11-16-Gap Lecture - Joints and ligaments; upper arm

list the 3 types of fibrous joints (synarthrosis joints)

1. suture 2. syndesmosis 3. gomphosis

transverse humeral ligament

11

Glenhumeral ligaments

15 superior middle inferior type: intrinsic

corocoid process

19

coracoclavicular

2 Type; intrinsic

Syndesmosis is what

2 bones connected by a fibrous connective tissue; some moments will be found known as amphiarthrodial joints. ie. between ulna and radius

Acromioclavicular ligament is what letter or number

4 Type; intrinsic

subdeltoid bursa

6 and 7

articular disc

A

Trail to coracoid process and locate anterior edge of acromion; explore between structure and palpate deep to the deltoid muscle....what ligament are you at?

Coracoacromial ligament

Classification of synovial joints by the number of axis

Nonaxial joint Uniaxial joint Biaxial joint Triaxial/ multiaxial joint

Glenoid cavity

S

saddle joint definition

Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement. Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface. i.e. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Symphysis

This is a Secondary Cartilaginous Joint because the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, strong slightly movable joints, known as amphiarthrodial joints (i.e. IVD between the vertebrae

Four things we need to know with joints

Type of joint Articular surfaces movement ligaments involved with joint; intrinsic, extrinsic, intra articular.

Sternoclavicular joint

Type; saddle; biaxial, 2 degrees of movement Movement; protraction, retraction, elevation, depression and a form of circumduction (rotation and elevation)

medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon. Supports the joint medially and is intrinsic to elbow joint....what am i.

Ulna Collateral ligament

Annular ligament

Where; Attached to ulna anterior and posterior to its radial notch (which is on ulna) Does not attache to radius at all. Action; allows for rotation without bending.

what are statics

a branch of biomechanics that studies equilibrium, no movement,the body at rest the sum of all movements=0

Ball and socket joint definition

a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another. multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints. i.e. shoulder and hip joints

what is the most important thing to remember about levers

all levers the resistance or weight force is in opposition to the effort force

what are the movements that occur in a ball and socket joints

allow movement in multiple axes and planes. flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction hip joint, shoulder joint,

hinge joints definition

are formed between the cylindrical end of a bone and a trough-shaped surface of another bone uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only. e.i. elbow and interphalangeal joints

plane joint definition

articular surfaces are flat allowing only slipping or gliding movement only example on non axial joints i.e. intercarpal or intertarsal joints i.e vertebral articular surfaces

what are the three different types of levers in the body

axis or fulcrum=joint effort force=muscle contraction resistance force=gravity, weight of body part or externally applied resistance

What are the two ways joints can be classified as

based on structure(material holding the joint together) or function (how much movement is produced)

carpometacarpal

between carpal and 1st digit

ellipsoidal joint

between radius and schaphoid

where is a gomphosis joint found

between the tooth and it's socket-no movement

Gomphosis is found where

between tooth and socket.

what are dynamics

branch of biomechanics that studies movement and its velocity acceleration and associated forces

interclavicular ligament

c

what are bursas and why are they important

closed sacs filled with fluid important to decrease friction btw the muscles tendons and bones

midcarpal joint

complex joint between proximal and distal row of carpals. Type of joint; synovial planar joint\=1 degree supporting ligaments; intercarpal ligaments flexor reticulum dorsal and palmer radiocarpal

what do ligaments connect

connect bone to bone

example of an extrinsic ligament

cricotracheal ligament in trachea

Anterior Sternoclavicular ligaments

d

palpation description

description of characteristics; what does it feel like under your fingers. smooth, rough, sharp, depression, ridge, cool etc.

distal Radioulnar joint

distal round head of ulnar articulates with the medial side of distal end of radius Type of joint; pivot synovial movement; radius moves around a relatively fixed ulna, like the prox radio ulna joint. Description; triangular fibrocartiliginous complex binds to ends of ulna and radius together

assessing its quality and condition so you can determine how to treat it.

does it feel different from opposite side of what is normal.

fibrous joints: syndesmosis

example

foosh stands for

falling on outstretched hands

What are the 3 types of joints based on structure

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

synovial joint capsule

fibrous capsule synovial membrane articular cartilage

what type of movement occur in a condyloid joint

flexion and extension and abduction and adduction circumduction is also possible but more restricted then saddle metacarpophalangeal joint

what type of movement occur in a hinge synovial joint

flexion and extension in saggital plane around a single axis. 1 degree of movement eg elbow

what are kinetics

forces

where is the suture fibrous joint found

found btw the skull bones-no movement is produced

how would you describe an intra articular or capsular ligament

found within the joint cavity but not related to the joint capsule

diarthrosis

freely moveble

what does the Glenohumeral joint consist of

glenoid fossa and head of humerus

what is the special characteristic of the acromioclavicular joint

has a triangular partial fibrocartilaginous disc that does not completely bisect cavity

What is the articular surface of the GH joint covered by

hyaline cartilage

example of plane joint

intercarpal joint

Sternoclavicular ligaments

interclavicular ligament anterior and posterior SC ligament costoclavicular ligament

3 types of ligaments

intrinsic extrinsic intra articular

what is a menisci

its a fibrocartilaginoud disk found btw the femur and tibia to increase congruency of a joint

Radio-carpal joints

joint capsule fibrous layer surrounds synovial fluid lines internal surface numerous synovial folds present ligaments: palmar radiocarpal dorsal radiocarpal ligaments ulnar collateral ligament; medial radial collateral ligament; lateral transverse carpal ligmanent(flexor reticulum) anterior

Where is the subtendinous olecranon bursa

just deep from triceps to olecranon

ulna nerve

just posterior to medial epicondyle you may be able to feel thenerve as a string-like structure

knee

largest joint in the body and is also the most complicated. It is a modified hinge joint, and contains synovial fluid.

There are four parts to a lever

lever arm, pivot, effort load.

What is the sacciform

little area that stores more fluid for elbow joint

Where is the subcutaneous olecranon bursa

little pad before olecranon; very superficial.

Synarthrosis

little to no movement

What is the carrying angle

long axis of the extended ulna; approx 170 degree with long axis of humerus.

joints have three specific characteristics that will help you locate them...what are they.

most joints create movement joints are created by two separate bones there is a space between the bones

Triaxial/ multiaxial joint

motion in all three axes. Ex.: ball and socket - hip and shoulder. More motion than any other type of joint.

Biaxial joint

motion occurs in two different axis in two planes. Ex.: condyloid (ellipsoidal) -metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers or toes. Saddle - carpometacarpal joints at thumb.

what are kinematics

movement

Uniaxial joint

movement in one plane around one axis. Move like a door hinge. Ex.: elbow joint and interphalangeal joints of hand and foot. Pivot joint - bone pivots around another bone. Ex.: radius pivots around stationary ulnar, also atlantoaxial joint C1 (atlas) pivots around stationary C2(axis) on the odontoid process.

Nonaxial joint

movement tends to be linear rather than angular. Joint surfaces flat and glide over one another instead of around. Ex.: carpal bones

what is hiltons law

nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachment

What is difference between joint and ligament

one helps movement and the other helps prevent excessive movement

A condyloid joint definition

oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression of another. Both articular surfaces are rounded. This permits movement in two planes (biaxial), allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. i.e. radiocarpal (wrist) joints and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

ulna medial collateral ligament

palpation; partner seated. bend elbow 90 degrees locate lateral epicondyle of humerus and trail to medial epicondlye and medial aspect of olecranon process. place thumb between two landmarks and feel the ligaments thin fibers

what type of movement occur in a saddle joint

permits abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension biaxial joints (saggital and frontal) circumduction is also possible carpometacarpal joint

What kind of joint is the radio ulnar joint and what kind of movements does it do.

pivot type of synovial joint; supination; turns palm anteriorly, or superiorly when elbow is flexed. pronation; turns palm posteriorly or inferiorly when elbow is flexed.

what are the different types of synovial joints

plane (gliding) -1degree pivot-1 degree hinge-1 degree condyloid (ellipsoidal)-2 degree saddle-2 degree ball and socket-3 degrees

what are three types of joint movement based on biomechanics

rolling/rocking slide/glide spinning most cases combo of all 3 occurs

pivot joint definition

rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "no" motion of head via joint between axis and the dens, and the proximal radiulnar joint.

example of an intrinsic ligament

scapholunate ligament in wrist

what is the most commomly fractured carpal

schaphoid

what type of movement occurs in a plane synovial joint

slide and glide-1 degree of movement movement limited by their joint capsule eg: acromioclavicular joint

amphiarthrosis

some movement

Example of a synovial saddle joint

sternoclavicular joint

Radial collateral ligament

stretches from lateral epicondlye of humerus to annular ligament and lateral side of ulna. Description; cordlike band, deep to supinator, feels like strip of duct tape Actions: Extends forearm PALPATE; between head of radius and lateral epicondyle

What 3 characteristics to does muscle tissue have

striated texture direction of muscle fibers relaxed or contractile state

what is biomechanics

study of forces and their effects on living systems

Arthrology

study of joints

syndesmology

study of ligaments

what is kinesiology

study of muscular activity and the anatomy physiology and mechanics if the movement of body parts

What does the CoracoAcromial ligament prevent

superior displacement

What are the 3 levels of movement that happens at the joints

synarthrosis =no movement aka:fibrous (amphiarthosis)some movement: cartilaginous (diarthrosis)lots of movement: synovial

2 types of cartiliginous joints

synchondrosis: primary cartilaginous joint symphysis: secondary cartiliaginous joint

List the 3 types of cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis=primary cartilaginous joint bc the bones are connected by cartilage-generally temp cause found in the metaphyseal plate or growth plate symphysis-secondary cart. joint bc the bones are joint by fibrocartilage-intervertebral disk btw the vertebrae synovial-these allow for varying degrees of movement

what is the most common type of joint

synovial

Bursae

synovial fluid filled sac protects underlying structure preventing friction

what are the basic components of a synovial joint

synovial membrane synovial cavity synovial fluid articular (hyaline) cartilage accessory ligmant

how does a bone with a concavity move on the convex surface?

the concave articular surface will move in the same direction as the bone segment

how does a convex joint surface move on a bone with the concavity

the convex surface moves in the opposite direction to the bone segment

The most common carpal dislocations are

the lunate,

why is that an important factor to have a combo movement in joints based on biomechanical principals

the more combination of movement allowed allows for larger range of motion on a small articular surface

what determines the movement that is being permitted between joints

the shape of the articulating joint surface

what are intra articular discs

they are fibrocartilaginous discs found at joints to increase the congruency of the joint

how would you describe an extrinsic ligament

they are not part of the joint capsule

how would you describe the intrinsic ligaments

they blend in with the joint capsule

example of a saddle joint

thumb and trapezium articulation

palpation

to explore and examine through touch

How do we locate a structure;

trail to it from 2 joints away and differentiate it from other structures around it.

what two ligaments make up coracoclavicular ligament.

trapezoid and conoid ligament Movement; will also help with depression of scapula

Locate midshaft of clavicle; Trail to the coracoid process; palpate the space superior to the coracoid process and the lateral portion of the clavice...where are you.

two sold taut bands of the coracoclavicular ligament; which includes the trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament.

skeletal muscle

voluntary contractile tissue that moves skeleton

where is the syndesmosis joint found

where 2 bones are connected by a fibrous connective tissue -some movement will be found =amphiarthodial joint ulna and radius and fibula and tibia

coracoacromial ligament

where; 1 Type of joint; extrinsic

2 types of cartilaginous joints

•Synchondrosis: •Symphysis

example of pivot joint

Atlas and Axis

What is the meniscus?

They are 2 wedge-shaped tissues (medial & lateral) made up of a specialized form of cartilage located on the upper end of the tibia. They aid in painless weight bearing, decrease joint contact pressure and contributes to joint stability.

If someone landed on shoulder clavicle and the acromioclavicular joint moved superiorly; what would be damaged?

Acromioclavicular ligament which helps prevent superior displacemen

What is the most common shoulder dislocation

Anterioinferioly; because that is where articular capsule is at its weakest.

4 main ligaments in the knee joint namely:

Anterior & Posterior Cruciate Ligaments and Medial & Lateral Collateral Ligaments.

intra articular ligaments in knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) & Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) have a central location inside the joint

What type of joint is GH

Ball and socket synovial; 3 degrees of movement

Suture fibrous joints are found where?

Between bones of cranium

Subscapular bursa

Between tendon of subscapularis and neck of humerus.

What is the annular ligament

Main ligament but does not attach the radius at all. Attached to the ulna anterior and posterior to radial notch (which is on ulna) Allows for rotation to occur without bending.

extrinsic ligaments in knee

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) & Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) are located on the inner and outer sides of the knee joint

Sub Acromial bursa

E

Trochlea and capitulum articulate with the trochlear notch of the ulna and radial head....where are you?

Elbow joint

What movements do the GH do

Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal/external rotation and circumduction

Anterior, posterior, and oblique band of of ulna collateral ligament

Green arrows

Explain levers in human body

Muscles and bones act together to form these. A is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint). dCan be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force. This is called mechanical advantage.

Costoclavicular ligaments

H Type of joint is extrinsic

Tendon of biceps brachi

L

Acromioclavicular joint

LOCATION: facet on the lateral end of clavicle & facet on the medial end of the acromion. TYPE OF JOINT: plane synovial; uniaxial MOVEMENT; slide and glide

The humeral head is much larger than the fossa, what is in place to make the head fit better

Labrum; ring of fibrocartilage surrounds fossa to deepen cavity.

olecranon process and bursa

PALPATION; seated bend elbow 90 degrees; locate medial epicondyle of humerus; trail posteriorly and laterally to explore large superficial know. ACTION; passively flex/extend elbow to feel movement. Bursa; superficial pad under process.

synchondroses

Primary Cartilaginous Joint because the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, is often a temporary joint (because with age will usually ossify, but not always) located in the metaphyseal area (i.e. epiphyseal growth plate)

superior gh ligament middle gh ligament inferior gh ligament

R

trail lateral to epicondyle to annular ligament of radial head. Supports joint laterally and is intrinsic to elbow joint...what am i?

Radial Collateral ligament

what stabalizes the glenhumural joint

Rotator cuff muscles; SITS supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscarpularis

Glenohumeral labrum

T