BIOL 2401 Lecture Exam 2

Skeletal Muscle

-Cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery -Moves the body -Is under voluntary (conscious) control

Cardiac Muscle

-Pumps the blood -Cells are branched and connected to one another by intercalated discs -Is located in the ear

Hyponychium

A region of thickened stratum corneum over which the free edge projects

Which occurs in aging?

Amount of collagen in body declines

Squamous cell carcinoma

Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

Which option best explains why nutrients for epithelial cells are obtained by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue?

Avascularity

Which are considered the functions of connective tissue?

Binding and support of structures, physical protection, storage and transport

Cells or fibers appear striated (banded)

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle

Which is an example of a supporting connective tissue?

Cartilage

Medulla

Central axis of the hair

Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?

Collagen

Which color will the nucleus stain during microscopic observation?

Color will vary depending on the stain used.

Nail bed

Composed of epithelial tissue; contains the living cell layers.

sweat glands

Consist of eccrine and apocrine glands.

Smooth Muscle

Controls the amount of light entering the eye

How is a cell membrane identified when using a brightfield microscope?

Darker outline of a cell's shape.

Janice is a 79-year-old woman recently admitted to the ER with a fractured hip after a fall. Which of the following is a common tissue change that occurs with aging and could inhibit her recovery?

Decrease in the amount of connective tissue

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?

Dermal blood vessels constrict.

From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived?

Ectoderm

Which of the following options are examples of tissue aging?

Epithelia become thinner bones become more brittle muscles atrophy

These glands have ducts and excrete their products onto the surface of the skin or into the lumen.

Exocrine

Which of the following best defines a tissue?

Group of similar cells and surrounding material that perform a common function.

Which of the following tissues has cells residing in lacunae?

Hyaline Cartilage

______ is when there is an increase in the number of cells due to mitosis.

Hyperplasia

Which statement is true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)?

It stabilizes the position of the skin and binds it to underlying structures.

basal cell carcinoma

Most common type of skin cancer; originates in stratum basale

Of the types of the body membranes, the principal types of internal membranes are ________ and _________ membranes

Mucous and Serous

Cuticle

Narrow band of epidermis extending from the margin of the nail wall onto the nail body.

Cell types of nervous tissue that are responsible for control and information processing are ________

Neurons

sebaceous glands

Produce sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids.

Glands

Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms.

Nails

Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense

The epithelium of the oral cavity protects the underlying structures from food as it is being chewed.

Protecting underlying structures

Hair

Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects.

Skin

Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light

Hair Shaft

Protrudes above the surface of the skin

Nail Matrix

Proximal to the nail root; produces the nail.

Which of the following are charateristics of epithelial tissue?

Secretions, Sensations, Physical Protection and Selective Permeability

What is found in the space between the pleural layers?

Serous Fluid

Nail Fold

Skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands develop from which layer of the integument?

Stratum basale of the epidermis

Which body membrane would be found lining the inside of the knee joint?

Synovial Membrane

The function of a ________ is to attach a muscle to a bone

Tendon

How would the appearance of the dome-like cells of transitional epithelium change when the bladder is full of urine?

The cells would flatten and contain fewer layers

As a person ages, the skin undergoes what change?

The subcutaneous tissue loses adipose tissue.

Groups of similar cells and extracellular material that perform a common function are ______.

Tissues

True or false: Tissues are groups of similar cells that carry out a common function.

True

Lunula

Whitish, crescent shaped area at the base of the nail.

A structure that is formed when a sperm fertilizes an oocyte and forms a diploid cell is called a _________.

Zygote

The epithelial cells of the intestine absorb digested food molecules, vitamins, and ions.

absorbing substances

The plasma membranes of certain epithelial tissues contain carrier proteins that regulate the absorption of materials.

absorbing substances

The epithelium of the skin is a barrier to water and reduces water loss from the body.

acting as barriers

The epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body.

acting as barriers

Where are you likely to find stratified squamous epithelial tissue?

areas of high abrasion

The opposite of hypertrophy is called _____

atrophy

A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)

basement membrane

Osteocytes are residents of ________ tissue

bone

Epithelial tissue

cells can be cube or column shaped

Connective tissue although diverse share the following basic components?

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

The most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed tissue in the body is

connective tissue

Which statements describe the locations of epithelial tissue?

covers many organs lines body cavities covers body surfaces lines many organs

Which body membrane protects the body from water loss and harm to internal organs?

cutaneous

Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of

dense regular connective tissue

Cells of a blastocyst that form the embryo are called the ______

embryo blast

Which type of glands lack ducts and can secrete their products directly into the bloodstream:

endocrine

The major tissue type that acts as "a gatekeeper" because it regulates the movement of materials in and out of certain body regions is

epithelial tissue

The majority of glands are composed of ______

epithelial tissue

If a gland secretes its products through a duct to the surface of the small intestine epithelium, it must be an

exocrine gland

Epithelial tissues have ______ innervation

extensive

True or false: Mucous connective tissue is the first type to emerge in the developing embryo

false

The skin's response to severe injuries or burns, when functional activities are not restored, is called

fibrosis

Blood is a type of ______ connective tissue.

fluid

The vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound is called

granulation tissue

Which option best explains the ability of epithelial tissues to repair themselves?

high regenerative capacity

What type of tissue supports epithelium?

loose connective tissue

Melanin is produced and stored in

melanocytes

Malignant melanoma

most deadly type of skin cancer

Which type of connective tissue is located in the umbilical cord only?

mucous connective tissue

A simple epithelium ______.

one layer of cells

Simple squamous epithelium allows carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood into the lungs.

permitting the passage of substances

The embroyblast eventually differentiates into the

primary germ layers

The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis)

protects underlying structures from the environment

The structure of the spleen and lymph nodes are composed mainly of

reticular connective tissue

Mucous glands and the enzyme-secreting portions of the pancreas secrete their products into ducts that subsequently deliver their products to other areas of the bod

secreting substances

Which type of epithelium is one cell layer thick?

simple

The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium.

simple squamous

The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________.

simple; stratified

The three types of muscle tissue are _____

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

The type of epithelium that contains two or more layers of epithelial cells is a

stratified epithelium

The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of ____________ connective tissue.

stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular

Select the way in which sweat glands function in homeostasis.

temperature regulation

An epithelium is composed of ______ packed cells.

tightly

The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called _____ administration.

transdermal

True or false: An organ is a structure composed of multiple types of tissues that must work together to accomplish a complex task

true

Different types of connective tissue have ______ amount of ground substance.

varying

Functions of muscle tissue include ___

voluntary movements of body parts propulsion of materials through the digestive tract contraction of the heart