BIOL 2130 Mastering- Ch. 7

A graded potential is also known as a nerve impulse.

False

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

calcium

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system.

central; peripheral

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the ________.

cerebellum

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

Which spinal plexus gives rise to the phrenic nerve, and what organ does this nerve supply?

cervical; diaphragm

What produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

choroid plexus

Medulla Oblongata

contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ________.

corpus callous

Which cranial nerves control eye movement?

cranial nerve III, IV, VI (3, 4, 5)

What part of a neuron receives signals and sends a message to the cell body?

dendrite

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called ________.

dendrites

Which one of the following statements about aging is most accurate?

despite some neuronal loss, an unlimited number of neural pathways are available and ready to be developed; therefore, additional learning can occur throughout life

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the:

dicephalon (inter brain)

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

found in the eye and nose

Pituitary gland

gland that hangs from the hypothalamus

Midbrain

includes the cerebral peduncles and the corpora quadrigemina

Epithalamus

includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle

Why is white matter "white"?

it contains a high concentration of myelin

Which of these is a deep pressure receptor?

lamellar corpuscle

The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

longitudinal fissure

The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

motor

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ________.

myelinated

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

nodes of Ranvier

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

pituitary gland

During repolarization, ________ ions are pumped out of the cell.

potassium

What part of the brain do we use when initiating skeletal muscle movement?

primary motor area

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.

proprioceptors

Each spinal nerve branches into a ventral and dorsal ________.

ramus

Part complete Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ________.

ramus

Which of these lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

receptor afferent neuron control center efferent neuron effector

Hypothalamus

regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism

Thalamus

relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex

________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

schwann

Which of the following neurons is classified as a unipolar neuron?

sensory neuron

What is the first event of an action potential?

sodium gates open and the membrane depolarizes

Which division of the peripheral nervous system activates skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the ________.

sympathetic nervous system

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

tight

(T/F) The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles.

true

What cranial nerve pair supplies many organs in the ventral body cavity?

vagus nerves

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white; gray

Central Nervous System

-CNS -brain and spinal cord -integrating and command centers

Peripheral Nervous System

-PNS -communication lines with the body -cranial and spinal nerves

Anencephaly disorder

-cerebrum fails to develop -failure to hear, see, or process sensory inputs

Spina bifida disorder

-incomplete vertebrae formation -inability to control the bowels or bladder -paralyzed lower limbs

Cerebral palsy disorder

-neuromuscular disability, possibly from temporary oxygen loss -spastic, poorly controlled muscles -possible mental retardation and impaired hearing or vision

Synaptic response to an action potential

1. an action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal 2. calcium channels open, and calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal 3. vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the plasma membrane of the sending neuron 4. neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft 5. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, causing ion channels there to open

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell

2, 1, 4, 3

Which of the following can adversely affect brain development?

alcohol

What cells of the nervous system are responsible for anchoring neurons to their blood vessels and controlling the extracellular fluid concentrations of potassium and neurotransmitters?

astrocytes

What is the most abundant glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS)?

astrocytes

Which of the following conditions would result from damage to the cerebellum?

ataxia