11-16-Gap Lecture - Joints and ligaments; upper arm
list the 3 types of fibrous joints (synarthrosis joints)
1. suture 2. syndesmosis 3. gomphosis
transverse humeral ligament
11
Glenhumeral ligaments
15 superior middle inferior type: intrinsic
corocoid process
19
coracoclavicular
2 Type; intrinsic
Syndesmosis is what
2 bones connected by a fibrous connective tissue; some moments will be found known as amphiarthrodial joints. ie. between ulna and radius
Acromioclavicular ligament is what letter or number
4 Type; intrinsic
subdeltoid bursa
6 and 7
articular disc
A
Trail to coracoid process and locate anterior edge of acromion; explore between structure and palpate deep to the deltoid muscle....what ligament are you at?
Coracoacromial ligament
Classification of synovial joints by the number of axis
Nonaxial joint Uniaxial joint Biaxial joint Triaxial/ multiaxial joint
Glenoid cavity
S
saddle joint definition
Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement. Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface. i.e. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Symphysis
This is a Secondary Cartilaginous Joint because the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, strong slightly movable joints, known as amphiarthrodial joints (i.e. IVD between the vertebrae
Four things we need to know with joints
Type of joint Articular surfaces movement ligaments involved with joint; intrinsic, extrinsic, intra articular.
Sternoclavicular joint
Type; saddle; biaxial, 2 degrees of movement Movement; protraction, retraction, elevation, depression and a form of circumduction (rotation and elevation)
medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon. Supports the joint medially and is intrinsic to elbow joint....what am i.
Ulna Collateral ligament
Annular ligament
Where; Attached to ulna anterior and posterior to its radial notch (which is on ulna) Does not attache to radius at all. Action; allows for rotation without bending.
what are statics
a branch of biomechanics that studies equilibrium, no movement,the body at rest the sum of all movements=0
Ball and socket joint definition
a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another. multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints. i.e. shoulder and hip joints
what is the most important thing to remember about levers
all levers the resistance or weight force is in opposition to the effort force
what are the movements that occur in a ball and socket joints
allow movement in multiple axes and planes. flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction hip joint, shoulder joint,
hinge joints definition
are formed between the cylindrical end of a bone and a trough-shaped surface of another bone uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only. e.i. elbow and interphalangeal joints
plane joint definition
articular surfaces are flat allowing only slipping or gliding movement only example on non axial joints i.e. intercarpal or intertarsal joints i.e vertebral articular surfaces
what are the three different types of levers in the body
axis or fulcrum=joint effort force=muscle contraction resistance force=gravity, weight of body part or externally applied resistance
What are the two ways joints can be classified as
based on structure(material holding the joint together) or function (how much movement is produced)
carpometacarpal
between carpal and 1st digit
ellipsoidal joint
between radius and schaphoid
where is a gomphosis joint found
between the tooth and it's socket-no movement
Gomphosis is found where
between tooth and socket.
what are dynamics
branch of biomechanics that studies movement and its velocity acceleration and associated forces
interclavicular ligament
c
what are bursas and why are they important
closed sacs filled with fluid important to decrease friction btw the muscles tendons and bones
midcarpal joint
complex joint between proximal and distal row of carpals. Type of joint; synovial planar joint\=1 degree supporting ligaments; intercarpal ligaments flexor reticulum dorsal and palmer radiocarpal
what do ligaments connect
connect bone to bone
example of an extrinsic ligament
cricotracheal ligament in trachea
Anterior Sternoclavicular ligaments
d
palpation description
description of characteristics; what does it feel like under your fingers. smooth, rough, sharp, depression, ridge, cool etc.
distal Radioulnar joint
distal round head of ulnar articulates with the medial side of distal end of radius Type of joint; pivot synovial movement; radius moves around a relatively fixed ulna, like the prox radio ulna joint. Description; triangular fibrocartiliginous complex binds to ends of ulna and radius together
assessing its quality and condition so you can determine how to treat it.
does it feel different from opposite side of what is normal.
fibrous joints: syndesmosis
example
foosh stands for
falling on outstretched hands
What are the 3 types of joints based on structure
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
synovial joint capsule
fibrous capsule synovial membrane articular cartilage
what type of movement occur in a condyloid joint
flexion and extension and abduction and adduction circumduction is also possible but more restricted then saddle metacarpophalangeal joint
what type of movement occur in a hinge synovial joint
flexion and extension in saggital plane around a single axis. 1 degree of movement eg elbow
what are kinetics
forces
where is the suture fibrous joint found
found btw the skull bones-no movement is produced
how would you describe an intra articular or capsular ligament
found within the joint cavity but not related to the joint capsule
diarthrosis
freely moveble
what does the Glenohumeral joint consist of
glenoid fossa and head of humerus
what is the special characteristic of the acromioclavicular joint
has a triangular partial fibrocartilaginous disc that does not completely bisect cavity
What is the articular surface of the GH joint covered by
hyaline cartilage
example of plane joint
intercarpal joint
Sternoclavicular ligaments
interclavicular ligament anterior and posterior SC ligament costoclavicular ligament
3 types of ligaments
intrinsic extrinsic intra articular
what is a menisci
its a fibrocartilaginoud disk found btw the femur and tibia to increase congruency of a joint
Radio-carpal joints
joint capsule fibrous layer surrounds synovial fluid lines internal surface numerous synovial folds present ligaments: palmar radiocarpal dorsal radiocarpal ligaments ulnar collateral ligament; medial radial collateral ligament; lateral transverse carpal ligmanent(flexor reticulum) anterior
Where is the subtendinous olecranon bursa
just deep from triceps to olecranon
ulna nerve
just posterior to medial epicondyle you may be able to feel thenerve as a string-like structure
knee
largest joint in the body and is also the most complicated. It is a modified hinge joint, and contains synovial fluid.
There are four parts to a lever
lever arm, pivot, effort load.
What is the sacciform
little area that stores more fluid for elbow joint
Where is the subcutaneous olecranon bursa
little pad before olecranon; very superficial.
Synarthrosis
little to no movement
What is the carrying angle
long axis of the extended ulna; approx 170 degree with long axis of humerus.
joints have three specific characteristics that will help you locate them...what are they.
most joints create movement joints are created by two separate bones there is a space between the bones
Triaxial/ multiaxial joint
motion in all three axes. Ex.: ball and socket - hip and shoulder. More motion than any other type of joint.
Biaxial joint
motion occurs in two different axis in two planes. Ex.: condyloid (ellipsoidal) -metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers or toes. Saddle - carpometacarpal joints at thumb.
what are kinematics
movement
Uniaxial joint
movement in one plane around one axis. Move like a door hinge. Ex.: elbow joint and interphalangeal joints of hand and foot. Pivot joint - bone pivots around another bone. Ex.: radius pivots around stationary ulnar, also atlantoaxial joint C1 (atlas) pivots around stationary C2(axis) on the odontoid process.
Nonaxial joint
movement tends to be linear rather than angular. Joint surfaces flat and glide over one another instead of around. Ex.: carpal bones
what is hiltons law
nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachment
What is difference between joint and ligament
one helps movement and the other helps prevent excessive movement
A condyloid joint definition
oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression of another. Both articular surfaces are rounded. This permits movement in two planes (biaxial), allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. i.e. radiocarpal (wrist) joints and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints
ulna medial collateral ligament
palpation; partner seated. bend elbow 90 degrees locate lateral epicondyle of humerus and trail to medial epicondlye and medial aspect of olecranon process. place thumb between two landmarks and feel the ligaments thin fibers
what type of movement occur in a saddle joint
permits abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension biaxial joints (saggital and frontal) circumduction is also possible carpometacarpal joint
What kind of joint is the radio ulnar joint and what kind of movements does it do.
pivot type of synovial joint; supination; turns palm anteriorly, or superiorly when elbow is flexed. pronation; turns palm posteriorly or inferiorly when elbow is flexed.
what are the different types of synovial joints
plane (gliding) -1degree pivot-1 degree hinge-1 degree condyloid (ellipsoidal)-2 degree saddle-2 degree ball and socket-3 degrees
what are three types of joint movement based on biomechanics
rolling/rocking slide/glide spinning most cases combo of all 3 occurs
pivot joint definition
rounded end of one bone protrudes into a "no" motion of head via joint between axis and the dens, and the proximal radiulnar joint.
example of an intrinsic ligament
scapholunate ligament in wrist
what is the most commomly fractured carpal
schaphoid
what type of movement occurs in a plane synovial joint
slide and glide-1 degree of movement movement limited by their joint capsule eg: acromioclavicular joint
amphiarthrosis
some movement
Example of a synovial saddle joint
sternoclavicular joint
Radial collateral ligament
stretches from lateral epicondlye of humerus to annular ligament and lateral side of ulna. Description; cordlike band, deep to supinator, feels like strip of duct tape Actions: Extends forearm PALPATE; between head of radius and lateral epicondyle
What 3 characteristics to does muscle tissue have
striated texture direction of muscle fibers relaxed or contractile state
what is biomechanics
study of forces and their effects on living systems
Arthrology
study of joints
syndesmology
study of ligaments
what is kinesiology
study of muscular activity and the anatomy physiology and mechanics if the movement of body parts
What does the CoracoAcromial ligament prevent
superior displacement
What are the 3 levels of movement that happens at the joints
synarthrosis =no movement aka:fibrous (amphiarthosis)some movement: cartilaginous (diarthrosis)lots of movement: synovial
2 types of cartiliginous joints
synchondrosis: primary cartilaginous joint symphysis: secondary cartiliaginous joint
List the 3 types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis=primary cartilaginous joint bc the bones are connected by cartilage-generally temp cause found in the metaphyseal plate or growth plate symphysis-secondary cart. joint bc the bones are joint by fibrocartilage-intervertebral disk btw the vertebrae synovial-these allow for varying degrees of movement
what is the most common type of joint
synovial
Bursae
synovial fluid filled sac protects underlying structure preventing friction
what are the basic components of a synovial joint
synovial membrane synovial cavity synovial fluid articular (hyaline) cartilage accessory ligmant
how does a bone with a concavity move on the convex surface?
the concave articular surface will move in the same direction as the bone segment
how does a convex joint surface move on a bone with the concavity
the convex surface moves in the opposite direction to the bone segment
The most common carpal dislocations are
the lunate,
why is that an important factor to have a combo movement in joints based on biomechanical principals
the more combination of movement allowed allows for larger range of motion on a small articular surface
what determines the movement that is being permitted between joints
the shape of the articulating joint surface
what are intra articular discs
they are fibrocartilaginous discs found at joints to increase the congruency of the joint
how would you describe an extrinsic ligament
they are not part of the joint capsule
how would you describe the intrinsic ligaments
they blend in with the joint capsule
example of a saddle joint
thumb and trapezium articulation
palpation
to explore and examine through touch
How do we locate a structure;
trail to it from 2 joints away and differentiate it from other structures around it.
what two ligaments make up coracoclavicular ligament.
trapezoid and conoid ligament Movement; will also help with depression of scapula
Locate midshaft of clavicle; Trail to the coracoid process; palpate the space superior to the coracoid process and the lateral portion of the clavice...where are you.
two sold taut bands of the coracoclavicular ligament; which includes the trapezoid ligament and conoid ligament.
skeletal muscle
voluntary contractile tissue that moves skeleton
where is the syndesmosis joint found
where 2 bones are connected by a fibrous connective tissue -some movement will be found =amphiarthodial joint ulna and radius and fibula and tibia
coracoacromial ligament
where; 1 Type of joint; extrinsic
2 types of cartilaginous joints
•Synchondrosis: •Symphysis
example of pivot joint
Atlas and Axis
What is the meniscus?
They are 2 wedge-shaped tissues (medial & lateral) made up of a specialized form of cartilage located on the upper end of the tibia. They aid in painless weight bearing, decrease joint contact pressure and contributes to joint stability.
If someone landed on shoulder clavicle and the acromioclavicular joint moved superiorly; what would be damaged?
Acromioclavicular ligament which helps prevent superior displacemen
What is the most common shoulder dislocation
Anterioinferioly; because that is where articular capsule is at its weakest.
4 main ligaments in the knee joint namely:
Anterior & Posterior Cruciate Ligaments and Medial & Lateral Collateral Ligaments.
intra articular ligaments in knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) & Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) have a central location inside the joint
What type of joint is GH
Ball and socket synovial; 3 degrees of movement
Suture fibrous joints are found where?
Between bones of cranium
Subscapular bursa
Between tendon of subscapularis and neck of humerus.
What is the annular ligament
Main ligament but does not attach the radius at all. Attached to the ulna anterior and posterior to radial notch (which is on ulna) Allows for rotation to occur without bending.
extrinsic ligaments in knee
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) & Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) are located on the inner and outer sides of the knee joint
Sub Acromial bursa
E
Trochlea and capitulum articulate with the trochlear notch of the ulna and radial head....where are you?
Elbow joint
What movements do the GH do
Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, internal/external rotation and circumduction
Anterior, posterior, and oblique band of of ulna collateral ligament
Green arrows
Explain levers in human body
Muscles and bones act together to form these. A is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint). dCan be used so that a small force can move a much bigger force. This is called mechanical advantage.
Costoclavicular ligaments
H Type of joint is extrinsic
Tendon of biceps brachi
L
Acromioclavicular joint
LOCATION: facet on the lateral end of clavicle & facet on the medial end of the acromion. TYPE OF JOINT: plane synovial; uniaxial MOVEMENT; slide and glide
The humeral head is much larger than the fossa, what is in place to make the head fit better
Labrum; ring of fibrocartilage surrounds fossa to deepen cavity.
olecranon process and bursa
PALPATION; seated bend elbow 90 degrees; locate medial epicondyle of humerus; trail posteriorly and laterally to explore large superficial know. ACTION; passively flex/extend elbow to feel movement. Bursa; superficial pad under process.
synchondroses
Primary Cartilaginous Joint because the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage, is often a temporary joint (because with age will usually ossify, but not always) located in the metaphyseal area (i.e. epiphyseal growth plate)
superior gh ligament middle gh ligament inferior gh ligament
R
trail lateral to epicondyle to annular ligament of radial head. Supports joint laterally and is intrinsic to elbow joint...what am i?
Radial Collateral ligament
what stabalizes the glenhumural joint
Rotator cuff muscles; SITS supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscarpularis
Glenohumeral labrum
T
