bottleneck event? A. a small population of geese migrates and joins a large flock of the same species. The two groups subsequently begin interbreeding B. a mutation occurs in an individual poison ivy plant, doubling the number of seeds it produces. The mutation is inherited by future generations C. a hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by a n apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails. D. a population of brooms edge grass is studied and determined to be in hardy-Weinberg equilibrium E. two populations of lizards were separated for many years by the river. The river's course has been diverted and migration between the two lizard populations can now occur.

C. a hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails

You discover a new species of lily that has 10 chromosomes (2n=10). Genetic testing reveals that it arose from the interbreeding of two other species of lilies, one of which has 12 chromosomes, and one of which has 8 chromosomes. What is the correct term for the new lily species? A. autopolyploid B. allopolyploid C. allodiploid D. allotetrapoloid

C. allodiploid

There is a population of frogs living in a pond, 25 are green, 25 are brown, 25 are yellow with green spots and 25 are all yellow. A drought occurred and 75% of the frogs died. The remaining frogs were green and brown, after 25 generations the frogs still were green and brown, yellow frogs never appeared in the population again. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A. sexual selection B. balancing selection C. bottleneck effect D. heterozygote advantage E. founder effect

C. bottleneck effect

The figure below illustrates that A. genetic changes in an ancestral Pax6 gene contributed to the evolution of the mammal eye, while the Drosphila eye arose independently. B. most animal species have eyes with one photoreceptor and one pigment cell. C. eye complexity has not significantly increased since the late Triassic when most modern insect families arose. D. the retina and cornea developed first, but then were secondarily lost in insects such as Drosphilia. E. although the mammal eye possesses more cell types and greater complexity than the Drosphilia eye, both arose from genetic changes to an ancestral Pax6 gene.

C. eye complexity has not significantly increased since the late Triassic when most modern insect families arose

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and Europena sycamore (Platanus orientalis) are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearaby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents. This is an example of__ A. mechanical isolation B. temporal isolation C. habitat isolation D. behavioral isolation E. gametic isolation

C. habitat isolation

A liger is a result from a male lion and a female tiger. male ligers cannot produce offspring. This is an example of A. prezygotic mechanism B. hybrid inviabililty C. hybrid sterility D. hybrid breakdown E. prezygotic mechanism and hybrid sterility are correct

C. hybrid sterility

The process of evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species and groups of species is called A. temporal evolution B. artificial selection C. macroevolution D. serial evolution E. a combination of temporal and serial evolution

C. macroevolution

What are the two principle factors that lead to microevolution? A. new genetic variation and genetic mutations B. genetic mutations and evolutionary mechanisms C. new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms D. evolutionary mechanisms and migration E. nonrandom mating and new genetic variation

C. new genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms

Which of the following is NOT related to genetic drift? A. founder effect B. bottleneck effect C. sexual selection D. neutral variation E. non-Darwinian evolution

C. sexual selection

Paedomorphosis is A. the formation of limbs from fins in the evolution of land vertebrates. B. the change from radial to bilateral symmetry in the evolution of plants and animals. C. the retention of juvenile traits in an adult organism. D. an earlier development of adult traits in an organism. E. the development of different types of eyes from a simpler form.

C. the retention of juvenile traits in an adult organism

A disadvantage of using DNA or RNA sequences to identify species that that A. it can only be used for sexually reproducing organism B. it cannot be used for extinct species C. there are no rules for determining the number of sequence differences need for a new species D. if can be misleading because many species exhibit large variation in phenotype

C. there are no rules for determining the number of sequence differences needed for a new species

The gene pool of the next generation is derived from A. all individuals of a population B. only the female members of a population C. those individuals of a population that reproduce and have viable offspring D. individuals who are heterozygous for the genes in question E. only the male members of a population

C. those individuals of a population that reproduce and have viable offspring

Speciation can arise through abrupt events, such as changes in chromosome number, or as a consequence of adaptation to different ecological niches. What is the term for the splitting or diverging of a population into two or more species? which of the figures above represents this term A. anageneisis; figure A B. anagenesis; figure B C. cladogenesis; figure A D. cladogenesis; figure B E. cladogenesis; both figure A and B can represent this term

Cladogenesis; figure B

Blue flower color (B allele) is dominant to white (b allele). If a population of plants contains white flowers (bb) at a frequency of 0.04, what is the frequency of the blue flower allele (B)? A. 0.2 or 20% B. .64 or 64% C. .32 or 32% D. .8 or 80% E. .96 or 96%

D. .8 or 80%

Genotype Qq produces 10 offspring per year. Genotype QQ have a fitness value of .4 and genotype qq has a fitness value of .2. How many offspring does genotype qq produce each year? A. 4 B. 1 C. 6 D. 2 E. 8

D. 2

Your senior thesis project involves working out the taxonomy of Florida skinks. To accomplish this, you examine skink specimens for morphological differences, compare nucleotide and amino acid sequences, and observe the skinks' reproductive behavior and habitat types. Once you have completed the taxonomy and written the thesis, you give it to your professor for comments. She tells you that you did a great job and should try to get your work published! However, she suggests you indicate in the introduction what species concept you used to make your classifications. What statement would you add? A. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the ecological species concept. B. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the biological species concept. C. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the evolutionary lineage species concept. D. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the general lineage species concept.

D. Taxonomic determinations were made based on the general lineage species concept

If a population satisfies that hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, what can you assume about that population? A. it is relatively small B. evolution is occurring C. gene flow is occurring D. allele and genotype frequencies are stable

D. allele and genotype frequencies are stable

Frogs "croak" at night to lure females for mating. Females are attracted only to the song of their species. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation B. temporal isolation C. habitat isolation D. behavioral isolation E. gametic isolation

D. behavioral isolation

A mutation arises in an individual that decreases its fitness. This means that this individual's __ A. probability of survival will decrease B. ability to find food will decrease C. ability to migrate long distances will decrease D. contribution to the gene pool of the next generation will decrease E. likelihood of having healthy offspring will increase

D. contribution to the gene pool of the next generation will decrease

Under the ____, species are identified based on their unique habitat requirements A. phylogenetic species concept B. biological species concept C. evolutionary species concept D. ecological species concept E. general linear concept

D. ecological species concept

What field of biology compares the development of organisms in order to better understand mechanisms of evolutionary change? A. Pattern formation. B. Punctuated equlibrium. C. Cell biology. D. Evolutionary developmental biology. E. Endocrine biology

D. evolutionary developmental biology

The most important concept in the field of population genetics is A. natural selection B. population size C. rates of mutation D. genetic variation E. phenotypic variation

D. genetic variation

Reproductive isolation in Darwin's finches was studied by Podos. He measured beak size and found a correlation between this and the finches' A. song B. ability to attract certain mates C. flight patterns D. song and ability to attract certain mates E. flight patterns and song

D. song and ability to attract certain mates

Adaptive radiation is likely to have led to which of the following? A. the divergence of a single pea aphid population into two distinct species B. the evolution of the horse via changes in climate and food supply C. the long period of equilibrium in a bat species in the Marina Islands D. the 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands

D. the 1,000 species of Drosophila found dispersed throughout the Hawaiian Islands

What would be the frequency of pink flowers in a population where the allele frequency of CR is 0.4 and the population is in hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? assume the CRCR is red, CRCW is pink, and CWCW is white? A. .04 or 4% B. .16 or 16% C. .2 or 20% D. .8 or 80% E. .48 or 48%

E. .48 or 48%

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p+q=_____ where p and q represent ___ A. 0, allele frequencies B. 1, genotype frequencies C. 2, allele frequencies D. 2, genotype frequencies E. 1, allele frequencies

E. 1, allele frequencies

The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA, individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA) do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. If a vaccine for malaria was created that was 100% effective, affordable, and widely available, what would happen to the frequency of the HS allele? A. The HS allele would increase in regions where malaria is prevalent and decrease in regions where malaria is absent or rare B. the HS allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and increase in regions where malaria is absent or rare C. Due to balancing selection, the frequency of the HS allele would remain stable in all regions D. The HS allele would increase in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rare E. The HS allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rare

E. The HS allele would decrease in regions where malaria is prevalent and remain stable in regions where malaria is absent or rare

A confused frog deposits its sperm onto a toad's eggs as they are being laid. No offspring develop because the frog's sperm are unable to penetrate the toad's egg. This is an example of A. mechanical isolation B. temporal isolation C. habitat isolation D. behavioral isolation E. gametic isolation

E. gametic isolation

In a small population, both __ and __ would violate the conditions of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium A. random mating; genetic drift B. gene flow, random mating C. lack of natural selection, gene flow D. sexual selection, lack of new mutations E. gene flow, genetic drift

E. gene flow, genetic drift

The phenomenon in which one region of the body grows faster than another among different species is called A. paedomorphosis. B. Gremlin and BMP4 interaction. C. Hox gene clustering. D. phenotypic variation. E. heterochrony.

E. heterochrony

Male deer have large antlers that are used to challenge each other in fighters for territory and females. The females of this group actively choose the strongest males. Which type of sexual selection is occurring with the deer population? A. stabilizing selection B. negative frequency-dependent selection C. intersexual selection D. intrasexual selection E. intersexual and intrasexual selection are both occurring

E. intersexual and intrasexual selection are both occurring

GGG and GGC are codons for the amino acid, glycine. A mutation caused the insertion of a cytosine in place of the guanine during DNA replication. Over many generations the DNA changes so that the frequency of GGC is similar to that of GGG. What is this phenomenon called? A. directional selection B. bottleneck effect C. stabilizing selection D. adaptive variation E. neutral variation

E. neutral variation

Sympatric speciation differs from allopatric speciation because in sympatric speciation A. a population becomes geographically isolated B. two populations of the same species merge to form a single population C. polyploidy must first arise D. hybrid zones form E. there are no physical barriers against interbreeding

E. there are no physical barriers against

Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that occurred from a point mutation in the replication of DNA. That mutation causes a change of an amino acid in b-globulin. Nonrandom mating could result in the removal of the mutated allele from a population. T/F this is an example of natural selection

False

T/F The pace of evolution remains constant despite sudden environmental shifts such as climate change.

False

T/F cryptic female choice is a type of intrasexual selection

False

To prepare for a hiking trip in the Appalachian mountains, you buy several field guides for the region from a used bookstore. You notice that the older guides list a single species of tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus, and an Appalachian morph of this species. However, the newest guide list two separate species, P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis. The authors of this guide state that the biological species concept was used in determining their classifications. What do you think led them to list two separate species of tiger swallowtail? A. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis interbreed in the wild. B. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis have a genomic similarity of 99%. C. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis do not interbreed in the wild. D. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis have distinct differences in wing coloration. E. The discovery that P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis feed on different host plants.

The discovery the P. glaucus and P. appalachiensis do not interbreed in the wild

Based on the figure below, what statement could you make about the development of human versus chimpanzee skulls. A. The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until adulthood, when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. B. The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage, when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. C. Human skull development shows paedomorphosis because the jaw retains its small size while the chimp jaw continues to grow even in adulthood. D. The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage, when human cranium development slows down relative to the chimpanzee. E. The human and chimp skulls develop similarly during the fetal stage, after which point chimpanzee cranium growth outpaces humans.

The human and chimp skulls develop similarly until the infant stage, when human jaw development slows down relative to the chimpanzee

In red-wing blackbirds, females tend to choose males with the most desirable territories and males compete with each other for territories. T/F redwing blackbirds demonstrate both intersexual selection and intrasexual section

True

T/F Neutral variation is supported by the observations that most changes in codons occur in the third position within the codon, which often has no effect on the sequence of amino acids in the protein

True

T/F The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is an amphibian that has a derived mode of development characterized by metamorphic failure. This mode of development results in an entirely aquatic life cycle and is an example of paedomorphosis.

True

T/F two species of three-spined stickleback fish live in a single lake in British Columbia. they are closely related but occupy different niches. They exist nowhere else. These species most likely arose by sympatric speciation from a single species of three-spined sticleback

True

According to the concept of ___________, species evolve continuously over long spans of time.

gradualism

T/F a population undergoing microevolution would show hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium

true