BIOL 246 Exam 4 Practice
neurotransmitters
Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called ________. Multiple Choice hormones enzymes neurotransmitters neurotrophins
acetylcholine
Cholinergic fibers use ________ as the neurotransmitter. Multiple Choice norepinephrine acetylcholine dopamine serotonin
Frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital
Choose the complete list of lobes of the cerebrum. Multiple Choice Insula, temporal, parietal, pons, and occipital Temporal, frontal, insula, cerebellum, occipital Frontal, parietal, temporal, insula, occipital Cerebrum, midbrain, thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata
Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex.
Choose the statement that characterizes the cerebral cortex. Multiple Choice Sensations from the feet would be on the most inferior area of the somatesthetic cortex. Areas of the body with the greatest density of receptors will have larger areas on the somatesthetic cortex. The hands and feet have a similar density of receptors. Damage to the left side of the motor cortex would impair muscular control on the left side of the body.
saltatory conduction
Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called ________. Multiple Choice point to point conduction saltatory conduction refractory conduction cable conduction
insula
The ________ is a cerebral lobe that is involved in memory and integration of sensory information (mostly pain) with visceral responses. Multiple Choice temporal frontal parietal insula
amygdaloid body
The ________ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content. Multiple Choice caudate nucleus substantia nigra amygdaloid body fornix
−70mV
The average resting membrane potential of an axon is ________. Multiple Choice −70mV −85mV 0 mV +30mV
astrocytes
The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of ________, a type of neuroglia. Multiple Choice ependymal cells microglia astrocytes oligodendrocytes
synaptic plasticity
The capacity of synapses for alteration at the molecular level is termed ________. Multiple Choice synaptic modulation synaptic alteration synaptic capacitance synaptic plasticity
consolidation
The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory is called memory ________. Multiple Choice ablation consolidation recognition translation
interneurons
The function of ________ is to link sensory stimuli with the appropriate motor responses. Multiple Choice bipolar neurons interneurons motor neurons pseudounipolar neurons
node of Ranvier
The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the ________. Multiple Choice neurilemma node of Ranvier sheath of Schwann white matter
control reactions to odors
The hypothalamus does NOT ________. Multiple Choice control hunger and thirst control reactions to odors Correct control body temperature controls the autonomic nervous system
cerebellum
The inability to reach out and touch an object with control and accuracy may result from damage to the ________. Multiple Choice pons cerebrum cerebellum midbrain
hippocampus; amygdaloid body
The limbic system, especially the ________ and ________, are rich in "stress hormone" receptors. Multiple Choice caudate nucleus; hippocampus hippocampus; amygdaloid body cingulated gyrus; amygdaloid body septal nuclei; hippocampus
thalamus
The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the ________. Multiple Choice pons thalamus hypothalamus medulla oblongata
potassium, sodium
The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ________ ions than ________ ions. Multiple Choice sodium, potassium calcium, potassium potassium, sodium chloride, potassium
threshold
The minimum depolarization needed to open Na+ gates is called the ________. Multiple Choice repolarization threshold refractory period all-or-none law
oligodendrocytes
The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by ________. Multiple Choice Schwann cells oligodendrocytes ependymal cells leukocytes
Schwann cells
The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by ________. Multiple Choice Schwann cells oligodendrocytes ependymal cells leukocytes
Neurilemma
What structure, found surrounding PNS axons, is NOT found surrounding CNS axons? Multiple Choice Nodes of Ranvier Myelin sheath Neurilemma Plasma membrane
Semantic
What type of memory is involved in learning the material in Human Physiology about memory? Multiple Choice Semantic Implicit Episodic Procedural
Divergent
What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons? Multiple Choice Convergent Oscillating Divergent Plastic
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes? Multiple Choice Connexins Myelin Terminal boutons Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
What type of proteins are present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons? Multiple Choice Connexins Myelin Terminal boutons Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Pons
Which brain structure contains two respiratory control centers and is part of the brain stem? Multiple Choice Cerebellum Epithalamus Pons Correct Midbrain
VII
Which cranial nerve allows one to smile and secrete tears? Multiple Choice V IX XII VII
Optic
Which cranial nerve is NOT involved with eye MOVEMENT? Multiple Choice Optic Correct Oculomotor Abducens Trochlear
Vagus
Which cranial nerve is vital for the functioning of the visceral organs? Multiple Choice Abducens Glossopharyngeal Hypoglossal Vagus
Autonomic nervous system
Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? Multiple Choice Central nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Associative nervous system
Both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
Which gas(es) can function as a neurotransmitter? Multiple Choice carbon dioxide nitric oxide carbon monoxide Both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide
Both dopamine and norepinephrine are correct.
Which of the following RAS neurotransmitters stimulates the cerebral cortex for wakefulness? Multiple Choice Dopamine GABA Norepinephrine Both dopamine and norepinephrine are correct.
motor speech; Wernicke's
Aphasias are most often associated with damage to ________ and ________ areas. Multiple Choice Wernicke's area; the angular gyrus fornix; motor speech motor speech; Wernicke's the angular gyrus; septal nuclei
Initial segment of an axon
At what region of the neuron are action potentials first produced? Multiple Choice Dendrites Cell body Initial segment of an axon Axon hillock
Ca2+
Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression require the release of ________ from the postsynaptic neuron membrane. Multiple Choice Cl- K+ Ca2+ Mg2+
Wernicke's area is damaged
A "word salad" speaking pattern occurs when ________. Multiple Choice Wernicke's area is damaged the motor speech area is damaged the angular gyrus is damaged spinal nerves are damaged
tract
A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a ________. Multiple Choice nerve bundle tract neuron
optic nerve
A cranial nerve with only sensory fibers is the ________. Multiple Choice hypoglossal nerve optic nerve vagus nerve trigeminal nerve
Na+; depolarization
A drug that blocked ________ channels would prevent neuron ________. Multiple Choice K+; depolarization Na+; hyperpolarization Na+; depolarization Ca2+; repolarization
mirror neurons
A dysfunction of ________ neurons would limit the ability to learn from and mimic the dance steps of an instructor. Multiple Choice sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons mirror neurons
can bind to nicotinic receptors
Acetylcholine ________. Multiple Choice is always an excitatory neurotransmitter can bind to adrenergic receptors is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by motor neurons can bind to nicotinic receptors
Schwann cells
Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged? Multiple Choice Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells
a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon
Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by ________. Multiple Choice a 10 mm diameter myelinated axon a 10 mm diameter unmyelinated axon a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon a 40 mm diameter unmyelinated axon
left cerebral cortex
After an accident, a patient has difficulty moving the limbs on his right side. Damage was most likely sustained by the ________. Multiple Choice left cerebral cortex left globus pallidus right cerebral cortex cerebellum
all-or-none law
An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the ________. Multiple Choice all-or-none law recruitment law graduated law threshold law
satellite cells
Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed ________. Multiple Choice astrocytes ependymal cells satellite cells Schwann cells
Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
Cerebrospinal fluid is found ________. Multiple Choice within the central canal within the ventricles within the olfactory bulbs Both within the central canal and within the ventricles.
hearing
Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would have the greatest impact on ________. Multiple Choice voluntary skeletal muscle contraction integration of cerebral activities hearing vision
VII
Damage to which cranial nerve would be associated with both sensory and motor deficits? Multiple Choice VIII II I VII
Na+ influx causes depolarization
During an action potential ________. Multiple Choice Na+ efflux causes depolarization K+ influx causes repolarization Na+ influx causes depolarization K+ influx causes after-hyperpolarization
released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron
Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are ________. Multiple Choice released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron Correct released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body None of the choices are correct.
smell
Except for the sense of ________, all sensory information is relayed through the thalamus. Multiple Choice taste vision balance smell
the cell cannot vary the permeability of the membrane to specific ions
If a cell's membrane is not excitable, this means that ________. Multiple Choice the cell is a neuron the cell cannot be depolarized under any conditions the cell cannot vary the permeability of the membrane to specific ions the cell does not have a measurable voltage
left cerebral hemisphere
In most most individuals, writing skills would be impaired if damage to the ________ occurred. Multiple Choice right cerebral hemisphere left cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum None of the choices are correct.
horns; funiculi
In the spinal cord, the gray matter is arranged into ________ and the white matter is arranged into ________. Multiple Choice columns; horns funiculi; tracts horns; funiculi tracts; funiculi
voltage-gated channels
Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are called ________. Multiple Choice ion-gated channels voltage-gated channels stimulation-gated channels potential-gated channels
G-protein
Muscarinic ACh receptors act through ________ activation of K+ channels. Multiple Choice cGMP G-protein M-protein ATP
skeletal muscle
Muscarinic ACh receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT ________. Multiple Choice skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle glands
blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter action could be prevented, or disrupted, if a drug or other agent ________. Multiple Choice increased the expression of CAMs in the postsynaptic membrane decreased the distance between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes decreased the concentration of SNARE complexes in the postsynaptic cell blocked voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane
blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal
Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by ________. Multiple Choice stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal blocking repolarization of the axon terminal stimulating protein kinase activity
may have a single synapse
Reflex arcs ________. Multiple Choice require the actions of the brain do not utilize somatic motor nerves generally rely on the actions of the hypothalamus may have a single synapse
long-term potentiation
Repeated use of a synaptic pathway, such as when we "learn" a new concept, our brain inserts AMPA glutamate receptors into the postsynaptic membrane which increases the strength of synaptic transmission. This is called ______. Multiple Choice long-term potentiation Correct synaptic plasticity excitotoxicity summation
All of the choices are correct.
Retrograde transport ________. Multiple Choice moves toward the cell body moves membranes, vesicles, and viruses uses molecular motor proteins of dynein All of the choices are correct.
occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell
Spatial summation ________. Multiple Choice occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
motor neurons
Structural classifications of neurons do NOT include ________. Multiple Choice motor neurons bipolar neurons multipolar neurons pseudounipolar neurons
SNARE
Synaptic vesicles are docked to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal by a protein complex called ________. Multiple Choice boutons connexins synaptotagmins SNARE
medulla oblongata
The right side of the brain controls motor activity on the left side of the body because nerve tracts decussate in the ________. Multiple Choice pons midbrain thalamus medulla oblongata
axodendritic
The synapses which occur between axons of presynaptic cells and dendrites of postsynaptic cells are called ________. Multiple Choice axodendritic axosomatic myoneural axoaxonic
myelinated axons in the CNS
The term "white matter" refers to ________. Multiple Choice myelinated axons in the CNS myelinated axons in the PNS nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS nonmyelinated axons in the CNS
12; 31
There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves. Multiple Choice 15; 31 31; 12 12; 31 12; 25
Opening of Cl- channels into the neuron
What action would produce an IPSP on the postsynaptic membrane? Multiple Choice Influx of Na+ ions Opening of Ca2+ channels into the neuron Outflow of K+ ions Opening of Cl- channels into the neuron
Narcolepsy
What condition is caused by a sudden failure of the RAS? Multiple Choice Narcolepsy Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Insomnia
They are both agonists for their respective receptors.
What do muscarine and nicotine have in common? Multiple Choice They are both antagonists for their respective receptors. They are both agonists for their respective receptors. They both activate-protein coupled channels. They are both always excitatory.
Na+/K+ pump action
What is needed to return a membrane to its resting membrane potential, with all ions in the correct locations? Multiple Choice Influx of negatively charged ions into the cell Outflow of Na+ ions via passive ion channels Na+/K+ pump action Outflow of K+ ions via passive ion channels
Voltage-gated channels
What is present at the axon hillock that allows the production of action potentials? Multiple Choice Voltage-gated channels Correct Ligand-gated channels Muscarinic receptors Chemical-gated channels
Receptor
What is the first structure of a reflex arc? Multiple Choice Effector (muscles or glands) Receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron
Central sulcus
What structure separates the frontal and parietal lobes? Multiple Choice Corpus callosum Central sulcus Correct Lateral sulcus Longitudinal fissure
Hypothalamus
Which of the following is NOT required to coordinate movement? Multiple Choice Cerebellum Hypothalamus Basal nuclei Motor cortex
Cervical—7
Which of the following spinal nerve groups is incorrect? Multiple Choice Cervical—7 Thoracic—12 Lumbar—5 Sacral—5
Ependymal cells
Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid? Multiple Choice Microglia Satellite cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytic? Multiple Choice Microglia Satellite cells Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes