BIOL1002 Test 1 Work
General term referring to plant-like protists
palgae
term for an organism which causes an illness
pathogenic
The general term for organisms that are capable of producing disease is _________.
pathogens.
Bacterial cell wall is made up of
peptidoglycan
type of species concept that is the best
phylogenetic
the perceived evolutionary history of an organism
phylogeny
group just below the group size kingdom
phylum
hair-like structures in bacterium and aid in attachment
pili
double stranded ring of DNA that carries extra chromosomal genes
plasmid
General name for the organisms related to this puzzle (3rd crossword?)
protists
the proper term for a given organism (2 words)
scientific name
name for a rod shape prokaryotes
sex pilis
amorphous form of glycocalyx
slime layer
much less organized & mire loosely attached to cell wall
slime layer
cellular and acellular are each a type of this (two words).
slime mold
the field of biology that uses phylogeny to classify organisms
systematics
freshwater, htertrophic, use ciliates movement (short hair like, made of proteins), Phylum Ciliophora, Alveolates, has 3 complex structures
Cilates
Type of slime mold that can grow into a large cell with lots of nuclei.
acellular
Only anaerobic type of protists
Parabasalids
Division Myxomycota, goes through mitosis but not cytokinesis, organism that looks like a very large multi-nucleated single "cell", molding feeding stage of organism life cycle called plasmodium
acellular slime mold
name for a microbe that lives without oxygen
anaerobe
prokaryotic group that is more closely related to Eukarya
archaea
the other domain
archaea
very simple infectious agent composed of naked genetic material
viroid
If reproduction is asexual it is performing ______ ________.
Binary Fission
Which of the following is the smallest or least inclusive group?
Genus
______ + species = scientific name
Genus
moves through decaying material and engulfs bacteria and food
Plasmodium
Divison OOmycota, small division, form aggregated colonies, filaments bodies, heterotrophic decomposers, mobile flagellated games, Stramenoid
Water molds
______ proposed the evolutionary tree
Woese
phospholipid bilayer that surrounds capsid from last host
envelope
Protist genus with an eyespot.
euglena
salt loving archaea
halophones
infectious improperly folded protein
prion
Singular form of structure used for locomotion by a number of protists.
pseudopod
Types of rhizarians with spiked glass shells.
radiolarian
Domain (or perhaps Kingdom) Bacteria can be subdivided into 2 separate groups based on the reaction with Gram stain. The difference in this reactive relates to a difference the Select one: a. Cell wall structure b. Presence or absence of pili c. Ability to make endospores. d. Ability to from a slime layer
A
The parasitic group of alveolates
Apicomplexans
Phylum Apicomplexa, heterotrophic, have a mobile stage called Sporozoite, Plasmodium=malaria, Toxoplasma=vectors through cats, Alveolates
Apicomplexans (Sporozoans)
Which of the following is prokaryotic?
Archaea
Origins of taxonomy go back to
Aristotle
Why is it particularly difficult for the systematist to classify asexually reproducing organisms as a species? See Section 19.3
Asexually reproducing organisms do not interbreed.
During bacterial conjugation, the transferred item is a: Select one: a. chromosome b. plasmid c. gene d. protein
B
______ is a more inclusive group than _______. Select one: a. order;phylum b. kingdom;class c. genus;phylum d. genus; order e. species;family
B
2 prokaryotic domains
Bacteria and Archaea
Monera is comprised of ____ and _____.
Bacteria and Archaea.
___________ are viruses that only infect bacteria.
Bacteriophages
variation of life forms and their complex interdependence
Biodiversity
smaller than prokaryotes and don't have all the qualities of being "alive", reproduction-has to take over other cell
Biological entities
__________ is the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment.
Bioremediation
Which name signifies group of Archaeans which live in extremely saline environments? Select one: a. Hyperthermophiles b. Methanogens c. Halophiles d. Thermoplasma
C
Which of the following traits allows some bacteria to survive extreme conditions for millions of years? Select one: a. slime layer b. conjugation c. endospore formation d. binary fission
C
Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? Cell wall Flagella Nucleoid Capsule
Capsule
Most complex of protozoa with internal structures
Ciliates
Groups of species that has ancestral and descendants
Clades
____________________ have beautiful glass-like shells. Select one: a. Slime molds b. Ciliates c. Diatoms d. Red algae
Diatoms
division Chrysophyta, fresh or marine water, photosynthetic, glass-like "shells" for exchange of substances, Stramenoids
Diatoms
Member of alveolate with 2 flagella
Dinoflagellate
division pyrrophyta, marine, 2 flagella, photosynthetic, may have cellulose in cell wall, Alveolates, responsible for red rides
Dinoflagellates
free living, 2 nuclei, multiple flagella, Giardia, Excavate
Diplomonads
If two organisms are members of the same phylum, then they must also be members of the same
Domain
largest grouping in the classification of hierarchy
Domain
Dicks Keep Ponds Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
Order of hierarchy
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
Woerse developed ________.
Domains
Which of the following is not a member of the Stramenopiles? Select one: a. water molds b. brown algae c. diatoms d. euglena
Euglena
group that contains the animal and plant kingdoms (and others)
Eukarya
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista are all _________.
Eukaryotic
One characteristic that taxonomists use to distinguish protists from fungi is the presence of a nucleus. Select one: True False
False
Scientists currently identify three domains: plants, animals, and bacteria. True or False?
False
T/F The science of reconstructing an organism's evolutionary history is called systematics.
False
The most recent phylogenetic data suggests that bacteria and archaea may be more closely related than archaea and eukarya. Select one: True False
False
Scientific name is comprised of
Genus and Species
The rapid and inexpensive routine laboratory procedure used to classify the bacterial world into two major groups is called the __________.
Gram stain
Division Chlorophyta and/or Charophytes, some marine and many freshwater species, unicellular and colony forms, some flagellated, typical chloroplasts, probably an ancestor of land plants, cell wall only has cellulose
Green algae
Which of the following is most associated with plant-like protists? Select one: a. Can cause parasitic diseases b. Are all closely related to land plants c. Grow in the photic zone d. Live anywhere in aquatic environments
Grow in the photic zone
this used to be the largest grouping in the classification of hierarchy (before Woese)
Kingdom
Whittaker developed _______.
Kingdoms
Moderne classification of binomial nomenclature was developed by ______ in the 1700s
Linnaeus
Taxonomy is advanced by _______ who developed binomial nomenclature.
Linnaeus
What is the main cause of losing species
Man
What were Robert Whittaker's 5 kingdoms?
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
3 types of symbiotic relation
Mutual-both benefit commensalism-one benefits and one stays same parasitism-one gains (parasite) and one suffers (host)
Legumes obtain a useful form of ________ from bacteria that live in root nodules. sulfur hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon
Nitrogen
divergence of species
Nodes
Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation? -One cell has lost a plasmid, while the other cell has gained one. -The two cells have had an equal exchange of plasmids. -One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself. -One cell has lost a chromosome, while the other has gained one.
One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself.
Ciliates have with three internal structures
Oral Groove Anal Pore and 2 types of Nuclei
anaerobic, all symbiotic, Trichomanas vaginalis, Excavate
Parabasalids
perceived evolutionary history
Phylogeny
photosynthetic, base of aquatic food web, responsible for most photosynthesis and oxygen production
Phytoplankton and Algae
Part of Kingdom Protist, they are autotrophic, and require photosynthesis
Plant like
biological entity linked to proteins that go to nervous tissue improperly folded version of a natural protein
Prions
protein particle with NO genetic material
Prions
Monera is the only _______ in Whittaker's 5 kingdoms
Prokaryotic
First organism to arise on earth (about 3.5 billion years ago)
Prokaryotic domains
external shell of silica (glass), Rhizarians
Radiolarians
Divines Rhodophyta, mailing marine but some fresh water, cells can form large aggregate colonies, deep water, color caused by accessory pigments, cell wall has added polysaccharides, some species are help upright by CaCO3, supports deep water food web, used in cosmetics, ice cream, paint, and sushi
Red Algae
single cell, external shell, heterotrophic, motility based on very thin pseudopodia, foraminiferans and radiolarians
Rhizarians
One of the main distinctions between Bacteria dn Archaea is the type of ______.
Semi-rigid. permeable cell wall
Water molds, diatoms, and brown algae, Chromist
Stramenoids
This group is also known as the chromists.
Stramenopiles
uses phylogeny to categorize
Systematics
Branch of biology concentred with naming and classifying diverse forms of life
Taxonomy
Organisms are arranged or grouped by a science of ________.
Taxonomy
From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation? The recipient cell Both the donor cell and the recipient cell The donor cell
The donor cell
Why do virologists consider viruses to be nonliving? Viruses cannot cause disease. Viruses do not require food for energy. They do not possess DNA. They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic components of life. They are too small to be alive.
They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic components of life.
All organisms that are derived from a single common ancestor make up a clade. True or False?
True
Some archaea can live in boiling water. True or False?
True
T/F Organisms that produce disease are pathogens.
True
True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA.
True
True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.
True Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, which is an asexual process in which one parent cell splits in two to give rise to identical daughter cells.
Scientific name is either ______ or ________. (how it is written)
Underlined or italics
biological entity plant pathogens can infect citrus, potatoes, and other crop species same virus technique of taking over must have "wound" to be able to enter
Viroid
even smaller and simpler-small fragments of ssRNA (either linear or circular) w/o protein coat
Viroids
You discover a new particle. It has only RNA as a nucleic acid and lacks both a membrane and cytoplasm. This particle is a(n) prion. fungus. virus. bacteria. archaea.
Virus
type of biological entity that performs a biological hijacking, and "reprograms" host to make more
Virus
This group of protists includes members with varied forms of motility.
alveolate
General name for a protist that uses pseudopodia and does not have a shell
amoeba
Gram negative bacteria still have peptidoglycan walls but they also have
an extra outer membrane
While examining a hot spring, you find something you haven't seen before. It has a cell membrane, but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. It contains both DNA and RNA. The DNA is circular. It would be classified as a(n) virus. fungus. prion. bacterium. archaea.
archaea
Viroids have a plasma membrane. are infectious pieces of RNA. attack bacteria. are infectious pieces of DNA enclosed in a protein coat. are infectious chains of amino acids.
are infectious pieces of RNA
energy from inorganic material (chemosynthesis), cyanobacteria, sunlight/photosynthesis
autotrophic
Different types of energy sources for Prokaryotes 1) 2)
autotrophic and heterotrophic
two word term for cellular divisions of prokaryotes
binary fission
number of species and ways they all interact
biodiversity
Dental plaque is one example of a(n) ______, a colony of different prokaryote species that secrete slime that sticks the cells to a substrate and to each other.
biofilm
the species concept based on meaningful reproduction
biological
the species concept based on the behavior of the organism
biological
Species can be conceptual by ____, ____, _____, ____
biological (interbreeding), morphological (shape and structure), ecological (behavior), and phylogenetic (common ancestor)
protein coat that protects genome
capsid
protein structure surrounding the genetic material of virus
capsid
highly organized structure that is firmly attached to cell wall
capsule
structure form of glycocalyx
capsule
term that refers to a genetic transfer between prokaryotes
conjunction
Protists are very ______ from prokaryotes and __________ to eukaryotes
different fro prokaryotes and not very different to eukaryotes
The type of flagellated protists with 2 nuclei.
diplomonad
grouping of the classification hierarchy that is the same "size" as phylum
division
Sex pili are prokaryotic structures that are used for movement. for gathering prey. during binary fission. for adhering to surfaces. during conjugation.
during conjunction
protective "resting" structure in bacterial chromosomes is surrounded by a durable wall (also aids in reproduction)
endospore
structure which can withstand harsh conditions and lasts a long time
endospore
When some bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions, they produce ________, thick-coated protective structures that form within the bacterial cell.
endospores
Protists that lack mitochondria.
excavate
Gram postive bacteria have cell walls _________.
exposed
two word chemical used to detect peptidoglycan
gram stain
organic food for energy/carbon aerobic-need oxygen anaerobic-w/o oxygen
heterotrophic
very different organisms that have very similar characteristics
homology
Bacterial endospores are used for attracting viruses. keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions. bioremediation. forming biofilms. bacterial reproduction.
keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions
The organism that causes sleeping sickness is a member of this group.
kinetopplastid
what are the two types of nuclei a ciliates has?
macro and micronucleus
controls day to day business (in ciliates)
macronucleus
Bacterial cell walls contain ________, which makes them different from other organisms. cellulose chitin pectin peptidoglycan starch
peptidoglycan
composite material used by bacteria build cell wall
peptidoglycan
What is a major difference between the domains, Bacteria and Archaea?
peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria but not the archaea
short hair like structures on the surface of some prokaryotes
pilli
genetic material transferred during conjunction
plasmid
In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called plasmids. endospores. flagella. sex pili.
plasmids
Mobile feeding stage of the acellular type of slime mold than is similar to pseudoplasmodium
plasmodium
in harsh conditions______ forms a mold and produces stalked fruiting body that produces haploid spores.
plasmodium
taxis that move towards stimulate
positive
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by a bacterium. prion. virus. viroid. fungus.
prions
General term for animal-like protists.
protozoa
A migrating structure formed from an aggregation of cells.
pseudoplasmodium
a signal causes the cells to aggregate into a ____ but remains individual cells (cellular slime molds)
pseudoplasmodium
Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their cell wall composition. absence of a nucleus. anaerobic metabolism. rapid rate of cell division. sexual reproduction.
rapid cell division
Protists with very thin pseudopodia
rhizarians
smallest grouping in the classification of hierarchy
species
term for prokaryotes shaped like a corkscrew
spirilla
Cyanobacteria obtain energy from parasitizing viruses. digesting benzene. digesting plants. sunlight. digesting cyanide.
sunlight
Heterogeneous environments mobile bacteria shows______ (one something to/from stimulus)
taxis
orientation/movement from one location to another/toward or away from stimulus
taxis
term referring to orientation as a result of a stimulus
taxis
Systematics uses phylogeny for determining ________.
taxonomy
the field of biology charged with naming and classification of an organism
taxonomy
What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria? The use of oxygen The way the cell wall stains The means of locomotion The appearance of colonies Nutrient requirements
the way the cell wall stains
heat l loving archaea
thermophiles
"common" infectious agent
virus
3 types of biological entities
virus, viroids, and prions
Which of the following consist of a protein coat surrounding a molecule of genetic material? Prions Protists Archaea Viruses Bacteria
viruses
Decomposing protists with filamentous "bodies" (two words)
water mold
permeable, semi-rigid external covering for prokaryotes (2 words)
cell wall
Type of slime mold that forms pseudoplasmodium.
cellular
3 types of taxis
chemotaxis (food) Phototaxis (light) Magnetaxis (earths magnetic field)
Type of structures used for locomotion.
cilia
A complex protist with an oral groove and an anal pore.
ciliate
Based on evolutionary lineage, fungi and animals belong to the same
clade
term for spherical shaped prokaryotes
cocci
In prokaryotes, ________ is the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via temporary connection.
conjugation
can transfer genetic information from one cell to another
conjunction
A plant-like protist with a glass shell
diatom
means of locomotion for some prokaryotes
flagella
Types of rhizarians with calcium carbonate shells.
foraminiferan
move via flagella, feeding groove, heterotrophic, lack mitochondria, 2 largest subgroups are diplomonads and parabasalids
Excavates
Each class can be split into several kingdoms. True or False?
False
Once an organism is placed in a specific species, the designation cannot be changed. True or False?
False
About 1/2 of Prokaryotic are capable of moving using rotation of _______.
Flagella
filaments that extend from membrane of cell and used for cellular locomotion
Flagella
external shell of CaCO3, many species characterized by shell morphology, rhizariansq
Foraminiferans
one flagellum, free living and symbiotic, trypanosome, Euglenozoans
Kinetoplastids
Trypanosoma causes Select one: a. elephantiasis b. sleeping sickness c. diarrhea d. malaria
Sleeping Sickness
mobile feeding stage, stationary reproductive stage with fruiting body that produces spores, Amoebozoans
Slime molds
"last name" of binomial nomenclature is
Species
What is the second of the two NAMES in an organism's scientific name?
Species
What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do? Acquire resistance to antibiotics Move from one location to another Survive extreme conditions for long periods of time Stick together and form biofilms Sexually reproduce
Stick together and forms biofilms
division Phaeophyta, marine, deep water/tidal, "Brown" color added by accessory pigments, cell wall has polysaccharides, large aggregated colonies, giant kelp forest, gas bladders to keep plant from going towards surface, Stramenoids
Brown Algae
The category that is always italicized and capitalized is: Select one: a. Species b. Family c. Genus d. Domain
C
Viruses are considered to be nonliving because Select one: a. they consist of only a few components b. they are parasitic c. they depend on a host for replication d. they are so small
C
part of kingdom protist, heterotrophic, and are decomposers
fungi like
controls sexual reproduction (in ciliates)
micronucleus
type of species concept based on appearance
morphological
taxis that move away from stimulus
negative
freshwater, 1-3 flagella, primarily photosynthetic, when dark=heterotrophic, no cell wall, photoreceptor called eyespot(used to find light) , named after Euglena, Euglenozoids
Euglenoids
distinctive mitochondria, flagella, mixed nutriotnal method, Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids
Euglenozoans
1 eukaryotic domain
Eukarya
An organism with a nucleus would be placed in which domain?
Eukarya
have a 2 part life cycle in which cells of many "individual" form an interactive aggregate which is almost multicellular, amoeboid movement called pseudopodia
Cellular Slime molds
There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad?
256
After the domain category was first introduced there were how many kingdoms?
6
most live as single cells, dinoflagellates, apicoplexams, ciliates
Alveolates
move and engulf food using pseudopodia, free living, amoebic dysentary, Amoebozoans
Amoeba( loose amoebas)
multicellular colonies, heterotrophic, move=pseudopodia, amoeba, slime mods, acellular slime molds, and cellular slime molds
Amoebozoans
________ are organisms that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobes
Historically, in the field of taxonomy, what characteristic was most commonly used for determining species relationships?
Anatomical similarity
Phylogeny is inferred from ________, developmental stages and genetic/molecular similarities.
Anatomy
part of kingdom protist, heterotrophic, and are hunters & symbiotic
Animal like
Modern systematics constructs clades and evolutionary relationships on the basis of
Genetic Similarities
DNA or RNA that is in a Virus
Genome
"first name" of binomial nomenclature is
Genus
Mondays Protests Plant Fungi Animals
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
genetic information
Plasmid
Monera is ________.
Prokaryotic
Which group contains mostly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms?
Protists
Which of the following groups is composed of eukaryotic organisms?
Protists
heterotrophic protists-ingestion
Protozoan
A virus basically consists of proteins and a cell membrane. RNA or DNA and a protein coat. RNA or DNA and a membrane. enzymes and a protein coat. RNA or DNA and enzymes.
RNA or DNA protein coat
Prions are made up of only protein. True or False?
True
one of the domains for prokaryotes
bacteria
one of the prokaryotic forms of domain
bacteria
In the process known as _________, a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring.
binary fission