Biol Study Guide

Which of the following does NOT affect nutrient needs?

Ethnicity

Most Americans purchase less than recommended amounts of

Fruits

________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach.

Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase

________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.

Glycogenesis

Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?

High-fructose corn syrup

________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Which of the following menu items has ingredients that represent all MyPlate food groups?

Salad made with hard-cooked eggs, grapes, leaf lettuce, cooked pasta, and cheddar cheese

Which of the following statements is false?

The Internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has been peer-reviewed.

Which of the following statements is true?

The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber.

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing the herbal supplement Hoodia for weight loss. Lotta Talent describes her own weight-loss successes with the supplement. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________.

testimonial

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are ________.

the maximum daily intake level not likely to cause harmful effects

The ________ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.

thyroid

An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when ________.

too little research is available to establish an RDA

April wants to add ________ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts

Which if the following is inorganic?

water

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven to cure cancer."

Max wants to increase his intake of vitamin C without taking a dietary supplement. When he shops for food, he reads Nutrition Facts labels. Which of the following kinds of information will help him choose foods that are the richest sources of vitamin C?

%DV's

Per serving, which of the following foods is the most energy-dense?

4-ounce chocolate doughnut

Which of the following statements is true?

A fatty acid has a chain of carbons bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

Which of the followings statements is true?

Certain fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

Which of the following statements is true?

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

Cohort

Fai was recently diagnosed with lactose-intolerance. She knows that consuming enough vitamin D and calcium is important for those with lactose intolerance. With that in mind, which of the following do you recommend?

Consume lactose-free milk.

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's ________.

DNA

Which of the following statements is true?

In nature, fatty acids typically have even numbers of carbon atoms.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

In order for a dietary supplement to be on the market, all research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

Which of the following statements is true?

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?

Methionine

ATP synthesis occurs in which of the following organelles?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.

A food label that advertises the product as a "rich source of fiber" is an example of a(n)

Nutrient Claim

The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.

Nutrition

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?

Observational study

A medical researcher reads an article in Today's Health-Conscious Woman magazine about the benefits of using the phytochemical capsaicin to treat knee pain. She asks 10 people with arthritic knees to rub a cream that contains the phytochemical on their knee joints for 2 weeks. At the end of the 2 weeks, the researcher asks the subjects whether their knee pain improved, stayed about the same, or worsened during the treatment period. After collecting responses from the people, the researcher reports the results of her study during a popular TV show that is hosted by a doctor. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?

The researcher did not divide the subjects of her study into control and treatment groups.

What process must amino acids undergo before they can be used for energy?

Transamination Deamination

Which of the following substances is an enzyme that participates in the digestion of proteins?

Trypsin

Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Type 2 diabetes

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?

Vitamin B-6

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?

Vitamin D

Which of the following observations is an example of a negative or inverse correlation?

When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk for bone fractures decreases.

An amino acid does not contain a(an)

a fatty acid group

The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called

ageusia.

Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed ________ as a result.

anaphylaxis

Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he

avoid overeating during meals.

A primary function of the digestive system is the

breakdown of food into nutrients.

Avi's salivary glands do not secrete amylase. As a result of his condition, his body

cannot begin starch digestion.

Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

________ is necessary to assist in the passing of fatty acids through the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane during the process of beta-oxidation

carnitine

Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________.

catabolic

The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of ________.

catabolism

When Thompson was 5 years of age, he began to complain that his stomach hurt, especially after eating meals and snacks. He also experienced chronic diarrhea. His parents noticed that he could eat poultry, meat, dairy foods, fruits, and vegetables without developing any intestinal problems, but he would get a "tummy ache" soon after eating sandwiches, cookies, crackers, or pancakes. Based on this information, Thompson's parents should have him evaluated for ________.

celiac disease

Choosing foods based on religious teachings is an example of ________ factors influencing eating habits.

cognitive

Lactose is formed from glucose and galactose through a ________ reaction.

condensation

A/an ________ amino acid is one that is normally nonessential, but becomes essential under certain conditions.

conditionally essential

A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________.

consuming foods that contain gluten

Consuming too much protein or excess amino acids can contribute to ________.

dehydration

Pancreatic amylase

digests starch in the small intestine.

The ________ is a flap-like piece of tissue responsible for keeping a swallowed piece of food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

Fructose is primarily absorbed from the small intestine via

facilitated diffusion.

Phil is a healthy college student. When he wakes up in the morning, he can't wait to eat breakfast. While he is asleep and before he consumes food or beverages, his pancreas secretes ________ to maintain his blood glucose level within normal limits.

glucagon

A fasting blood HDL cholesterol level of ________ is considered desirable for healthy women.

greater than 50 mg/dL

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should ________.

have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.

hepatic portal vein

Which of the following sweeteners provides 4 kcal/g?

sucrose

Julian ate a baked potato as a side with his dinner. The starch in the baked potato will begin to be digested

in the mouth

Which nutrient is contributed by the protein foods group of MyPlate?

iron

Cholesterol ________.

is essential to health

The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

The ________ cells of the gastric glands are important to protect the lining of the stomach from damage.

mucous

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) values are for people who are ________.

of all ages

Raffinose is an example of a/an

oligosaccharide

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called

peristalsis.

According to MyPlate, two to six ounces of is the serving size for this food group.

protein

Food guides usually classify sunflower and other seeds in the ________ group.

protein

An online magazine article about weight-loss diets includes false information about the process of digestion that uses scientific-sounding terms to make it seem factual. The faulty information is an example of

pseudoscience.

Through the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of ________

pyruvate

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ________ study.

retrospective

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a ________ study.

retrospective

The sweetener found in Sweet'N Low is

saccharin

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________ fatty acid.

saturated