BIOL1002 Test 1 Work

General term referring to plant-like protists

palgae

term for an organism which causes an illness

pathogenic

The general term for organisms that are capable of producing disease is _________.

pathogens.

Bacterial cell wall is made up of

peptidoglycan

type of species concept that is the best

phylogenetic

the perceived evolutionary history of an organism

phylogeny

group just below the group size kingdom

phylum

hair-like structures in bacterium and aid in attachment

pili

double stranded ring of DNA that carries extra chromosomal genes

plasmid

General name for the organisms related to this puzzle (3rd crossword?)

protists

the proper term for a given organism (2 words)

scientific name

name for a rod shape prokaryotes

sex pilis

amorphous form of glycocalyx

slime layer

much less organized & mire loosely attached to cell wall

slime layer

cellular and acellular are each a type of this (two words).

slime mold

the field of biology that uses phylogeny to classify organisms

systematics

freshwater, htertrophic, use ciliates movement (short hair like, made of proteins), Phylum Ciliophora, Alveolates, has 3 complex structures

Cilates

Type of slime mold that can grow into a large cell with lots of nuclei.

acellular

Only anaerobic type of protists

Parabasalids

Division Myxomycota, goes through mitosis but not cytokinesis, organism that looks like a very large multi-nucleated single "cell", molding feeding stage of organism life cycle called plasmodium

acellular slime mold

name for a microbe that lives without oxygen

anaerobe

prokaryotic group that is more closely related to Eukarya

archaea

the other domain

archaea

very simple infectious agent composed of naked genetic material

viroid

If reproduction is asexual it is performing ______ ________.

Binary Fission

Which of the following is the smallest or least inclusive group?

Genus

______ + species = scientific name

Genus

moves through decaying material and engulfs bacteria and food

Plasmodium

Divison OOmycota, small division, form aggregated colonies, filaments bodies, heterotrophic decomposers, mobile flagellated games, Stramenoid

Water molds

______ proposed the evolutionary tree

Woese

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds capsid from last host

envelope

Protist genus with an eyespot.

euglena

salt loving archaea

halophones

infectious improperly folded protein

prion

Singular form of structure used for locomotion by a number of protists.

pseudopod

Types of rhizarians with spiked glass shells.

radiolarian

Domain (or perhaps Kingdom) Bacteria can be subdivided into 2 separate groups based on the reaction with Gram stain. The difference in this reactive relates to a difference the Select one: a. Cell wall structure b. Presence or absence of pili c. Ability to make endospores. d. Ability to from a slime layer

A

The parasitic group of alveolates

Apicomplexans

Phylum Apicomplexa, heterotrophic, have a mobile stage called Sporozoite, Plasmodium=malaria, Toxoplasma=vectors through cats, Alveolates

Apicomplexans (Sporozoans)

Which of the following is prokaryotic?

Archaea

Origins of taxonomy go back to

Aristotle

Why is it particularly difficult for the systematist to classify asexually reproducing organisms as a species? See Section 19.3

Asexually reproducing organisms do not interbreed.

During bacterial conjugation, the transferred item is a: Select one: a. chromosome b. plasmid c. gene d. protein

B

______ is a more inclusive group than _______. Select one: a. order;phylum b. kingdom;class c. genus;phylum d. genus; order e. species;family

B

2 prokaryotic domains

Bacteria and Archaea

Monera is comprised of ____ and _____.

Bacteria and Archaea.

___________ are viruses that only infect bacteria.

Bacteriophages

variation of life forms and their complex interdependence

Biodiversity

smaller than prokaryotes and don't have all the qualities of being "alive", reproduction-has to take over other cell

Biological entities

__________ is the use of organisms to remove or detoxify toxic substances in the environment.

Bioremediation

Which name signifies group of Archaeans which live in extremely saline environments? Select one: a. Hyperthermophiles b. Methanogens c. Halophiles d. Thermoplasma

C

Which of the following traits allows some bacteria to survive extreme conditions for millions of years? Select one: a. slime layer b. conjugation c. endospore formation d. binary fission

C

Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? Cell wall Flagella Nucleoid Capsule

Capsule

Most complex of protozoa with internal structures

Ciliates

Groups of species that has ancestral and descendants

Clades

____________________ have beautiful glass-like shells. Select one: a. Slime molds b. Ciliates c. Diatoms d. Red algae

Diatoms

division Chrysophyta, fresh or marine water, photosynthetic, glass-like "shells" for exchange of substances, Stramenoids

Diatoms

Member of alveolate with 2 flagella

Dinoflagellate

division pyrrophyta, marine, 2 flagella, photosynthetic, may have cellulose in cell wall, Alveolates, responsible for red rides

Dinoflagellates

free living, 2 nuclei, multiple flagella, Giardia, Excavate

Diplomonads

If two organisms are members of the same phylum, then they must also be members of the same

Domain

largest grouping in the classification of hierarchy

Domain

Dicks Keep Ponds Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Order of hierarchy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

Woerse developed ________.

Domains

Which of the following is not a member of the Stramenopiles? Select one: a. water molds b. brown algae c. diatoms d. euglena

Euglena

group that contains the animal and plant kingdoms (and others)

Eukarya

Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista are all _________.

Eukaryotic

One characteristic that taxonomists use to distinguish protists from fungi is the presence of a nucleus. Select one: True False

False

Scientists currently identify three domains: plants, animals, and bacteria. True or False?

False

T/F The science of reconstructing an organism's evolutionary history is called systematics.

False

The most recent phylogenetic data suggests that bacteria and archaea may be more closely related than archaea and eukarya. Select one: True False

False

Scientific name is comprised of

Genus and Species

The rapid and inexpensive routine laboratory procedure used to classify the bacterial world into two major groups is called the __________.

Gram stain

Division Chlorophyta and/or Charophytes, some marine and many freshwater species, unicellular and colony forms, some flagellated, typical chloroplasts, probably an ancestor of land plants, cell wall only has cellulose

Green algae

Which of the following is most associated with plant-like protists? Select one: a. Can cause parasitic diseases b. Are all closely related to land plants c. Grow in the photic zone d. Live anywhere in aquatic environments

Grow in the photic zone

this used to be the largest grouping in the classification of hierarchy (before Woese)

Kingdom

Whittaker developed _______.

Kingdoms

Moderne classification of binomial nomenclature was developed by ______ in the 1700s

Linnaeus

Taxonomy is advanced by _______ who developed binomial nomenclature.

Linnaeus

What is the main cause of losing species

Man

What were Robert Whittaker's 5 kingdoms?

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

3 types of symbiotic relation

Mutual-both benefit commensalism-one benefits and one stays same parasitism-one gains (parasite) and one suffers (host)

Legumes obtain a useful form of ________ from bacteria that live in root nodules. sulfur hydrogen oxygen nitrogen carbon

Nitrogen

divergence of species

Nodes

Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation? -One cell has lost a plasmid, while the other cell has gained one. -The two cells have had an equal exchange of plasmids. -One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself. -One cell has lost a chromosome, while the other has gained one.

One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself.

Ciliates have with three internal structures

Oral Groove Anal Pore and 2 types of Nuclei

anaerobic, all symbiotic, Trichomanas vaginalis, Excavate

Parabasalids

perceived evolutionary history

Phylogeny

photosynthetic, base of aquatic food web, responsible for most photosynthesis and oxygen production

Phytoplankton and Algae

Part of Kingdom Protist, they are autotrophic, and require photosynthesis

Plant like

biological entity linked to proteins that go to nervous tissue improperly folded version of a natural protein

Prions

protein particle with NO genetic material

Prions

Monera is the only _______ in Whittaker's 5 kingdoms

Prokaryotic

First organism to arise on earth (about 3.5 billion years ago)

Prokaryotic domains

external shell of silica (glass), Rhizarians

Radiolarians

Divines Rhodophyta, mailing marine but some fresh water, cells can form large aggregate colonies, deep water, color caused by accessory pigments, cell wall has added polysaccharides, some species are help upright by CaCO3, supports deep water food web, used in cosmetics, ice cream, paint, and sushi

Red Algae

single cell, external shell, heterotrophic, motility based on very thin pseudopodia, foraminiferans and radiolarians

Rhizarians

One of the main distinctions between Bacteria dn Archaea is the type of ______.

Semi-rigid. permeable cell wall

Water molds, diatoms, and brown algae, Chromist

Stramenoids

This group is also known as the chromists.

Stramenopiles

uses phylogeny to categorize

Systematics

Branch of biology concentred with naming and classifying diverse forms of life

Taxonomy

Organisms are arranged or grouped by a science of ________.

Taxonomy

From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation? The recipient cell Both the donor cell and the recipient cell The donor cell

The donor cell

Why do virologists consider viruses to be nonliving? Viruses cannot cause disease. Viruses do not require food for energy. They do not possess DNA. They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic components of life. They are too small to be alive.

They are not cells nor are they composed of cells, the basic components of life.

All organisms that are derived from a single common ancestor make up a clade. True or False?

True

Some archaea can live in boiling water. True or False?

True

T/F Organisms that produce disease are pathogens.

True

True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA.

True

True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells.

True Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, which is an asexual process in which one parent cell splits in two to give rise to identical daughter cells.

Scientific name is either ______ or ________. (how it is written)

Underlined or italics

biological entity plant pathogens can infect citrus, potatoes, and other crop species same virus technique of taking over must have "wound" to be able to enter

Viroid

even smaller and simpler-small fragments of ssRNA (either linear or circular) w/o protein coat

Viroids

You discover a new particle. It has only RNA as a nucleic acid and lacks both a membrane and cytoplasm. This particle is a(n) prion. fungus. virus. bacteria. archaea.

Virus

type of biological entity that performs a biological hijacking, and "reprograms" host to make more

Virus

This group of protists includes members with varied forms of motility.

alveolate

General name for a protist that uses pseudopodia and does not have a shell

amoeba

Gram negative bacteria still have peptidoglycan walls but they also have

an extra outer membrane

While examining a hot spring, you find something you haven't seen before. It has a cell membrane, but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. It contains both DNA and RNA. The DNA is circular. It would be classified as a(n) virus. fungus. prion. bacterium. archaea.

archaea

Viroids have a plasma membrane. are infectious pieces of RNA. attack bacteria. are infectious pieces of DNA enclosed in a protein coat. are infectious chains of amino acids.

are infectious pieces of RNA

energy from inorganic material (chemosynthesis), cyanobacteria, sunlight/photosynthesis

autotrophic

Different types of energy sources for Prokaryotes 1) 2)

autotrophic and heterotrophic

two word term for cellular divisions of prokaryotes

binary fission

number of species and ways they all interact

biodiversity

Dental plaque is one example of a(n) ______, a colony of different prokaryote species that secrete slime that sticks the cells to a substrate and to each other.

biofilm

the species concept based on meaningful reproduction

biological

the species concept based on the behavior of the organism

biological

Species can be conceptual by ____, ____, _____, ____

biological (interbreeding), morphological (shape and structure), ecological (behavior), and phylogenetic (common ancestor)

protein coat that protects genome

capsid

protein structure surrounding the genetic material of virus

capsid

highly organized structure that is firmly attached to cell wall

capsule

structure form of glycocalyx

capsule

term that refers to a genetic transfer between prokaryotes

conjunction

Protists are very ______ from prokaryotes and __________ to eukaryotes

different fro prokaryotes and not very different to eukaryotes

The type of flagellated protists with 2 nuclei.

diplomonad

grouping of the classification hierarchy that is the same "size" as phylum

division

Sex pili are prokaryotic structures that are used for movement. for gathering prey. during binary fission. for adhering to surfaces. during conjugation.

during conjunction

protective "resting" structure in bacterial chromosomes is surrounded by a durable wall (also aids in reproduction)

endospore

structure which can withstand harsh conditions and lasts a long time

endospore

When some bacteria are exposed to harsh conditions, they produce ________, thick-coated protective structures that form within the bacterial cell.

endospores

Protists that lack mitochondria.

excavate

Gram postive bacteria have cell walls _________.

exposed

two word chemical used to detect peptidoglycan

gram stain

organic food for energy/carbon aerobic-need oxygen anaerobic-w/o oxygen

heterotrophic

very different organisms that have very similar characteristics

homology

Bacterial endospores are used for attracting viruses. keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions. bioremediation. forming biofilms. bacterial reproduction.

keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions

The organism that causes sleeping sickness is a member of this group.

kinetopplastid

what are the two types of nuclei a ciliates has?

macro and micronucleus

controls day to day business (in ciliates)

macronucleus

Bacterial cell walls contain ________, which makes them different from other organisms. cellulose chitin pectin peptidoglycan starch

peptidoglycan

composite material used by bacteria build cell wall

peptidoglycan

What is a major difference between the domains, Bacteria and Archaea?

peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria but not the archaea

short hair like structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

pilli

genetic material transferred during conjunction

plasmid

In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called plasmids. endospores. flagella. sex pili.

plasmids

Mobile feeding stage of the acellular type of slime mold than is similar to pseudoplasmodium

plasmodium

in harsh conditions______ forms a mold and produces stalked fruiting body that produces haploid spores.

plasmodium

taxis that move towards stimulate

positive

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by a bacterium. prion. virus. viroid. fungus.

prions

General term for animal-like protists.

protozoa

A migrating structure formed from an aggregation of cells.

pseudoplasmodium

a signal causes the cells to aggregate into a ____ but remains individual cells (cellular slime molds)

pseudoplasmodium

Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their cell wall composition. absence of a nucleus. anaerobic metabolism. rapid rate of cell division. sexual reproduction.

rapid cell division

Protists with very thin pseudopodia

rhizarians

smallest grouping in the classification of hierarchy

species

term for prokaryotes shaped like a corkscrew

spirilla

Cyanobacteria obtain energy from parasitizing viruses. digesting benzene. digesting plants. sunlight. digesting cyanide.

sunlight

Heterogeneous environments mobile bacteria shows______ (one something to/from stimulus)

taxis

orientation/movement from one location to another/toward or away from stimulus

taxis

term referring to orientation as a result of a stimulus

taxis

Systematics uses phylogeny for determining ________.

taxonomy

the field of biology charged with naming and classification of an organism

taxonomy

What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria? The use of oxygen The way the cell wall stains The means of locomotion The appearance of colonies Nutrient requirements

the way the cell wall stains

heat l loving archaea

thermophiles

"common" infectious agent

virus

3 types of biological entities

virus, viroids, and prions

Which of the following consist of a protein coat surrounding a molecule of genetic material? Prions Protists Archaea Viruses Bacteria

viruses

Decomposing protists with filamentous "bodies" (two words)

water mold

permeable, semi-rigid external covering for prokaryotes (2 words)

cell wall

Type of slime mold that forms pseudoplasmodium.

cellular

3 types of taxis

chemotaxis (food) Phototaxis (light) Magnetaxis (earths magnetic field)

Type of structures used for locomotion.

cilia

A complex protist with an oral groove and an anal pore.

ciliate

Based on evolutionary lineage, fungi and animals belong to the same

clade

term for spherical shaped prokaryotes

cocci

In prokaryotes, ________ is the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via temporary connection.

conjugation

can transfer genetic information from one cell to another

conjunction

A plant-like protist with a glass shell

diatom

means of locomotion for some prokaryotes

flagella

Types of rhizarians with calcium carbonate shells.

foraminiferan

move via flagella, feeding groove, heterotrophic, lack mitochondria, 2 largest subgroups are diplomonads and parabasalids

Excavates

Each class can be split into several kingdoms. True or False?

False

Once an organism is placed in a specific species, the designation cannot be changed. True or False?

False

About 1/2 of Prokaryotic are capable of moving using rotation of _______.

Flagella

filaments that extend from membrane of cell and used for cellular locomotion

Flagella

external shell of CaCO3, many species characterized by shell morphology, rhizariansq

Foraminiferans

one flagellum, free living and symbiotic, trypanosome, Euglenozoans

Kinetoplastids

Trypanosoma causes Select one: a. elephantiasis b. sleeping sickness c. diarrhea d. malaria

Sleeping Sickness

mobile feeding stage, stationary reproductive stage with fruiting body that produces spores, Amoebozoans

Slime molds

"last name" of binomial nomenclature is

Species

What is the second of the two NAMES in an organism's scientific name?

Species

What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do? Acquire resistance to antibiotics Move from one location to another Survive extreme conditions for long periods of time Stick together and form biofilms Sexually reproduce

Stick together and forms biofilms

division Phaeophyta, marine, deep water/tidal, "Brown" color added by accessory pigments, cell wall has polysaccharides, large aggregated colonies, giant kelp forest, gas bladders to keep plant from going towards surface, Stramenoids

Brown Algae

The category that is always italicized and capitalized is: Select one: a. Species b. Family c. Genus d. Domain

C

Viruses are considered to be nonliving because Select one: a. they consist of only a few components b. they are parasitic c. they depend on a host for replication d. they are so small

C

part of kingdom protist, heterotrophic, and are decomposers

fungi like

controls sexual reproduction (in ciliates)

micronucleus

type of species concept based on appearance

morphological

taxis that move away from stimulus

negative

freshwater, 1-3 flagella, primarily photosynthetic, when dark=heterotrophic, no cell wall, photoreceptor called eyespot(used to find light) , named after Euglena, Euglenozoids

Euglenoids

distinctive mitochondria, flagella, mixed nutriotnal method, Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids

Euglenozoans

1 eukaryotic domain

Eukarya

An organism with a nucleus would be placed in which domain?

Eukarya

have a 2 part life cycle in which cells of many "individual" form an interactive aggregate which is almost multicellular, amoeboid movement called pseudopodia

Cellular Slime molds

There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad?

256

After the domain category was first introduced there were how many kingdoms?

6

most live as single cells, dinoflagellates, apicoplexams, ciliates

Alveolates

move and engulf food using pseudopodia, free living, amoebic dysentary, Amoebozoans

Amoeba( loose amoebas)

multicellular colonies, heterotrophic, move=pseudopodia, amoeba, slime mods, acellular slime molds, and cellular slime molds

Amoebozoans

________ are organisms that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobes

Historically, in the field of taxonomy, what characteristic was most commonly used for determining species relationships?

Anatomical similarity

Phylogeny is inferred from ________, developmental stages and genetic/molecular similarities.

Anatomy

part of kingdom protist, heterotrophic, and are hunters & symbiotic

Animal like

Modern systematics constructs clades and evolutionary relationships on the basis of

Genetic Similarities

DNA or RNA that is in a Virus

Genome

"first name" of binomial nomenclature is

Genus

Mondays Protests Plant Fungi Animals

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

genetic information

Plasmid

Monera is ________.

Prokaryotic

Which group contains mostly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms?

Protists

Which of the following groups is composed of eukaryotic organisms?

Protists

heterotrophic protists-ingestion

Protozoan

A virus basically consists of proteins and a cell membrane. RNA or DNA and a protein coat. RNA or DNA and a membrane. enzymes and a protein coat. RNA or DNA and enzymes.

RNA or DNA protein coat

Prions are made up of only protein. True or False?

True

one of the domains for prokaryotes

bacteria

one of the prokaryotic forms of domain

bacteria

In the process known as _________, a single bacterium divides in half, producing two identical offspring.

binary fission